Background. Injury to the ACL is a significant problem and can cause further damage to the internal structures of the knee. ACL injury is associated with injuries to other structures in the knee such as the meniscus and chondral cartilage. Such intra articular injuries pre-dispose the knee to develop arthritis. This injury is usually seen in young and active people usually related to sporting injuries. There is a paucity of literature on the influence of anthropometric features on the hamstring graft obtained in ACL reconstruction, although there are studies on the sex based differences affecting the hamstring graft. This study was undertaken to assess the influence of anthropometric measurements on the graft thickness obtained at ACL reconstruction surgery within the UK population. Objective. This study was undertaken to assess the influence of anthropometric measurements (body mass index (BMI), height and weight) on the graft thickness obtained at anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Materials and methods. Data from 121 consecutive patients who had undergone ACL reconstruction by the same surgeon using quadrupled hamstring grafts were analysed. The body mass index, height and weight of these patients were correlated with the graft thickness obtained during surgery. Regression analysis was undertaken to assess the influence of individual anthropometric variables on the graft thickness. Results. Of the 121 patients there were 108 males and 13 females. Average age of the cohort was 32 years (14–55). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the height and graft size (r=0.38, p < 0.01) as well as between the body weight and graft size (r=0.29, p < 0.01). However, when body mass index was calculated, the correlation was not statistically significant (r=0.08, p > 0.1). Regression analysis confirmed that BMI was not statistically significant as a predictor of hamstring graft diameter whereas height was statistically the most important predictor (F=20.1; p < 0.01) and yielded the predictive equation from regression analysis. Graft diameter=4.5 + 0.02 × Ht. (in cms) suggesting that people with height less than 125 cms (4′1″) are at greatest risk of a quadrupled graft size of less than 7 mm. Conclusion. Our findings suggest that although body mass index did not significantly correlate, individual anthropometric variables (height and weight) do influence the size of graft thickness in ACL reconstruction and give pre operative information. This may allow surgeons to plan for alternative graft options, if they could predict the possibility of inadequate graft size prior to ACL reconstruction surgery

Purpose: The successful placement of elbow prostheses, external fixators and ligament reconstructions is dependent on the accurate identification of the elbow’s flexion-extension (FE) axis. In the case of periarticular bone loss, the FE axis must be visually estimated, as the necessary anatomical landmarks may not be available. Hence, referencing the uninjured elbow anatomy may prove beneficial in accurately defining this axis. However, this is contingent on the morphological features being similar between the two sides. Our objective was to compare distal humeral morphology between paired specimens. Our hypothesis was that anthropometric measurements from the distal humerus would be similar to the contralateral side. Method: CT Images of 25 paired distal humeri were obtained. A right-to-left surface registration was then performed on each pair using the iterative closest point (icp) least-squares algorithm, thus placing each specimen in the same coordinate system.. Anthropometric characteristics measured (and compared between the left and right sides) included the angles of the FE and epicondylar axes in both the coronal and transverse planes, the anterior offset of the FE axis with respect to the humeral shaft axis, the length of the FE axis and the radius of curvature of the capitellum and trochlea. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the left and right humeri for the eight anthropometric characteristics studied (p > 0.05). The mean difference in magnitude for the FE axis angle was approximately 1.0° in both the coronal and transverse planes and the difference in magnitude for 80% of the paired specimens was less than 1.5°. Conclusion: The anthropometric features of the distal humerus that are typically employed during elbow surgery are similar from side to side. Preoperative imaging of the contralateral normal elbow should be considered in patients with periarticular bone loss where referencing anatomical landmarks of the injured side is not possible. This information can be used as part of a preoperative plan to determine the ideal position of the implant, ligament reconstruction or external fixator during surgery. Contralateral imaging should be particularly useful when combined with computer-assisted elbow surgery

Comprehensive anthropometric information is essential to avoid patella-related complications after TKA. We compared the anthropometric patellar dimensions of Korean and Western patients. In particular, we determined whether the reestablishment of original patellar thickness, residual bony thickness, and pre- to postoperative deviations between the median ridge position and the component center position influence the clinical and radiographic outcomes of TKAs. We measured anthropometric patellar dimensions in 752 osteoarthritic knees treated with TKA in 466 Korean patients and compared them with those of Western patients reported in the literature. We investigated the effects of postoperative overall thickness deviations, residual bony thickness after bone resection, and postoperative deviations of component center positions from median ridge positions versus clinical and radiographic outcomes evaluated 1 year after surgery. Korean patients undergoing TKA had thinner and smaller patellae than Western patients. We found no associations between pre- to postoperative overall thickness differences and clinical and radiographic outcomes and no differences between knees with a residual bony thickness of 12 mm or more and knees with a residual thickness of less than 12 mm, with the exception of WOMAC pain scores. We found no associations between postoperative deviations of component center position and clinical or radiographic outcomes. Our findings indicate bone resection for patellar resurfacing can be flexible without jeopardizing clinical outcome

This study was undertaken to assess the influence of anthropometric measurements on the graft thickness obtained at anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery. Data from fifty one consecutive patients who had undergone ACL reconstruction by the same surgeon using double loop hamstring grafts were analysed. The body mass index, height and weight of these patients were correlated with the graft thickness obtained during surgery using non parametric tests (Spearman’s correlating coefficient). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the body weight and graft thickness (r = 0.32, p=0.02, n= 51). There was however, no correlation between the body mass index and height with the graft thickness. Anthropometric measurements do not have as much influence on the thickness of the graft as would have been assumed, in ACL reconstruction surgery. Although the body weight has a positive correlation, the body mass index and height do not seem to have any appreciable influence on graft thickness

We aimed to obtain anthropometric data on Korean knees and to compare these with data on commonly available total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). The dimensions of the femora and tibiae of 1168 knees were measured intra-operatively. The femoral components were found to show a tendency toward mediolateral (ML) under-coverage in small femurs and ML overhang in the large femurs. The ML under-coverage was most prominent for the small prostheses. The ML/anteroposterior (ML/AP) ratio of Korean tibiae was greater than that of tibial components. This study shows that, for different reasons, current TKAs do not provide a reasonable fit for small or large Korean knees, and that the ‘gender-specific’ and ‘stature-specific’ components help for large Korean femurs but offer less satisfactory fits for small femurs. Specific modifications of prostheses are needed for Asian knees

A chart is presented to assist with the assessment and treatment of patients with growth-related deformities. It is based on anthropometric values from five published sources and relates sitting height to stature, limb length, the radiographic lengths of the leg bones and the lengths of the feet and hands. It has proved useful in the prediction of leg-length discrepancies, in the diagnosis of cases of short stature, and in the assessment of spinal shortening from scoliosis

Introduction. Precise implant matching with a resected bony surface is a crucial issue to ensure a successful total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Extremely undersized or oversized components should be avoided. Therefore, we should measure the exact anthropometric data of the resected bony surface preoperatively or intraoperatively. The purpose of this study was to intraoperatively analyze the exact anthropometric proximal tibial data of Japanese patients undergoing TKA and correlate these measurements to the dimensions of current prosthetic systems. Patients and Methods. Three hundred and seventy-three knees in 299 Japanese patients were included in this study. There were 246 women and 53 men with a mean age of 74 (range: 63–85) years. All TKAs were performed by 3 senior surgeons (TS, AK, and NM). The bone cut in the proximal tibia was made perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tibia in the frontal plane. Intraoperative measurements of the proximal tibial cut surface were taken after proximal tibial preparation. Akagi's line (center of the posterior cruciate ligament tibial insertion to the medial border of the patellar tendon attachment) was adopted as the anteroposterior axis line of the proximal tibia. A mediolateral (ML) line was drawn perpendicular to Akagi's line. Then, anteroposterior (AP), lateral anteroposterior (lAP), and medial anteroposterior (mAP) lines were drawn as shown in Figure 1. Results. There was a significant positive correlation between lAP and ML dimensions. Although there also was a significant positive correlation between lAP and mAP dimensions, individual knees presented much scatter (Figure 2). The lAP dimension was smaller than the mAP dimension in all knees by a mean of 4.5 ± 1.9 mm. The proximal tibia exhibited asymmetry between the lateral and medial plateaus. The recent data of 177 knees indicated that Akagi's line was located 1.0 ± 1.2 mm medial to the AP line. A comparison of the morphologic data and the dimensions of the implants, one of which was a symmetric tibial component (NexGen: Zimmer, Warsaw, Indiana), and the other asymmetric (Genesis II: Smith & Nephew, Memphis, Tennessee), indicated that an asymmetric tibial component could be beneficial in maximizing the coverage of the tibial plateau. However, the size variation of the asymmetric tibial component was poor and the lAP and mAP dimensions showed much scatter; thus, we should measure the proximal tibia and choose the proper tibial component during surgery. Conclusions. This study provides important reference data that may be useful for designing proper tibial components for Japanese patients

Near 70% of failures of knee arthroplastys due to septic or aseptic mobilization are complicated because of massive loss of bone stock. In these cases surgeon have to perform a salvage procedure to restore legamentous balance, articular plane direction and axes of lower limb, finally to fill bone defects. Today intrinsic biomechanical stability of revision implant is entrust to sophisticated design and materials of custom made and modular implants. Endomedullary stem has to assolve specific functions: mechanical stability contrasting stress due to the boneloss, offering support for omoplastic or spongious bone innests in femoralor tibial defects. There are paucity of study in literature about dimension and morphology of endomedullary canal, probably because of variability between periostal andendostal anatomy in each patients, specially age related. This date has conditioned production of several number of revision stem size for all population. This anthropometric study verify presence of a particular regionin femoral and tibial endomidullar canal not dependent from sex, height, morphotype, important for a good press-fit of revision stem. Morphological date of midfemoral and tibial geometry was assessed in 50 subjects using Axial Computerized Tomography. Eleven (22%) were in men, thirty nine (78%) were in woman, with avarage of 73 years old (from 57 to 85). Exclusion criteria were previous operation at the same limb, deformity, pathology of bone metabolism. The level of sections were at 20, 18, 16 and 12 centimiters from articular plane for femur and at 8, 10, 13, 16 cm for tibia. Preliminar Ct scan with hight resolution program with bone alghoritm was performed. Axial view of any section was visualized at real dimension and maximal and minimal diameter of sections e were measured in millimiters. Areas of any section is different in each patient; this variability is greater near articular plane. Infact in our sample SD (Standard Deviation) of diameters of proximal femoral and distal tibialsections was lesser than SD of the other measurements. No difference of results about sex was noted. On base of these measuremts more proximal two femoral sections and two more distal tibial sections were considered to elaborate an ideal area for anchorage zone of anatomical revision stem. We subdivided all sample in five groups with homogeneous value of diameter in selected sections. For any groups tangent & #945; of an ideal trunk of cone including maximum and minimum value of diameter considered was computed, and the relative inclination angle. In our sample the greatest diameter in proximal femoral section was 20 mm and the lowest 10 mm; for tibial measuremnts the greatest value in distal tibial level was 18 mm and the lowest was 10 mm. Inclination angle was ever around 2° in all groups. Moreover we have calculated the presumable length of an ideal trunk of cone that includes the minimum and maximum value of femural and tibial diameter measured. About 5% of knee arthroplastys is destinated to an unsuccessfull. In many cases loosing of bone stock is huge and localized near articular plane. Afterward it’s important to restore biomechanical stability through endomedullary stem of revision implant. There are not many reports about morphology and anatomical study of femoral and tibial endomedullary canal. Many authors focus the attention on bone density or functional axes of the lower limb. Some authors studied remodelling process age-related about periostal ad endostal bone; cortical area undergoing thinning specially over fourthy years old. Our sample had mean of 73 years old: remodelling process is almost complete and then it is a good referenceto extrapolate real data about endomedullary morphology and width. Variability of data in all population about diameter of endomedullarycanal is lesser near femoral and tibial istmo, in particular around 18–20 cm from articular plane for femur and at 13–16 cm for tibia In our opinion short stem can’t guarantee good press-fit because of extreme variability of diameters in the population near knee. This anthropometric study confirm presence of anatomical area of the midfemural and tibial canal with common geometric characteristic in allpatient; it can be used to realize an anatomical stem that guarantees a good contact bone/prosthesis and then an optimal bone integration. On base of our results it is possibile realize few revision stem because in all groups of patients studied at 18–20 cm from knee for femur and at 13–16 cm for tibia, angle of inclination was ever 2°

Background. There is paucity of data concerning the morphological dimensions of the distal part of the femur and the proximal part of the tibia in Indian population. The objective of this study was to analyse the exact anatomic data collected from patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Methods. Morphologic data from the distal part of the femur and proximal part of the tibia, from 50 knees, were obtained during total knee Arthroplasty, with a microcalliper. The study included 30 women and 20 men, who had a mean age of 65 years. A characterisation of the aspect ratio (the medial-lateral to anterior-posterior dimensions) was made for the proximal aspect of the tibia and distal part of the femur. Results. A significant difference was noticed in the dimensions of males and females. Females were found to have smaller dimensions, and the difference was statistically significant. From the morphologic data no significant difference was noted in the aspect ratio of both femur and tibia in males and females, and between larger and smaller knees. A comparison of the bone dimensions from the study data and the dimensions of the femoral component showed average medial-lateral overhang of +1.9 mm in women. Conclusion. The results of this study will allow manufacturers to make more appropriate determination of the sizes of components for total knee arthroplasty in Indian population having smaller anthropometric measurements than Western populations

Aims: The topographical measurement and representation of the ACL insertion on the tibial plateau, based on a greek population sample. Methods: Fourty eight tibial plateaus were explanted during TKA surgery in 33 female and 15 male patients (average age of 71.2 yrs) suffering from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. By means of a calliper, measurements were conducted in order to determine the dimensions shown. Data were used for a topographical representation. Conclusions: To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first such anthropometric study on a greek population and its results provide a confirmation on the relatively wide base of ACL insertion on the tibial plateau. The biomechanical performance of this natural configuration for a full range of motion, is possibly not sufficiently reproduced by conventional ACL reconstruction techniques using just one bundle

Aims: The topographical measurement and representation of the ACL insertion on the tibial plateau, based on a greek population sample. Methods: Fourty eight tibial plateaus were explanted during TKA surgery in 33 female and 15 male patients (average age of 71.2 yrs) suffering from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. By means of a calliper, measurements were conducted in order to determine the dimensions shown. Data were used for a topographical representation. Conclusions: To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first such anthropometric study on a greek population and its results provide a confirmation on the relatively wide base of ACL insertion on the tibial plateau. The biomechanical performance of this natural configuration for a full range of motion, is possibly not sufficiently reproduced by conventional ACL reconstruction techniques using just one bundle

Introduction. For anatomical reconstruction in shoulder arthroplasty, it is important to understand normal glenohumeral geometry. Unfortunately, however, the details of the glenohumeral joint in Asian populations have not been sufficiently evaluated. There is a racial difference in body size, and this difference probably results in a difference in glenohumeral size. The purpose of this study was to evaluate three-dimensional geometry of the glenohumeral joint in the normal Asian population and to clarify its morphologic features. Methods. Anthropometric analysis of the glenohumeral joint was performed using computed tomography scans of 160 normal shoulders from healthy volunteers in age from 20 to 40 years. Using OsiriX MD, Geomagic Studio, and AVIZO software, the dimensions of humeral head width, humeral head diameter, glenoid height, glenoid width, and glenoid diameter were analyzed three-dimensionally (Figure 1). In diameter analyses, the humeral head was assumed to be a sphere and the glenoid was to fit a sphere (Figure 2–3). Sex differences in height, humeral length, humeral head width, humeral head diameter, glenoid height, glenoid width, and glenoid diameter were compared using Mann-Whitney U tests. The correlations between sides and among the respective parameters in the glenohumeral dimensions were evaluated with Spearman rank correlation tests. The significance level was set at 0.05 for all analyses. Results. Average height and humeral length of the volunteers were 164.7 ± 9.7 cm and 29.1 ± 1.8 cm respectively. The normal Asian glenohumeral joint has average humeral head width of 41.4 ± 3.7 mm, humeral head diameter of 42.9 ± 3.6 mm, glenoid height of 31.5 ± 2.8 mm, glenoid width of 23.1 ± 2.4 mm, and glenoid diameter of 62.0 ± 6.8 mm. The humeral head and glenoid were significantly larger in males than in females (p<0.001 in all analyses). The average radius difference between the glenoid and the humeral head was 9.6 ± 2.8 mm, and there was no sex difference (p=0.359). The average ratio of the glenoid radius to the humeral head radius was 144.9% ± 12.2%, and the ratio was significantly larger in females than in males (p=0.026). The glenohumeral size was well correlated between the two sides, and there were direct correlations among the heights, humeral length, humeral head size, and glenoid size (p<0.001 in all analyses). Conclusions. The present study revealed that the values of glenohumeral dimensions were uniform in both males and females with a strong correlation between the dominant shoulder and the nondominant shoulder. Since there are direct correlations among height, humeral length, and the size of the glenohumeral joint, we can also predict the glenohumeral size of patients from their respective heights. The present results would be useful to determine the size of implants and to improve clinical outcomes of shoulder arthroplasty for glenohumeral joints of Asian patients. The size of the Asian glenohumeral joint was obviously smaller than that reported in the past literature including black and Caucasian populations. Some shoulder prostheses that are designed in Europe or America and are widely used worldwide could be oversized for small females

Aims: To determine the anthropometric measurements of bony landmarks in the knee using MR scans and so assist revision knee surgeons in prostheses placement. Methods: We analysed 100 MR scans of patients aged 16–50 (50 male, 50 female) which were performed for meniscal pathology, patellar dislocation and ACL injury. Those over the age of 50 or with symptoms suggestive of general osteoarthritis, or where the epiphyses had not yet fused were excluded. All measurements recorded were to the level of joint line and are shown below. Results:(Tables removed). Conclusions: To ensure near normal knee mechanics are achieved during revision knee surgery the joint line should be within 5mm of the original. Our study provides mean values for the distance from various bony landmarks to the joint line in non-arthritic knees on MR scan. The use of the medial epicondyle value as a sole reference will place the joint line within 5mm in 88% of males and 96% of females. Use of multiple landmarks further increases accuracy. The final position of the joint will depend on trialling prostheses

Aims: To determine the anthropometric measurements of bony landmarks in the knee using MR scans and so assist revision knee surgeons in prostheses placement. Methods: We analysed 100 MR scans of patients aged 16–50 (50 male, 50 female) which were performed for meniscal pathology, patellar dislocation and ACL injury. Those over the age of 50 or with symptoms suggestive of general osteoarthritis, or where the epiphyses had not yet fused were excluded. All measurements recorded were to the level of joint line and are shown below. Conclusions: To ensure near normal knee mechanics are achieved during revision knee surgery the joint line should be within 5mm of the original. Our study provides mean values for the distance from various bony landmarks to the joint line in non-arthritic knees on MR scan. The use of the medial epicondyle value as a sole reference will place the joint line within 5mm in 88% of males and 96% of females. Use of multiple landmarks further increases accuracy. The final position of the joint will depend on trialling prostheses

Purpose: Osteochondral allograft transplantation for the treatment of osseous defects to the humeral head has recently grown in popularity. Because only a portion of the articulating surface of the humeral head is replaced, conformity of the allograft to the native surface is imperative to restore the natural geometry of the joint. To achieve proper conformity, it is essential that the curvature of the humeral head of the allograft tissue match that of the native tissue. Curvature determination is also important for shoulder replacement procedures. Curvature of the humeral head is difficult to directly measure in allograft specimens. As a result, predictive measurements, such as the maximum length of the humerus are used to predict this curvature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of various anthropometric measurements for predicting humeral head curvature. We hypothesized that the maximum length of the humerus would be the most predictive of humeral curvature. Method: 60 (28 female, 32 male) cadaveric humeri were obtained from the Hamann-Todd Human Osteological Collection. Specimens ranged from 20 to 35 years of age at the time of death (27.9 ± 4.5, mean ± SD). Specimens from this collection include height and weight as collected at the time of death. All specimens were scanned with a 3-dimensional laser scanner (NextEngine, Santa Monica, California, USA). This scanner has been shown to be accurate to within 0.005 inches. Linear measurements (maximum humeral length, epicondylar breadth) were made according to the recording standards for skeletal remains. Both measurements were made by choosing points on the 3-dimensional scan, rather than the traditional osteometric board. Humeral head curvature was determined by a custom computational code to fit a sphere to the articulating surface of the humerus. Data analysis was performed in Minitab (version 13, State College, PA, USA). A linear regression was performed for each predictive measurement. A stepwise linear regression with forward and backward substitution was performed for the most predictive variables from the initial linear regression. Results: The most predictive factors (R^2 > 0.5) were epicondylar breadth, height, maximum humeral length, and gender. Based on the linear regression coefficients, these four factors (all normalized) were included in a forward and backward stepwise regression (alpha to enter and remove = 0.15). The resulting equation (shown below) had an R^2 values of 0.807. Humeral Diameter = 0.894 + 0.048*(epicondylar breadth) + 0.043*height – 0.020*gender. Conclusion: Of the predicted measurements evaluated, patient height, epicondylar breadth, and gender were most correlated with humeral head curvature. Including these three factors in a linear regression model increased the R2 value to 0.807. If only a single measurement can be used to size the humeral curvature, patient height will give approximately the same accuracy as epicondylar breadth, and can more easily be obtained

Purpose. The majority (73%) of orthopaedic surgeons in Canada prefer using semitendinosus-gracilis (STG) autograft for ACL reconstruction. However, there is large variation in tendon size between individuals which makes pre-operative estimation of graft size unpredictable. Inadequate graft size may require an alternative source of graft tissue that should be planned prior to surgery. The purpose of this study is to determine if clinical anthropometric data and MRI measurements of STG tendons can be used to predict hamstring graft size. Method. One-hundred and fourteen patients with ACL deficiency awaiting reconstruction using hamstring autograft were retrospectively evaluated. The following information was obtained from patient charts: height, weight, body mass index (BMI), age, and gender. Cross-sectional area (CSA) of gracilis (G) and semitendinosus (ST) tendons were determined from pre-operative MRI scans using NIH ImageJ analysis software. Actual STG graft diameters were obtained from operative reports. Correlations between patient height, weight, BMI, age, gender, ST-CSA, G-CSA, STG-CSA and intraoperative graft size were calculated to determine the association between these variables. Multiple stepwise regression was performed to assess the predictive value of these variables to intraoperative graft diameter. In addition, three investigators with no radiological experience made independent measurements of the ST and G tendons to determine the inter-rater reliability (ICC) of MRI measurements. Results. All variables were independently correlated with intraoperative graft size (p<0.001). However, based on multiple stepwise regression analysis, only models including STG-CSA (r2=.212; p<.001); STG-CSA and sex (r2=.285; p<.001); and STG-CSA, sex and weight (r2=.294; p<.001) were found to be significant predictors of graft size (when co-variation in other factors was controlled). Inter-class correlation coefficients demonstrated very high agreement between raters for measurements of the ST, G and STG (.816, .827, .863, respectively). Conclusion. Measurement of tendon CSA from MRI images is very reliable. A model including STG-CSA, sex and weight was found to be strongly predictive of hamstring graft diameter for ACL reconstruction. This model may enhance our ability to predict adequate graft size and identify instances that other graft tissues may be a better option. The results of this study may improve pre-operative planning for ACL reconstruction

Purpose: There is no data concerning morphological dimensions of distal femur(DF), proximal tibia(PT) and thickness of patella(TP) in Indian population and our objective was to analyse the anthropometric data in Indian knees and to correlate them with existing knee arthroplasty systems. Methods: MRI scans of 25 patients(15M;10F) who underwent bilateral knee scans for ligamental injuries were collected. Patients with arthritis, bone loss, varus/ valgus deformity of > 150 and those with immature skeleton were excluded. The mean age was 32 years (range 18–53y). Three surgeons independently measured medio-lateral(ML), antero-posterior(AP) lengths & aspect ratio(AR) of DF, PT and TP on three occasions one week apart to account for intra & inter-observer variability. The resultant data of 50 knees was analysed using SPSS v16.0 and compared with five different knee arthroplasty systems (PFC sigma/NexGen/Scorpio/IB-II/ Gender specific knee). Results: The mean ML & AP for proximal tibia was 73.3±5.3 & 47.8±4.3 mm. The mean ML & AP (lateral condyle) for distal femur was 74.3±5.9 & 65.4±5.0 mm. The mean unresected thickness of patella was 24.7 & 21.8 mm in males & females respectively. The ML & AP showed a statistically significant positive correlation with person’s height (ML®=0.55;AP®=0.50 & p=0.01). A decrease in AR for increasing AP dimension was noted for both distal femur and proximal tibia (Tibia®=0.153;p=0.29 & Femur:®=−0.91;p=0.001). Discussion: None of the prosthesis designs mimicked this decrease in AR and NexGen infact showed increase in AR. Only Gender specific knee closely mimicked normal variation in AR and is available only for females (in India). Most of the available TKR prosthesis designs differ from true knee morphometry of Indian population. These data provides the basis for designing optimal prosthesis for people of Indian/Asian origin in UK/overseas

There is no data concerning morphological dimensions of distal femur, proximal tibia and patella in Indian population. The objective was to analyse the anthropometric data in Indian knees and to co-relate them with existing knee arthroplasty systems. MRI scans of 25 patients (15 males & 10 females) who underwent bilateral knee scans for ligamental injuries were collected. Patients with arthritis, bone loss, varus/valgus deformity of > 15 degrees and those with immature skeleton were excluded. The mean age was 32 yrs (18–53 yrs). Three surgeons independently measured medio-lateral (ML), antero-posterior(AP) dimensions & aspect ratio(AR) of distal femur, proximal tibia and unresected patellar thickness(PT) on three occasions one week apart to account for intra & inter-observer variability. The resultant data of 50 knees was analysed using SPSS v14.0 and compared with five prosthesis knee systems (PFC sigma, NexGen, Scorpio, IB-II & Gender specific knee). The mean ML & AP for proximal tibia was 73.3±5.3 & 47.8±4.3 mm. The mean ML & AP (lateral condyle) for distal femur was 74.3±5.9 & 65.4±5.0 mm. The mean PT was 24.7 & 21.8 mm in males & females respectively. The ML & AP showed a statistically significant positive correlation with the height of the person (ML r=0.55; AP r=0.50 & p=0.01). The tibial and femoral AR showed higher ratio for smaller knees & smaller ratio for larger knees i.e. decline in AR for increasing AP dimension. None of the prosthesis designs mimicked this decrease in AR and NexGen prosthesis infact showed an increase in AR. Gender differences in the morphological data were shown by variable tibial AR. Most of the available TKR prosthesis designs differ from actual knee morphometry of Indian population. These data provides the basis for designing optimal prosthesis for people of Indian/Asian origin in UK and overseas

To compare the intrinsic foot function and pliability of the foot in shoe and non shoe wearing population, measurement on the right foot of 100 randomly selected non-shoe wearing (Indians) and 100 shoe-wearing (British) population was carried out. They had normal body-mass index, age between 25 to 35 years and no previous injury or disability to the lower extremities.

Using a force gauge, force of extension and flexion at 1st metatarsophalyngeal joint, abduction at 5th meta-tarsophalyngeal joint and adduction between 1st and 2nd toe was measured. Pliability Ratio was calculated as follows:

Maximum weight bearing foot length X maximum weight bearing foot length

Maximum non-weight bearing foot length X maximum non-weight bearing foot length.

Using the student test at 95% confidence interval, there was no statistically significant difference in the intrinsic foot function. Multivariate regression analysis showed that after adjustment for other variables like gender and ethnicity, the shoe condition is significant on the pliability ratio. This study shows that although shoe-wearing does not affect the intrinsic foot function it definitely results in stiffer feet. This difference is more marked in women (p=0.0171).

Shoe-wearing can affect the transmission of forces during locomotion especially if the muscles acting across the foot are normal but the joints across which they act are stiff. Shoes have an inbuilt medial arch support and narrow toe boxes. This result in incomplete movement of the transverse and longitudinal arches of the foot leading to stiffer feet and can affect the biomechanics of shod feet.

Aims: To assess the difference in muscle function and pliability between shoe wearing and non shoe-wearing feet. Methods: Using a basic force gauge, force of extension and ßexion at 1st metatarsophalyngeal joint, abduction at 5th metatarsophalyngeal joint and adduction between 1st and 2nd toe was measured on the right foot of 100 (50 male and 50 female) randomly selected human population. They had normal body-mass index and age between 25 to 35 years. People with previous injury or disability to the right lower extremity were excluded. Measurement on non-shoe wearing population was carried out on Indian population. Measurements on shoe-wearing population were carried out on the British population. Maximum length and breadth of full weight bearing and non-weight bearing foot was measured. Pliability Ratio of weight bearing length and breadth of the foot by the non-weight bearing length and breadth of the foot was calculated. Results: There was no statistically different muscle force in the small joints of the feet. Pliability ratio showed that the shoe wearing feet were stiffer than non-shoe shoe wearing feet. Conclusions: Shoe wearing does not affect the intrinsic foot function. It may result in slightly stiffer feet. This can result in improper distribution of force while weight bearing Pediatric hip