Purpose: To compare the radiological and functional results of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) patients who received Pemberton Pericapsular Osteotomy (PPO) with femoral shortening (FS) and those who did not. Material and Method: Between the years 2001–2006 of 12 DDH patients 14 hips (7 female unilateral, 2 female bilateral, 3 male) received treatment. 5 patients (6 hips) received PPO and/or open reduction (OR) (group 1), and 7 patients (8 hips) received OR+PPO+FS (group 2). The average age of group 1 was 2.06, and group 2 was 5.08 years. All patients received one stage surgery. According to the Tönnis the grade of displacement and the acetabular index (AI) was determined preop and postop. Clinical evaluations were made with McKay, radiological with Severin and femoral head avascular necrosis measurements were taken with Kalamchi-MacEwen. The average follow up period was 5.8 ±1.6 for group 1 and 6.67 ±1.4 years for group 2. Results: AI for group 1 was 40.12°±4.09 preop and 16.88°±6.45 (p=0.012) postop, group 2 was 44.33°±7.31 preop, and 30°±5.66 (p=0.009) postop. Both groups showed a significant correction (p< 0.05). According to Severin classification group 1 was 87.5% Ia, 12.5% III, group 2 was 75% Ia, 12.5% Ib, 12.5% II. According to Kalamchi-McEven measurements group 1 was 75% Type I, 25% Type II. Functional results of group 1 were 87% I (very good), 12.5% II (good), group 2 100% I (very good). For each group no significant difference was found in terms of clinical and radiological results (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Functional and radiological mid term results of DDH patients who received PPO with or without FS could be classified as very good

Aims. Complex total hip arthroplasty (THA) with subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy is necessary in conditions other than developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and septic arthritis sequelae with significant proximal femur migration. Our aim was to evaluate the hip centre restoration with THAs in these hips. Methods. In all, 27 THAs in 25 patients requiring THA with femoral shortening between 2012 and 2019 were assessed. Bilateral shortening was required in two patients. Subtrochanteric shortening was required in 14 out of 27 hips (51.9%) with aetiology other than DDH or septic arthritis. Vertical centre of rotation (VCOR), horizontal centre of rotation, offset, and functional outcome was calculated. The mean followup was 24.4 months (5 to 92 months). Results. The mean VCOR was 17.43 mm (9.5 to 27 mm) and horizontal centre of rotation (HCOR) was 24.79 mm (17.2 to 37.6 mm). Dislocation at three months following acetabulum reconstruction required femoral shortening for offset correction and hip centre restoration in one hip. Mean horizontal offset was 39.72 (32.7 to 48.2 mm) compared to 42.89 (26.7 to 50.6 mm) on the normal side. Mean Harris Hip Score (HHS) of 22.64 (14 to 35) improved to 79.43 (68 to 92). Mean pre-operative shortening was 3.95 cm (2 to 8 cm). Residual limb length discrepancy was 1.5 cm (0 to 2 cm). Sciatic neuropraxia in two patients recovered by six months, and femoral neuropraxia in one hip recovered by 12 months. Mean Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) was 13.92 (9 to 19). Mean 12-item short form survey (SF-12) physical scores of 50.6 and mental of 60.12 were obtained. Conclusion. THA with subtrochanteric shortening is valuable in complex hips with high dislocation. The restoration of the hip centre of rotation and offset is important in these hips. Level of evidence IV. Femoral shortening useful in conditions other than DDH and septic sequelae. Restoration of hip centre combined with offset to be planned and ensured

Introduction. Femoral-shortening osteotomy for the treatment of leg length discrepancy is demanding technique. Many surgical technique and orthopaedic devises have been suggested to perform this procedure. Herein, we describe modified femoral shortening osteotomy over a nail, using a percutaneous multiple drill-hole osteotomy technique. Materials and Methods. We operated on six patients with LLD. Mean femoral shortening was 4.2 cm. Osteotomy was performed using a multiple drill-hole technique, and bone was stabilized using an intramedullary nail. Post-operative clinical and radiological data were reported. Results. Shortening was achieved, with a final LLD of < 1 cm in all patients. All patients considered the lengths of the lower limbs to be equal. No special surgical skills or instrumentation were needed. Intraoperative and post-operative complications were not recorded. Conclusions. Percutaneous femoral-shortening osteotomy over a nail using multiple drill-hole osteotomy technique was effective and safe in treating LLD

When performing total hip replacement (THR) in high dislocated hips, the presence of soft-tissue contractures means that most surgeons prefer to use a femoral shortening osteotomy in order to avoid the risk of neurovascular damage. However, this technique will sacrifice femoral length and reduce the extent of any leg-length equalisation. We report our experience of 74 THRs performed between 2000 and 2008 in 65 patients with a high dislocated hip without a femoral shortening osteotomy. The mean age of the patients was 55 years (46 to 72) and the mean follow-up was 42 months (12 to 78). All implants were cementless except for one resurfacing hip implant. We attempted to place the acetabular component in the anatomical position in each hip. The mean Harris hip score improved from 53 points (34 to 74) pre-operatively to 86 points (78 to 95) at final follow-up. The mean radiologically determined leg lengthening was 42 mm (30 to 66), and the mean leg-length discrepancy decreased from 36 mm (5 to 56) pre-operatively to 8.5 mm (0 to 18) postoperatively. Although there were four (5%) post-operative femoral nerve palsies, three had fully resolved by six months after the operation. No loosening of the implant was observed, and no dislocations or infections were encountered. Total hip replacement without a femoral shortening osteotomy proved to be a safe and effective surgical treatment for high dislocated hips

We compared 54 patients treated by a Medoff sliding plate (MSP) with 60 stabilised by a compression hip screw (CHS) in a prospective, randomised study of the management of intertrochanteric femoral fractures. Four months after the operation femoral shortening was determined from radiographs of both femora. In unstable fractures the mean femoral shortening was 15 mm with the MSP and 11 mm with the CHS (p = 0.03). A subgroup in which shortening was classified as large, comprising one-third of the patients in each group, had a similar extent of shortening, but more medialisation of the femoral shaft occurred in the CHS (26%) than in the MSP (12%) group (p = 0.03). Five postoperative failures of fixation occurred with the CHS and none with the MSP (p = 0.03). The marginally greater femoral shortening seen with the MSP compared with the CHS appeared to be justified by the improved control of impaction of the fracture. Biaxial dynamisation in unstable intertrochanteric fractures is a safe principle of treatment, which minimises the rate of postoperative failure of fixation

Total hip replacement for high dislocation of the hip joint remains technically difficult in terms of preparation of the true acetabulum and restoration of leg length. We describe our experience of cementless total hip replacement combined with a subtrochanteric femoral shortening osteotomy in 20 hips with Crowe grade IV dislocation with a mean follow-up of 8.1 years (4 to 11.5). There was one man and 17 women with a mean age of 55 years (44 to 69) at the time of the operation. After placment of the acetabular component at the site of the natural acetabulum, a cementless porous-coated cylindrical femoral component was implanted following a subtrochanteric femoral shortening osteotomy. The mean Japanese Orthopedic Association hip score improved from a mean of 38 (22 to 62) to a mean of 83 points (55 to 98) at the final follow-up. The mean lengthening of the leg was 14.8 mm (−9 to 34) in patients with iliofemoral osteoarthritis and 35.3 mm (15 to 51) in patients with no arthritic changes. No nerve palsy was observed. Total hip replacement combined with subtrochanteric shortening femoral osteotomy in this situation is beneficial in avoiding nerve injury and still permits valuable improvement in inequality of leg length

Purpose: To compare the incidence of avascular necrosis, and radiological outcomes between groups treated by closed reduction, open reduction, and open reduction + femoral shortening, under the care of a single surgeon, with open reductions performed through an anterior approach, uninfluenced by the appearance of the ossific nucleus. Methods: Between Sept 1991 and Dec 2003 we retrospectively studied 66 patients (3 bilateral; 10 males, 53 females) who had undergone reduction under anaesthesia. Of these 34 hips were reduced closed with adductor release (average 0.7 yrs, range 0.2–1.7), 11 reduced open (average age 1.0; 0.4–3.3) and 24 reduced open with femoral shortening (average age 2.4; 0.9–7.8). Follow up radiographs were graded for the presence of AVN by the Bucholz and Ogden method. Radiological outcome was graded by the Severin score. Average follow up was up to the age of 6.6 years (SD 2.9) for the closed reduction group, open reduction group 8.0 (SD 3.6) and femoral shortening group 9.0 (SD 3.9). Results:. AVN scores. Closed Reduction (n=34) : Grade 1 : 5. Open Reduction (n= 11) : Grade 1: 2, Grade 2: 1, Grade 3: 1. Open, with shortening (n=24): Grade 1: 5, Grade 2: 1. Severin Scores:. Closed I: 22 II:3 III:8 IV:0. Open I:6 II:1 III:2 IV:2. Shortening I: 8 II:8 III:3 IV:2. Conclusions: The group with the highest incidence of AVN & worse Severin grades was the group (average age-1.0) who had open reduction without femoral shortening. The open reduction & shortening group had a higher proportion of good radiological results despite treatment being given at a older age. Concentric closed reduction, where possible, gave the best results. Significance: Any child presenting with DDH at walking age (over 1) who requires open reduction should also have a femoral shortening. This gives the best chance of avoiding high grade AVN and achieving a good radiological result. Results might improve if open reductions without shortening were discontinued

Purpose: Total hip arthroplasty in high riding congenital dislocation of the hip is a challenging procedure. In order to position the cup in the true acetabulum, femoral shortening osteotomy is often needed. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the results of two different methods of femoral shortening osteotomy. Method: Thirty-one total hip arthroplasties were performed in 29 cases with high congenital hip dislocation. The acetabular cups were placed at true acetabulum and femoral shortening osteotomies of the femur were performed at proximal (14 hips, group 1) or distal femur (17 hips, group 2). After a mean follow up of 4.2 years, all 31 hips were evaluated with Harris Hip Scores and X-rays. Technical difficulties and complications were also reported. Results: The mean increase in Harris Hip Score was 51 in group one and 52 in group two. There was one peroneal nerve palsy and one early dislocation in group 1, while there was no such perioperative complications in group 2. One acetabular cup and femoral stem were revised in group 1. Non-union happened in two cases of group 2. Special shape (cylindrical, non-tapered and longer than standard) femoral stems were needed for most proximal osteotomy patients. Conclusion: Hip arthroplasty, with insertion of cup at true acetabulum and femoral shortening osteotomy in patients with high congenital dislocation, can produce good results. Either proximal or distal femoral shortening osteotomy could have advantages and disadvantages. Proximal shortening osteotomy is a more challenging procedure, may need special stem design, and could compromise stem fixation

This prospective, longitudinal study documents the muscle strength and baseline function of 18 patients undergoing closed femoral shortening for discrepancy in limb length. Patients were studied for two years following surgery. Function was measured by a self-reported questionnaire, timed tests of performance and measurements of muscle strength and power. After two years, the self-reported function and ability to complete timed functional tests had returned to or improved on the pre-operative values. Muscle strength remained slightly below the pre-operative value and was more marked in the quadriceps than the hamstrings. This study suggests that small decreases in muscle strength and power following closed femoral shortening do not adversely affect the patients’ ability to perform everyday activities

We performed bilateral femoral shortening operations on 15 skeletally mature patients (11 women and four men). Their mean height pre-operatively was 193.5 cm and they were shortened by 5 to 9 cm. We used a subtrochanteric Z-osteotomy with an AO condylar plate in 11 patients, and mid-diaphyseal osteotomy with an intramedullary locking nail in four. After an average follow-up of 8.1 years, isokinetic muscle testing showed that muscle strength was reduced bilaterally in five patients. The strength ratio between hamstrings and quadriceps muscles was normal in all those treated by subtrochanteric shortening; in those shortened at the mid-shaft the quadriceps was relatively weaker. The result was rated as excellent by 11 patients, very good by three, and good by one

Objectives: We evaluated the results of a femoral shortening z-osteotomy in patients who underwent THA due to high dislocation of the hip. Methods: From 8/1997 until 11/2003 we performed THA in combination with a z-shaped subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy in 6 patients (4 females, 2 males) with high dislocation of the hip. In all cases for the reconstruction of the acetabulum a cementless press fit component was implanted, in 5 cases in combination with an acetabular roof reconstruction by autograft. For the femoral component we used standard titanium cementless stems in 5 cases, in one case a revision model. The z-shaped shortening osteotomy was fixed by titanium cerclages in all cases. Results: Postoperative complications (nerve lesions, THA dislocations, non union) could not be observed in the clinical and radiological follow up examinations 6 to 72 months postoperatively. In all cases femoral union at the area of the shortening osteotomy could be observed 3 months postoperatively. Conclusion: Femoral shortening z-osteotomy in THR is a safe technique in patients with high total dislocation of the hip, leading to satisfactory postoperative results

One-stage femoral lengthening is thought to have an unacceptably high complication rate and is not widely practised. We reviewed 17 patients after one-stage lengthening for femoral shortening with associated angular or rotational deformities. Minimal dissection of the bone ends was undertaken. The mean length gain was 4 cm (2 to 7), and the average time to union was 6 months (3 to 10). There were no neurovascular complications. Four patients had delayed or nonunion, but union was achieved after bone grafting. We conclude that with minimal dissection, and with iliac crest cancellous bone grafting, one-stage leg lengthening for correction of deformity and leg-length inequality of up to 7 cm, in selected patients, can be effected safely with a relatively short rehabilitation

Total hip arthroplasty is a challenging problem in case of high hip dislocation. In order to reduce the hip, a femoral shortening osteotomy is necessary to prevent damage to the neurovascular structures. In this study we present the mid-term results of a simple technique of simultaneous derotating and shortening osteotomy of the femur without the necessity of additional osteosynthesis. In this retrospective study we included 28 patients with high hip dislocation. In these patients 30 consecutive cementless primary total hip arthroplasties with femoral shortening osteotomy were performed. 20 cases were previously operated. All patients were clinically and radiologically followed up after a mean of 4.5 years (range 2 – 5.7 years). Time point of consolidation was determined on consecutive radiographs for each patient. The average operative time was 116 minutes (range 65 to 150 minutes). There were no intraoperative complications. Postoperatively no femur fractures, no pseudarthroses and no pareses were observed. The mean consolidation time of the osteotomy was 4.4 months. At the time of follow-up, one aseptic loosening had been verified. In this case a very small stem (size 03) had been used. The mean Merle d’Aubigne score for the unrevised hips improved from 8.2 points preoperatively to 15.1 points at follow-up. In conclusion the presented technique allowed an easy and fast implantation of total hip arthroplasty in patients with high hip dislocation. The Zweymueller stem design with its rectangular cross-section seems responsible for the sufficient stability of the osteotomy resulting in a short consolidation time. Any additional osteosynthesis is obsolete. This leads to additional advantages including a short duration of surgery and a low complication rate. The good clinical results are attributable to the fact, that by shortening the femur, the physiological hip joint biomechanics could be approximated. The mid-term results of the described technique are very promising

Background. Total hip arthroplasty for Crowe type IV developmental dysplasia of the hip is a technically demanding procedure. Restoration of the anatomical hip center frequently requires limb lengthening in excess of 4 cm and increases the risk of neurologic traction injury. However, it can be difficult to predict potential leg length change, especially in total hip arthroplasty for Crowe type IV developmental hip dysplasia. The purpose of the present study was to better define features that might aid in the preoperative prediction of leg length change in THAs with subtrochanteric femoral shortening osteotomy for Crowe type IV developmental dysplasia of the hip. Patients and Methods. Primary total hip arthroplasties with subtrochanteric femoral shortening osteotomy were performed in 70 hips for the treatment of Crowe type IV developmental hip dysplasia. The patients were subdivided into two groups with or without iliofemoral osteoarthritis. Leg length change after surgery was measured radiographically by subtracting the amount of resection of the femur from the amount of distraction of the greater trochanter. Preoperative passive hip motion was retrospectively reviewed from medical records and defined as either higher or lower motion groups. Results. The preoperative flexion of patients without iliofemoral osteoarthritis was significantly higher than for patients with iliofemoral osteoarthritis. All hips without iliofemoral OA had higher motion. The preoperative flexion in the higher motion group both with and without iliofemoral OA was significantly greater than in the lower group with iliofemoral OA (Figure 1). Leg length change in patients without iliofemoral osteoarthritis was significantly greater than with iliofemoral osteoarthritis (Figure 2), and the higher hip motion group had greater leg length change in THA than the lower motion group. No clinical evidence of postoperative neurologic injury was observed in patients with iliofemoral OA. Postoperative transient calf numbness in the distribution of the sciatic nerve was observed in 2 of 25 hips without iliofemoral OA (8.0%), however, no sensory and motor nerve deficit was observed. Discussion. The authors hypothesized that preoperative hip motion could affect soft tissue contractures, and our findings suggest that the soft tissues surrounding the hip joint with iliofemoral OA should be more contracted than the hip without OA. We also found leg length change in the higher motion group was greater than in the lower motion group. Previous studies reported limb lengthening in excess of 4 cm could increase the risk of nerve palsy. Transient calf numbness in the distribution of the sciatic nerve was observed in 2 hips without iliofemoral OA and their leg length change was not greater than 4 cm. Our findings suggest that hips without iliofemoral OA should be paid attention to protect the nerves from excessive elongation. The current study identifies several features that might help predict leg length change during the preoperative planning of total hip arthroplasty for Crowe type IV developmental hip dysplasia

We performed isokinetic knee testing to assess thigh muscle function in ten patients (12 legs) before and after mid-shaft femoral shortening averaging 46 mm (27 to 70). Tests were at angular velocities of 60 degrees/sec and 180 degrees/sec, and were performed preoperatively and after 3, 6, 12 and 24 months. Isokinetic tests at two years showed a significant reduction in muscle function in both quadriceps and hamstrings, but recovery of function was significantly better for the hamstrings. There was a linear relationship with correlation of r2 = 0.31 to 0.86 between loss of muscle force at two years and the magnitude of shortening. Long-term loss of muscle force should be expected after a mid-shaft shortening of the femur of more than 10%

Background:. Closed femoral shortening (CFS) is a recognised procedure for managing leg length discrepancy (LLD). Method:. We report twenty-nine consecutive patients with LLD who underwent CFS using an intramedullary saw and nail. Mean age was 29.2 years (16.1–65.8). The primary outcome was accuracy of correction. Secondary outcomes were complications, union, ASAMI score and re-operation, alongside Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs), using EQ5D-5L and GROC. Results:. Mean pre-operative limb length discrepancy was 3.4 cm (1.5–6.5). Mean planned and achieved shortening was 2.9 cm (1.7–5.0). Mean follow-up was 2.0 years (0.2–8.4). Minimal access surgery was possible in all cases but careful technique is essential. All patients achieved a correction within 5mm of the planned shortening (range 0–5mm). 28 patients (97%) achieved uncomplicated union. One patient had a non-union requiring exchange nailing and subsequent compression plating. 13 patients had nail removal at a mean of 1.7 years and 3 had locking screw removal. Patients had an overall positive experience with 81% reporting high PROM scores. Discussion:. This technique offered accurate limb length correction with few complications. Patients rehabilitated well with good functional outcomes. Conclusion;. CFS with an intramedullary saw is a well-tolerated and effective technique when managing LLD up to 5cm

Thirty hips affected by congenital dislocation or subluxation underwent surgical treatment between the ages of five and fifteen years, and the results are presented. Reduction was aided by concurrent femoral shortening in seventeen. An aggressive approach in older children not only relieves the presenting symptoms in most, but also, by improving the anatomical relationships, increases the prospect of success should total replacement become indicated in the future

Treating Crowe type 3 or 4 of hips tends to be technically difficult when performing total hip arthroplasty (THA) due to the severely dysplastic acetabulum and proximal femur in addition to a high dislocation of the hip. Since the socket is limited to being placed at the original hip center, a femoral shortening osteotomy is often required in order to prevent neurovascular problems. This osteotomy will need the stability of the femoral stem with both the proximal and the distal femoral bones. We used the modular S-ROM stem, which has a valuable proximal structure and a distal flute structure to stabilize the stem with the proximal and distal femoral fragments. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical and radiographic results of the primary THA with a shortening osteotomy while also using the S-ROM prosthesis. Between 1994 and 2004, primary THA using the S-ROM prosthesis was performed on 7 hips in 6 cases (1 male, 5 females). Crowe type 3 or 4 was observed in one and 6 hips, respectively. The mean age at operation was 56 years old (range 51~60). The mean follow-up period was 41 months (range 24~56 months). Four hips had previously undergone a subtrochanteric valgus osteotomy. All hips underwent a step-cut femoral osteotomy at the proximal metaphysis for the shortening and/or correction of angulations with on-lay chip bone grafts. All of the used stems were straight type. The clinical outcome was evaluated using the clinical scoring system of hip joints established by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA). According to a 100 point scale, pain was determined to be 40, ROM was 20, gait was 20 and ADL was 20. No hips had undergone any revision surgery as of the most recent follow-up. Union was achieved at the osteotomy site in all hips. Neither osteolysis nor a loosening of the implant was radiographically observed. The mean JOA score before THA and at the last follow-up was 41 (31–48) and 81 (62–91) points, respectively. The mean postoperative days to start full weight bearing was 53 days (range 49~70). In two cases (28%), a procedure using circular wiring was performed to treat a crack in the proximal femur. The S-ROM prosthesis was thus found to be useful for primary THA with a shortening metaphyseal femoral osteotomy for hips in patients with Crowe type 3 or 4 developmental dysplasia

Introduction

Limb Length discrepancy after total hip replacement has been reported to happen in 1–27% of cases with differences up to 70mm. Occasionally revision THR has been used to achieve limb length equalisation, especially when patients are symptomatic with hip/back pain, neurologic symptoms or instability. However, in presence of a well-functioning, pain free hip without hip symptoms, revision THR for shortening can lead to problems with decrease in offset or stability. An option in these cases would be a distal shortening osteotomy of femur.

Hip dysplasia in cerebral palsy (CP) poses technical challenges because of the need to produce large corrections in the face of soft tissue contractures, and extreme distortion of the femur and acetabulum. In addition to adductor and flexor lengthenings, bony surgery may be required in the older child. We have developed an inter-trochanteric shortening osteotomy which allows a major varus realignment without resulting in an adducted leg. Medial displacement of the lower femoral shaft is carried out. The osteotomy is fixed using a Richards Intermediate Hip Screw, whose lag screw and barrel are inserted into the upper face of the osteotomy (not through the lateral cortex as in the standard technique). The plate is attached to the femur below in the normal way. The plate is not prominent laterally because of the medial displacement.

We have performed 37 such osteotomies in 29 patients.19 were male, 18 were female. Age range 3–12 years, mean 8 years. Mean time since operation 5.8 years. Additional procedures were carried out in 16 patients. The mean neck shaft angle pre-operatively was 159 degrees, post-operatively it was 118 degrees. The mean change was 41 degrees. The mean migration percentage pre-operatively was 56.8%, post-operatively it was 15.7%. The mean change was 41.1%. We found the technique to be easier, more stable, and obtained better correction screw did not seem to be a problem, we think because the osteotomy is above the than conventional femoral osteotomy. Rotation of the upper segment around the psoas attachment, and psoas is released.