Purpose. To investigate associations between sagittal thoracolumbar spine shape with sex and measures of adiposity throughout adulthood. Methods. Thoracolumbar spine shape was characterised using statistical shape modelling on lateral dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry images, recorded for vertebral fracture analysis, of the spine from 1529 participants of the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, acquired at age 60–64 years. Associations between spine shape modes (SM) and 1) sex, 2) contemporaneous measures of overall and central adiposity (indicated by body mass index and waist circumference, respectively), 3) changes in total and central adiposity during earlier stages of adulthood and age at onset of overweight, were investigated. Results. Four of the first eight spine modes (SM) describing lumbar spine shape differed by sex; on average, women had more lordotic spines than men with relatively smaller but caudally increasing anterior-posterior (a-p) vertebral diameters. Greater BMI and waist circumference and earlier onset of overweight were associated with uneven (or snaking) spinal curvatures (SM2) and larger a-p vertebral diameters (SM3). Central adiposity was also associated with larger caudal disc heights (SM4) in women, especially increases between 36–43 years. Conclusions. Sagittal spine shapes differed by sex and associations with overall and central adiposity also differed. Overweight and greater central adiposity earlier in adulthood were particularly important, and were associated with a straighter but more unevenly curved spine with larger vertebrae and caudal discs heights, possibly explained by a chronic effect of increased mechanical loading on the spine. Conflicts of interest: None. Funding received from MRC

Aim. To evaluate the effect of corrective surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis on pelvic morphology. Introduction. Pelvic incidence increases linearly with age during childhood and adolescence before stabilising in adulthood. Most scoliosis surgery occurs before adulthood. We tested the hypothesis that during growth, scoliosis surgery alters the normal linear relationship between pelvic incidence and age. Methods. One hundred patients with 200 radiographs who had undergone surgery for scoliosis were identified. Thirty-eight patients were excluded due to other diagnoses. All patients had posterior surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Pre and post-operative lateral radiographs taken at 6 weeks were assessed. Spino-pelvic indices measured were Pelvic Incidence (PI), Sacral Slope (SS), Pelvic Tilt (PT) and the C7 plumb line. Results. There were 62 patients: 58 females and 4 males. Median age was 14 (range 12-17). Median pelvic parameters pre-operatively were 49, 39 and11 degrees for PI, SS and PT respectively. Post operative median values were 48, 36 and14 degrees for PI, SS and PT. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt or the C7 plumbline between pre- and post-operative values. There was a significant decrease in sacral slope from a median of 39 degrees pre-operatively to 36 degrees post operatively (p=0.007). There was no statistical difference between these variables when analysed by age or gender, nor were there any correlations between the change in variables. All values fell within the normal ranges for age related spino-pelvic parameters. Conclusion. Corrective surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis does not alter pelvic morphology even in the growing adolescent group. Previous studies have documented the pre and post operative correlation between pelvic geometry and spinal alignment in normal and surgical subjects. This study investigates whether surgery affects pelvic morphology during its developmental stages. This to our knowledge has not been described previously

Aims

Only a few studies have investigated the long-term health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with an idiopathic scoliosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the overall HRQoL and employment status of patients with an idiopathic scoliosis 40 years after diagnosis, to compare it with that of the normal population, and to identify possible predictors for a better long-term HRQoL.

Aims

To systematically evaluate whether bracing can effectively achieve curve regression in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), and to identify any predictors of curve regression after bracing.

Background. It is generally acknowledged that low back pain (LBP) is a common condition already in childhood. However, not many studies have looked at the way LBP tracks over age and how common it is until early adulthood. Purposes. The purposes of this presentation are to show the prevalence estimates at three different ages (9,13,15) and how the LPB reporting tracks over these age groups. Methods. A longitudinal cohort study was carried out from the years of 1997 till 2005, collecting interview data from children who were sampled to be representative of Danish schoolchildren. LBP was defined as having had reported pain in the lower back within the past month. The prevalence estimates and the various patterns of LBP reporting over time are presented as percentages. Results. Of the 771 children sampled, 62%, 57%, and 58% participated in the three back surveys. The three prevalence estimates of LBP were 4%, 22% and 36%. In the youngest group LBP reporting was most common in boys whereas the opposite was the case in the two older groups. Longitudinal LBP data were available for 34%. Most children reported LBP only once over the six years and only one individual reported to have had LBP at all three surveys. Conclusion. This study confirmed the rapid increase in the prevalence of LBP in children/adolescents. It also confirmed that during the years of growth spurt, this is more pronounced in girls than in boys. However, it is not the same individuals who report LBP all the time. This abstract has not previously been published in whole or substantial part nor has it been presented at any national meeting

Introduction. The response of the intervertebral disc to asymmetric forces may accelerate degeneration through changes in the matrix. Macroscopically, the disc sustains structural changes that may play a part in the progression of a scoliotic curve. Molecularly, disc degeneration is the outcome of the action of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), members of a family of enzymes that bring about the degradation of extracellular matrix components. In this study we measured in vivo the expression of MMPs in a rat scoliotic intervertebral disc and studied the effect of the degree of the deformity on their production. Methods. Asymmetric forces were applied in the intervertebral disc between the ninth and tenth vertebrae at the base of a rat tail with the use of a mini Ilizarov external fixator, under anaesthesia. Animals were categorised into three groups according to the degree of the deformity. In group I, the deformity that was applied on the intervertebral disc was 10°, in group II 30°, and in group III 50°. All the animals used were female Wistar rats before adulthood, to take into account the effect of growth for the study of intervertebral disc changes. The intact intervertebral discs outside the fixator were used as controls. After the rats' death on day 35, the tails were prepared and analysed with an immunohistochemical protocol for chromogenic detection and location of MMPs 1 and 12 in tissue sections of the intervertebral discs. Results. We recorded an increase of the concentration of the MMPs in all groups compared with controls. The quantity of the MMPs increased as the degree of the deformity progressed. MMPs were detected mainly in fibrocartilage cells of the degenerative part, which were formed as result of the compression forces. We detected a differentiation of a large number of disc cells into chondrocytes at the transitional zone of the intervertebral disc adjacent to the vertebral end plates. Conclusions. The application of asymmetric forces on the intervertebral discs of a rat tail results in an increase of MMP expression in the disc cells. The amount of MMPs produced is proportional to the degree of the deformity and has an asymmetrical pattern of distribution into the intervertebral disc

Aims

This study addressed two questions: first, does surgical correction of an idiopathic scoliosis increase the volume of the rib cage, and second, is it possible to evaluate the change in lung function after corrective surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) using biplanar radiographs of the ribcage with 3D reconstruction?

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To report the outcome of spinal deformity correction through anterior spinal fusion in wheelchair-bound patients with myelomeningocele.

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To report the mid-term results of a modified self-growing rod (SGR) technique for the treatment of idiopathic and neuromuscular early-onset scoliosis (EOS).

Aims

Severe spinal deformity in growing patients often requires surgical management. We describe the incidence of spinal deformity surgery in a National Health Service.

Aims

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of pelvic parameters on the tendency of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) to develop flatback deformity (thoracic hypokyphosis and lumbar hypolordosis) and its effect on quality-of-life outcomes.

Aims

To address the natural history of severe post-tuberculous (TB) kyphosis, with focus upon the long-term neurological outcome, occurrence of restrictive lung disease, and the effect on life expectancy.

Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is uncommon in youth and few cases are treated surgically. Very few outcome studies exist for LDH surgery in this age group. Our aim was to explore differences in gender in pre-operative level of disability and outcome of surgery for LDH in patients aged ≤ 20 years using prospectively collected data.

From the national Swedish SweSpine register we identified 180 patients with one-year and 108 with two-year follow-up data ≤ 20 years of age, who between the years 2000 and 2010 had a primary operation for LDH.

Both male and female patients reported pronounced impairment before the operation in all patient reported outcome measures, with female patients experiencing significantly greater back pain, having greater analgesic requirements and reporting significantly inferior scores in EuroQol (EQ-5D-index), EQ-visual analogue scale, most aspects of Short Form-36 and Oswestry Disabilities Index, when compared with male patients. Surgery conferred a statistically significant improvement in all registered parameters, with few gender discrepancies. Quality of life at one year following surgery normalised in both males and females and only eight patients (4.5%) were dissatisfied with the outcome. Virtually all parameters were stable between the one- and two-year follow-up examination.

LDH surgery leads to normal health and a favourable outcome in both male and female patients aged 20 years or younger, who failed to recover after non-operative management.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1675–82.

Aims

Magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGRs) allow non-invasive correction of the spinal deformity in the treatment of early-onset scoliosis. Conventional growing rod systems (CGRS) need repeated surgical distractions: these are associated with the effect of the ‘law of diminishing returns’.

The primary aim of this study was to quantify this effect in MCGRs over sequential distractions.

Back pain is a common symptom in children and adolescents. Here we review the important causes, of which defects and stress reactions of the pars interarticularis are the most common identifiable problems. More serious pathology, including malignancy and infection, needs to be excluded when there is associated systemic illness. Clinical evaluation and management may be difficult and always requires a thorough history and physical examination. Diagnostic imaging is obtained when symptoms are persistent or severe. Imaging is used to reassure the patient, relatives and carers, and to guide management.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:717–23.

The management of spinal deformity in children with univentricular cardiac pathology poses significant challenges to the surgical and anaesthetic teams. To date, only posterior instrumented fusion techniques have been used in these children and these are associated with a high rate of complications. We reviewed our experience of both growing rod instrumentation and posterior instrumented fusion in children with a univentricular circulation.

Six children underwent spinal corrective surgery, two with cavopulmonary shunts and four following completion of a Fontan procedure. Three underwent growing rod instrumentation, two had a posterior fusion and one had spinal growth arrest. There were no complications following surgery, and the children undergoing growing rod instrumentation were successfully lengthened. We noted a trend for greater blood loss and haemodynamic instability in those whose surgery was undertaken following completion of a Fontan procedure. At a median follow-up of 87.6 months (interquartile range (IQR) 62.9 to 96.5) the median correction of deformity was 24.2% (64.5° (IQR 46° to 80°) vs 50.5° (IQR 36° to 63°)).

We believe that early surgical intervention with growing rod instrumentation systems allows staged correction of the spinal deformity and reduces the haemodynamic insult to these physiologically compromised children. Due to the haemodynamic changes that occur with the completed Fontan circulation, the initial scoliosis surgery should ideally be undertaken when in the cavopulmonary shunt stage.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:94–9.

Low bone mass and osteopenia have been described in the axial and peripheral skeleton of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Recently, many studies have shown that gene polymorphism is related to osteoporosis. However, no studies have linked the association between IL6 gene polymorphism and bone mass in AIS. This study examined the association between bone mass and IL6 gene polymorphism in 198 girls with AIS. The polymorphisms of IL6-597 G→A, IL6-572 G→C and IL6-174 G→A and the bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and femoral neck were analysed and compared with their levels in healthy controls. The mean bone mineral density at both sites in patients with AIS was decreased compared with controls (p = 0.0022 and p = 0.0013, respectively). Comparison of genotype frequencies between AIS and healthy controls revealed a statistically significant difference in IL6-572 G→C polymorphism (p = 0.0305). There was a significant association between the IL6-572 G→C polymorphism and bone mineral density in the lumbar spine, with the CC genotype significantly higher with the GC (p = 0.0124) or GG (p = 0.0066) genotypes.

These results suggest that the IL6-572 G→C polymorphism is associated with bone mineral density in the lumbar spine in Korean girls with AIS.