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The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 95-B, Issue 12 | Pages 1708 - 1713
1 Dec 2013
Salem KH Brockert A Mertens R Drescher W

Avascular necrosis (AVN) is a serious complication of high-dose chemotherapy for haematological malignancy in childhood. In order to describe its incidence and main risk factors and to evaluate the current treatment options, we reviewed 105 children with a mean age of 8.25 years (1 to 17.8) who had acute lymphoblastic or acute myeloid leukaemia, or a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Overall, eight children (7.6%) developed AVN after a mean of 16.8 months (8 to 49). There were four boys and four girls with a mean age of 14.4 years (9.8 to 16.8) and a total of 18 involved sites, 12 of which were in the femoral head. All these children were aged > nine years (p < 0.001). All had received steroid treatment with a mean cumulative dose of prednisone of 5967 mg (4425 to 9599) compared with a mean of 3943 mg (0 to 18 585) for patients without AVN (p = 0.005). No difference existed between genders and no thrombophilic disorders were identified. Their initial treatment included 11 core decompressions and two bipolar hip replacements. Later, two salvage osteotomies were done and three patients (four hips) eventually needed a total joint replacement. We conclude that AVN mostly affects the weight-bearing epiphyses. Its risk increases with age and higher steroid doses. These high-risk patients may benefit from early screening for AVN. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1708–13


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 82-B, Issue 5 | Pages 670 - 672
1 Jul 2000
Chan BK Bell SN

We describe a patient who developed avascular necrosis of both humeral trochleae after combination chemotherapy for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. This presented as progressive stiffness of both elbows with little pain. Radiography and MRI confirmed the presence of avascular necrosis at both sites. This region corresponds to a watershed between the medial and lateral vascular arcades which supply the distal humerus and may explain the susceptibility of this bony region to avascular necrosis. Treatment involved capsulectomy of the elbow and removal of osteophytes giving a good functional outcome on both sides


The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 104-B, Issue 2 | Pages 297 - 301
1 Feb 2022
Jamshidi K Bagherifard A Mohaghegh MR Mirzaei A

Aims

Giant cell tumours (GCTs) of the proximal femur are rare, and there is no consensus about the best method of filling the defect left by curettage. In this study, we compared the outcome of using a fibular strut allograft and bone cement to reconstruct the bone defect after extended curettage of a GCT of the proximal femur.

Methods

In a retrospective study, we reviewed 26 patients with a GCT of the proximal femur in whom the bone defect had been filled with either a fibular strut allograft (n = 12) or bone cement (n = 14). Their demographic details and oncological and nononcological complications were retrieved from their medical records. Limb function was assessed using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score.


The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 103-B, Issue 8 | Pages 1421 - 1427
1 Aug 2021
Li J Lu Y Chen G Li M Xiao X Ji C Wang Z Guo Z

Aims

We have previously reported cryoablation-assisted joint-sparing surgery for osteosarcoma with epiphyseal involvement. However, it is not clear whether this is a comparable alternative to conventional joint arthroplasty in terms of oncological and functional outcomes.

Methods

A total of 22 patients who had localized osteosarcoma with epiphyseal involvement around the knee and underwent limb salvage surgery were allocated to joint preservation (JP) group and joint arthroplasty (JA) group. Subjects were followed with radiographs, Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score, and clinical evaluations at one, three, and five years postoperatively.


The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 102-B, Issue 1 | Pages 64 - 71
1 Jan 2020
Tsuda Y Fujiwara T Stevenson JD Parry MC Tillman R Abudu A

Aims

The purpose of this study was to report the long-term results of extendable endoprostheses of the humerus in children after the resection of a bone sarcoma.

Methods

A total of 35 consecutive patients treated with extendable endoprosthetic replacement of the humerus in children were included. There were 17 boys and 18 girls in the series with a median age at the time of initial surgery of nine years (interquartile range (IQR) 7 to 11).


The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 101-B, Issue 6 | Pages 732 - 738
1 Jun 2019
Liu Q He H Zeng H Yuan Y Long F Tian J Luo W

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the surgical dislocation approach and modified trapdoor procedure for the treatment of chondroblastoma of the femoral head.

Patients and Methods

A total of 17 patients (ten boys, seven girls; mean age 16.4 years (11 to 26)) diagnosed with chondroblastoma of the femoral head who underwent surgical dislocation of the hip joint, modified trapdoor procedure, curettage, and bone grafting were enrolled in this study and were followed-up for a mean of 35.9 months (12 to 76). Healing and any local recurrence were assessed via clinical and radiological tests. Functional outcome was evaluated using the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society scoring system (MSTS). Patterns of bone destruction were evaluated using the Lodwick classification. Secondary osteoarthritis was classified via radiological analysis following the Kellgren–Lawrence grading system. Steinberg classification was used to evaluate osteonecrosis of the femoral head.


The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 98-B, Issue 2 | Pages 260 - 265
1 Feb 2016
Sorel JC Façee Schaeffer M Homan AS Scholtes VAB Kempen DHR Ham SJ

Aims

We report a prospective cohort study of the midterm results of surgical dislocation of the hip (according to Ganz) to perform resection of osteochondromas involving the femoral neck in patients with multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE).

Methods

Hip range of movement (ROM) was assessed pre- and post-operatively. Patients’ judgment of post-operative reduction of pain, symptoms, the Rand 36-item Health Survey (RAND-36) and complications were analysed.


The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 96-B, Issue 10 | Pages 1404 - 1410
1 Oct 2014
Wafa H Grimer RJ Jeys L Abudu AT Carter SR Tillman RM

The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional and oncological outcome of extracorporeally irradiated autografts used to reconstruct the pelvis after a P1/2 internal hemipelvectomy.

The study included 18 patients with a primary malignant bone tumour of the pelvis. There were 13 males and five females with a mean age of 24.8 years (8 to 62). Of these, seven had an osteogenic sarcoma, six a Ewing’s sarcoma, and five a chondrosarcoma. At a mean follow-up of 51.6 months (4 to 185), nine patients had died with metastatic disease while nine were free from disease. Local recurrence occurred in three patients all of whom eventually died of their disease. Deep infection occurred in three patients and required removal of their graft in two while the third underwent a hindquarter amputation for extensive flap necrosis.

The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society functional score of the 16 patients who could be followed-up for at least 12 months was 77% (50 to 90). Those 15 patients who completed the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score questionnaire had a mean score of 71% (53 to 85).

Extracorporeal irradiation and re-implantation of bone is a valid method of reconstruction after an internal hemipelvectomy. It has an acceptable morbidity and a functional outcome that compares favourably with other available reconstructive techniques.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:1404–10


The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 96-B, Issue 5 | Pages 673 - 676
1 May 2014
Han I Choi ES Kim H

Monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the proximal femur has a variable clinical course, despite its reported limited tendency to progress.

We investigated the natural history and predisposing factors for progression of dysplasia in a group of 76 patients with a mean follow-up of 8.5 years (2.0 to 15.2). Of these, 31 (41%) presented with an asymptomatic incidental lesion while 45 (59%) presented with pain or a pathological fracture. A group of 23 patients (30%) underwent early operative treatment for pain (19: 25%) or pathological fracture (4: 5%).

Of the 53 patients who were initially treated non-operatively, 45 (85%) remained asymptomatic but eight (15%) needed surgery because of pain or fracture. The progression-free survival of the observation group was 81% (sd 6.4%) at five-years follow-up. An initial presentation of pain (p < 0.001), a limp (p < 0.001), radiological evidence of microfracture (p = 0.001) and younger age (< 17 years) (p = 0.016) were significant predisposing factors for disease progression.

The risk of experiencing pain or pathological fracture is considerable in monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the proximal femur. Patients presenting with pain, a limp or radiological evidence of microfracture have a high chance of needing surgical treatment.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:673–6.


Bone & Joint Research
Vol. 1, Issue 10 | Pages 272 - 280
1 Oct 2012
De Mattos CBR Binitie O Dormans JP

Pathological fractures in children can occur as a result of a variety of conditions, ranging from metabolic diseases and infection to tumours. Fractures through benign and malignant bone tumours should be recognised and managed appropriately by the treating orthopaedic surgeon. The most common benign bone tumours that cause pathological fractures in children are unicameral bone cysts, aneurysmal bone cysts, non-ossifying fibromas and fibrous dysplasia. Although pathological fractures through a primary bone malignancy are rare, these should be recognised quickly in order to achieve better outcomes. A thorough history, physical examination and review of plain radiographs are crucial to determine the cause and guide treatment. In most benign cases the fracture will heal and the lesion can be addressed at the time of the fracture, or after the fracture is healed. A step-wise and multidisciplinary approach is necessary in caring for paediatric patients with malignancies. Pathological fractures do not have to be treated by amputation; these fractures can heal and limb salvage can be performed when indicated.


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 93-B, Issue 7 | Pages 980 - 983
1 Jul 2011
Malhas AM Grimer RJ Abudu A Carter SR Tillman RM Jeys L

We investigated the eventual diagnosis in patients referred to a tertiary centre with a possible diagnosis of a primary bone malignancy.

We reviewed our database from between 1986 and 2010, during which time 5922 patients referred with a suspicious bone lesion had a confirmed diagnosis. This included bone sarcoma in 2205 patients (37%), benign bone tumour in 1309 (22%), orthopaedic conditions in 992 (17%), metastatic disease in 533 (9%), infection in 289 (5%) and haematological disease in 303 (5%). There was a similar frequency of all diagnoses at different ages except for metastatic disease. Only 0.6% of patients (17 of 2913) under the age of 35 years had metastatic disease compared with 17.1% (516 of 3009) of those over 35 years (p < 0.0001). Of the 17 patients under 35 years with metastatic disease, only four presented with an isolated lesion, had no past history of cancer and were systematically well.

Patients under the age of 35 years should have suitable focal imaging (plain radiography, CT or MRI) and simple systemic studies (blood tests and chest radiography). Reduction of the time to biopsy can be achieved by avoiding an unnecessary investigation for a primary tumour to rule out metastatic disease.


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 87-B, Issue 6 | Pages 851 - 857
1 Jun 2005
Davidson AW Hong A McCarthy SW Stalley PD

We treated 50 patients with bony malignancy by en-bloc resection, extracorporeal irradiation with 50 Gy and re-implantation of the bone segment.

The mean survivor follow-up was 38 months (12 to 92) when 42 patients were alive and without disease. There were four recurrences. The functional results were good according to the Mankin score (17 excellent, 13 good, nine fair, three failures), the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society score (mean 77) and the Toronto Extremity Salvage score (mean 81). There was solid union, but bone resorption was seen in some cases. The dose of radiation was lethal to all cells and produced a dead autograft of perfect fit.

Extracorporeal irradiation is a useful technique for limb salvage when there is reasonable residual bone stock. It allows effective re-attachment of tendons and produces a lasting biological reconstruction. There should be no risk of local recurrence or of radiotherapy-induced malignancy in the replanted bone.


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 90-B, Issue 5 | Pages 648 - 651
1 May 2008
George B Abudu A Grimer RJ Carter SR Tillman RM

We report our experience of treating 17 patients with benign lesions of the proximal femur with non-vascularised, autologous fibular strut grafts, without osteosynthesis. The mean age of the patients at presentation was 16.5 years (5 to 33) and they were followed up for a mean of 2.9 years (0.4 to 19.5). Histological diagnoses included simple bone cyst, fibrous dysplasia, aneurysmal bone cysts and giant cell tumour. Local recurrence occurred in two patients (11.7%) and superficial wound infection, chronic hip pain and deep venous thrombosis occurred in three. Pathological fracture did not occur in any patient following the procedure.

We conclude that non-vascularised fibular strut grafts are a safe and satisfactory method of treating benign lesions of the proximal femur.


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 87-B, Issue 12 | Pages 1653 - 1657
1 Dec 2005
Wedin R Bauer HCF

We report positive and negative factors associated with the most commonly-used methods of reconstruction after pathological fracture of the proximal femur. The study was based on 142 patients treated surgically for 146 metastatic lesions between 1996 and 2003. The local rate of failure was 10.3% (15 of 146). Of 37 operations involving osteosynthetic devices, six failed (16.2%) compared with nine (8.3%) in 109 operations involving endoprostheses. Of nine cases of prosthetic failure, four were due to periprosthetic fractures and three to recurrent dislocation. In the osteosynthesis group, three (13.6%) of 22 reconstruction nails failed. The two-year risk of re-operation after any type of osteosynthesis was 0.35 compared with 0.18 after any type of endoprosthetic reconstruction (p = 0.07). Endoprosthetic reconstructions are preferable to the use of reconstruction nails and other osteosynthetic devices for the treatment of metastatic lesions in the proximal third of the femur.