Femoral head collapse due to avascular necrosis (AVN) is a relatively rare occurrence following intertrochanteric fractures; however, with over thirty-thousand intertrochanteric fractures per year in England and Wales alone, and an incidence of up to 1.16%, it is still significant. Often patients are treated with a hip fixation device, such as a sliding hip screw or X-Bolt. This study aimed to investigate the influence of three factors on the likelihood of head collapse: (1) implant type; (2) the size of the femoral head; and (3) the size of the AVN lesion. Finite element (FE) models of an intact femur, and femurs implanted with two common hip fixation designs, the Compression Hip Screw (Smith & Nephew) and the X-Bolt (X-Bolt Orthopaedics), were developed. Experimental validation of the FE models on 4. th. generation Sawbones composite femurs (n=5) found the peak failure loads predicted by the implanted model was accurate to within 14%. Following validation on Sawbones, the material modulus (E) was updated to represent cancellous (E=500MPa) and cortical (E=1GPa) bone, and the influence of implant design, head size, and AVN was examined. Four head sizes were compared: mean male (48.4 mm) and female (42.2 mm) head sizes ± two standard deviations. A conical representation of an AVN lesion with a lower modulus (1MPa) was created, and four different radii were studied. The risk of head collapse was assessed from (1) the critical buckling pressure and (2) the peak failure stress. The likelihood of head collapse was reduced by implantation of either fixation device. Smaller head sizes and greater AVN
There was no statistically significant difference in baseline lesion volume between decreasing lesions and unchanged lesions.
Introduction. The ankle cartilage has an important function in walking movements, mainly in sports; for active young people, between 20 and 30 years old, the incidence of osteochondral lesions is more frequent. They are also more frequent in men, affecting around 21,000 patients per year in USA with 6.5% of ankle injuries generating osteochondral lesions. The lesion is a result of ankle sprain and is most frequently found in the medial location, in 53% of cases. The main objective of this work was to develop an experimental and finite element models to study the effect of the ankle osteochondral lesion on the cartilage behavior. Materials and Methods. The right ankle joint was reconstructed from an axial CT scan presenting an osteochondral lesion in the medial position with 8mm diameter in size. An experimental model was developed, to analyze the strains and influence of
Mirels’ score predicts the likelihood of sustaining pathological fractures using pain,
Aims. Successful cell therapy in hip osteonecrosis (ON) may help to avoid ON progression or total hip arthroplasty (THA), but the achieved bone regeneration is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate amount and location of bone regeneration obtained after surgical injection of expanded autologous mesenchymal stromal cells from the bone marrow (BM-hMSCs). Methods. A total of 20 patients with small and medium-size symptomatic stage II femoral head ON treated with 140 million BM-hMSCs through percutaneous forage in the EudraCT 2012-002010-39 clinical trial were retrospectively evaluated through preoperative and postoperative (three and 12 months) MRI. Then, 3D reconstruction of the original lesion and the observed postoperative residual damage after bone regeneration were analyzed and compared per group based on treatment efficacy. Results. The mean preoperative lesion volume was 18.7% (SD 10.2%) of the femoral head. This reduced to 11.6% (SD 7.5%) after three months (p = 0.015) and 3.7% (SD 3%) after one year (p < 0.001). Bone regeneration in healed cases represented a mean 81.2% (SD 13.8%) of the initial lesion volume at one year. Non-healed cases (n = 1 stage progression; n = 3 THAs) still showed bone regeneration but this did not effectively decrease the ON volume. A
Background. Masses are not uncommon in the foot and ankle. Most of these masses are benign, often leading clinicians to underestimate their potential for malignancy. Methods. We conducted a retrospective review of our clinical records, on patients with histologically confirmed musculoskeletal tumours of the foot and ankle, treated in a single nstitution between 2010 and 2019. The maximum diameter of each lesion was determined through MRI or Ultrasound analysis in centimeters. To develop a scoring system we compared the risk of malignancy with five criteria: site (proximal or distal to the first TMTJ), gender, age, composition and the diameter as observed. Results. Our study included 496 patients, of whom 39 (7.9%) were identified as having malignancies. The incidence of malignancy demonstrated an increased propensity among male patients, patients over 50 years of age and lesions located proximal to the TMTJ. A ROC Analysis determined that lesions measuring over 2.85 cm had an increased risk of malignancy, with a PPV of 31.1%, a NPV of 94.2%, a Sensitivity of 0.82, and a Specificity of 0.62. These identified patterns of risk were employed to formulate a scoring system, aimed at facilitating informed clinical judgment in the referral of patients to regional tumor services. Conclusion. The new OxFAT scoring system highlights the importance of
Autologous osteochondral transplantation (AOT) is an effective treatment for large Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus (OLT), however little is reported on an athletic population, who are likely to place higher demands on the reconstruction. The aim is to report the outcomes of large OLT (>150mm. 2. ) within an athletic population. The study population was limited to professional or amateur athletes (Tegner score >6) with an OLT of size 150mm. 2. or greater. The surgical intervention was AOT with a donor site from the lateral femoral condyle. Clinical outcomes at a minimum of 24 months included Return to Sport, VAS and FAOS Scores. In addition, graft incorporation was evaluated by MRI using MOCART scores at 12 months post-surgery. 38 athletes including 11 professional athletes were assessed. Mean follow-up was 46 months. Mean
Abstract. Introduction. The incidence of significant acute chondral injuries with patella dislocation is around 10–15%. It is accepted that chondral procedures should only be performed in the presence of joint stability. Methodology. Patients were identified from surgeon/hospital logs. Patient demographics,
Introduction. In osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), reduction in the size, or complete resolution of the necrotic lesion has been reported to occur spontaneously without any specific treatment. Recently, there was a report that the reduction was time-dependent. We evaluated the change in the size of necrotic lesions of ONFH using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) more than 10 years after the initial diagnosis. Methods. Fifteen hips in 13 patients with atraumatic ONFH who had been followed-up for more than 10 years were enrolled in this study. They were categorized into two groups; A Simple Observation Group and a Multiple Drilling Group. The Simple Observation Group included 6 hips in 5 patients treated non-operatively. There were 3 men and 2 women who had an average age of 42 years at the time of their initial diagnosis. Initial Ficat and Arlet stages were I in 2 cases, IIA in 3 cases, and IIB in 1 case. The Multiple Drilling Group included 9 hips in 9 patients treated surgically with multiple drilling. They were all men who had an average age of 38 years at the time of operation. There were 2 cases of stage I and 7 cases of stage IIA. The necrotic
Introduction. Osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of the talus are a challenging and increasingly recognized problem in chronic ankle pain. Many novel techniques exist to attempt to treat this challenging entity. Difficulties associated with treating OCLs include
Aims. The hypothesis of this study was that bone peg fixation in the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus would show satisfactory clinical and radiological results, without complications. Methods. Between September 2014 and July 2017, 25 patients with symptomatic osteochondritis of the talus and an osteochondral fragment, who were treated using bone peg fixation, were analyzed retrospectively. All were available for complete follow-up at a mean 22 of months (12 to 35). There were 15 males and ten females with a mean age of 19.6 years (11 to 34). The clinical results were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score preoperatively and at the final follow-up. The radiological results were evaluated using classification described by Hepple et al based on the MRI findings, the location of the
To explore the efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) in the treatment of osteochondral defect (OCD), and its effects on the levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, -3, -4, -5, and -7 in terms of cartilage and bone regeneration. The OCD lesion was created on the trochlear groove of left articular cartilage of femur per rat (40 rats in total). The experimental groups were Sham, OCD, and ESWT (0.25 mJ/mm2, 800 impulses, 4 Hz). The animals were euthanized at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-treatment, and histopathological analysis, micro-CT scanning, and immunohistochemical staining were performed for the specimens.Aims
Methods
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Introduction: Acute neurological damage from spinal cord injuries is believed to be localised, however it initiates a cascade of secondary events which usually leads to extensive and permanent neurological deficit. The secondary damage begins with the disruption of the blood-spinal cord barrier which unleashes a protracted inflammatory response. This prolonged inflammatory response is the catalyst for the secondary neurodegeneration and limited repair response that occurs in the chronic phase of a spinal cord injury. In this study it was proposed that the acute delivery of the angiogenic growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) would mediate inflammation and restore the blood spinal cord barrier. This would minimise the formation of glial scar and reduce the extent of secondary degeneration caudal and cranial to the lesion site. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (400g) were anesthetised. Complete laminectomies were performed at T10 and the animals were subjected to T10 hemisection. Animals were randomised to a treatment group (Lesion Control (LC), Gel Control (GC) and Angiogenic Gel (AG)) after the spinal cord was cut. Each treatment group had 6 animals sacrificed 3 months post injury. Sections were stained with antibodies to neurofilament 200, glial fibrillary acidic protein, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and fluorescent secondary antibodies and mounted with DAPI. The
The localization of necrotic areas has been reported to impact the prognosis and treatment strategy for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Anteroposterior localization of the necrotic area after a femoral neck fracture (FNF) has not been properly investigated. We hypothesize that the change of the weight loading direction on the femoral head due to residual posterior tilt caused by malunited FNF may affect the location of ONFH. We investigate the relationship between the posterior tilt angle (PTA) and anteroposterior localization of osteonecrosis using lateral hip radiographs. Patients aged younger than 55 years diagnosed with ONFH after FNF were retrospectively reviewed. Overall, 65 hips (38 males and 27 females; mean age 32.6 years (SD 12.2)) met the inclusion criteria. Patients with stage 1 or 4 ONFH, as per the Association Research Circulation Osseous classification, were excluded. The ratios of anterior and posterior viable areas and necrotic areas of the femoral head to the articular surface were calculated by setting the femoral head centre as the reference point. The PTA was measured using Palm’s method. The association between the PTA and viable or necrotic areas of the femoral head was assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation analysis (median PTA 6.0° (interquartile range 3 to 11.5)).Aims
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Due to its indolent clinical behaviour, the treatment paradigm of atypical cartilaginous tumours (ACTs) in the long bones is slowly shifting from intralesional resection (curettage) and local adjuvants, towards active surveillance through wait-and-scan follow-up. In this retrospective cohort study performed in a tertiary referral centre, we studied the natural behaviour of ACT lesions by active surveillance with MRI. Clinical symptoms were not considered in the surveillance programme. The aim of this study was to see whether active surveillance is safe regarding malignant degeneration and local progression. In total, 117 patients were evaluated with MRI assessing growth, cortical destruction, endosteal scalloping, periosteal reaction, relation to the cortex, and perilesional bone marrow oedema. Patients received up to six follow-up scans.Aims
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Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) are a common cause of disability and chronic ankle pain. Many operative treatment strategies have been introduced; however, they have their own disadvantages. Recently lesion repair using autologous cartilage chip has emerged therefore we investigated the efficacy of particulated autologous cartilage transplantation (PACT) in OLT. We retrospectively analyzed 32 consecutive symptomatic patients with OLT who underwent PACT with minimum one-year follow-up. Standard preoperative radiography and MRI were performed for all patients. Follow-up second-look arthroscopy or MRI was performed with patient consent approximately one-year postoperatively. Magnetic resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) score and International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) grades were used to evaluate the quality of the regenerated cartilage. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the pain visual analogue scale (VAS), Foot Function Index (FFI), and Foot Ankle Outcome Scale (FAOS).Aims
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INTRODUCTION. Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head (FH) initiates from biological disruptions in the bone and may progress to mechanical failure of the hip. Mechanical and structural properties of AVN bone have not been widely reported, however such understanding is important when designing therapies for AVN. Brown et al.[1] assessed mechanical properties of different regions of AVN FH bone and reported 52% reduction in yield strength and 72% reduction in elastic modulus of necrotic regions when compared to non-necrotic bone. This study aimed to characterise structural and mechanical properties of FH bone with AVN and understand the relationship between lesion volume and associated mechanical properties. METHODS. Twenty FH specimens from patients undergoing hip arthroplasty for AVN and six non-pathological cadaveric FH controls were collected. Samples were computed tomography scanned and images analysed for percentage lesion volume with respect to FH volume. Samples were further divided for structural and mechanical testing. The mechanical property group were further processed to remove 9mm cylindrical bone plugs from the load bearing and non-load-bearing regions of the FHs. FH and bone plug samples were tested in compression (1mm/min); elastic modulus and yield stress were calculated. RESULTS. Imaging. Individual
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mid-term outcomes of autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC) for the treatment of larger cartilage lesions and deformity correction in hips suffering from symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). This single-centre study focused on a cohort of 24 patients with cam- or pincer-type FAI, full-thickness femoral or acetabular chondral lesions, or osteochondral lesions ≥ 2 cm2, who underwent surgical hip dislocation for FAI correction in combination with AMIC between March 2009 and February 2016. Baseline data were retrospectively obtained from patient files. Mid-term outcomes were prospectively collected at a follow-up in 2020: cartilage repair tissue quality was evaluated by MRI using the Magnetic Resonance Observation of Cartilage Repair Tissue (MOCART) score. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) included the Oxford Hip Score (OHS) and Core Outcome Measure Index (COMI). Clinical examination included range of motion, impingement tests, and pain.Aims
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We performed a systematic literature review to define features of patients, treatment, and biological behaviour of multicentric giant cell tumour (GCT) of bone. The search terms used in combination were “multicentric”, “giant cell tumour”, and “bone”. Exclusion criteria were: reports lacking data, with only an abstract; papers not reporting data on multicentric GCT; and papers on multicentric GCT associated with other diseases. Additionally, we report three patients treated under our care.Aims
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In this study, we aimed to visualize the spatial distribution characteristics of femoral head necrosis using a novel measurement method. We retrospectively collected CT imaging data of 108 hips with non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head from 76 consecutive patients (mean age 34.3 years (SD 8.1), 56.58% male (n = 43)) in two clinical centres. The femoral head was divided into 288 standard units (based on the orientation of units within the femoral head, designated as N[Superior], S[Inferior], E[Anterior], and W[Posterior]) using a new measurement system called the longitude and latitude division system (LLDS). A computer-aided design (CAD) measurement tool was also developed to visualize the measurement of the spatial location of necrotic lesions in CT images. Two orthopaedic surgeons independently performed measurements, and the results were used to draw 2D and 3D heat maps of spatial distribution of necrotic lesions in the femoral head, and for statistical analysis.Aims
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Osteofibrous dysplasia (OFD) is a rare benign lesion predominantly affecting the tibia in children. Its potential link to adamantinoma has influenced management. This international case series reviews the presentation of OFD and management approaches to improve our understanding of OFD. A retrospective review at three paediatric tertiary centres identified 101 cases of tibial OFD in 99 patients. The clinical records, radiological images, and histology were analyzed.Aims
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Patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas (DTCs) have a favourable long-term survival. Spinal metastases (SMs) cause a decline in performance status (PS), directly affecting mortality and indirectly preventing the use of systemic therapies. Metastasectomy is indicated, if feasible, as it yields the best local tumour control. Our study aimed to examine the long-term clinical outcomes of metastasectomy for SMs of thyroid carcinomas. We collected data on 22 patients with DTC (16 follicular and six papillary carcinomas) and one patient with medullary carcinoma who underwent complete surgical resection of SMs at our institution between July 1992 and July 2017, with a minimum postoperative follow-up of five years. The cancer-specific survival (CSS) from the first spinal metastasectomy to death or the last follow-up was determined using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Potential factors associated with survival were evaluated using the log-rank test. We analyzed the clinical parameters and outcome data, including pre- and postoperative disability (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS 3), lung and non-spinal bone metastases, and history of radioiodine and kinase inhibitor therapies.Aims
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Osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of the talus are a challenging and increasingly recognized problem in chronic ankle pain. Many novel techniques exist to attempt to treat this challenging entity. Difficulties associated with treating OCLs include
To determine the relationship between articular cartilage status and clinical outcomes after medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy (MOHTO) for medial compartmental knee osteoarthritis at intermediate follow-up. We reviewed 155 patients (155 knees) who underwent MOHTO from January 2008 to December 2016 followed by second-look arthroscopy with a mean 5.3-year follow-up (2.0 to 11.7). Arthroscopic findings were assessed according to the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) Cartilage Repair Assessment (CRA) grading system. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of normal or nearly normal quality cartilage in the medial femoral condyle: good (second-look arthroscopic) status (ICRS grade I or II; n = 70), and poor (second-look arthroscopic) status (ICRS grade III or IV; n = 85) groups at the time of second-look arthroscopy. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and 36-Item Short Form survey.Aims
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There is no optimal treatment for osteochondral defects of the talus after failed primary surgical treatment. To treat these patients, a 15-mm diameter metal implant was developed for the medial talar dome. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of the metal implantation technique for osteochondral lesions of the medial talar dome. This is a prospective case series. The inclusion criteria were the combination of a large OCD (ϕ >12 mm) of the medial talar dome, persistent complaints >1 year after treatment, and clinically relevant pain levels. The exclusion criteria were: age <18 years, OCD size >20 mm, ankle osteoarthritis grade 2 or 3, concomitant ankle pathology, and diabetes. The primary outcome measure was the Numeric Rating Scale pain (NRS) rest, walking, running, and stair climbing. Secondary outcome measures were: Foot Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot score, and clinical and radiographic complications. The Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used to calculate p-values. Between October 2007 and March 2009 10 patients were included. The median follow-up was 2 years (range, 2–3 years). On preoperative CT scanning, the median
Sensitive and accurate measures of osteolysis around TKR are needed to enhance clinical management and assist in planning revision surgery. Therefore, our aim was to examine, in a cadaver model of osteolysis around TKR, the sensitivity of detection and the accuracy of measuring osteolysis using Xray, CT and MRI. Fifty-four simulated osteolytic lesions were created around six cadaver knees implanted with either a cemented or cementless TKR. Twenty-four lesions were created in the femur and thirty in the tibia ranging in size from 0.7 cm3 to 14 cm3. Standard anteroposterior and lateral fluoroscopically guided radiographs, CT and MRI scans with metal reduction protocols were taken of the knees prior to the creation of lesions and at every stage as the
Introduction. Autologous chondrocyte implantation presents a viable alternative to microfracture in the repair of damaged articular cartilage of the knee; however, outcomes for patellar lesions have been less encouraging. ChondroCelect (CC) is an innovative, advanced cell therapy product consisting of autologous cartilage cells expanded ex vivo through a highly controlled and consistent manufacturing process. Purpose. To assess the effect of CC in the treatment of patellofemoral lesions, for which standard treatment options had failed and/or no other treatment options were considered feasible. Methods. CC was administered to 61 patients with patellar lesions (predominantly secured with a biological membrane; mean
Purpose. The presence of a Hill-Sachs lesion is a major contributor to failure of surgical intervention following anterior shoulder dislocation. The relationship between
Introduction: Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a soft tissue tumour found primarily in adolescents and young adults. It has an incidence of 0.5 – 1.0 % of all soft tissue sarcomas and a predilection for females. The lesion is inherently malignant and may occur throughout the body however, reports suggest they are predominantly detected in the anterior thigh. Symptoms include a painless slow-growing mass but ASPS can commonly present with brain or lung metastases due to the high vascularity of the lesion. Microscopically, cellular groups exist with centralised areas of necrosis, thus resulting in a pseudoalveolar appearance. Methods: We identified six cases of histologically proven ASPS. The mean age was 28.5 years (21–36). Four patients were male. All patients had a primary presentation of a mass, two of which were painful. All patients, except one, presented within 8 months of the onset of symptoms (mean 3.8 months) with the other seeking medical advice only after 72 months. The location of the mass included the thigh in three patients and the triceps, soleus and retroperitoneal space in the others. Four patients underwent pre-operative diagnostic biopsies. Surgical excision was performed in all patients. Results: The mean size of tumour was 9.4 x 9.4 x 6.3cm but there was no correlation between
Introduction: In the evaluation of various treatments that may have an effect on bone, there are certain inherent difficulties in selecting an appropriate outcome measure to determine whether a specific treatment is efficacious. This is particularly true for clinical studies. Methods: Using Pubmed, a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine that searches MEDLINE and other life science journals for citations of biomedical articles, a review of the current instruments used for outcome measures relating to osteonecrosis and bone blood flow was conducted. Abstracts from previous ARCO meetings were also reviewed. Results: For the treatment of osteonecrosis, most outcome measures have focused on pain relief, surgery or need for surgery, disease progression (advancing stage), and change in
Background:. Full thickness cartilage defect of the knee frequently resulted in fibrous tissue formation, and larger lesions often lead to degenerative arthritis of the knee. Many techniques are designed to repair the cartilage defect including chondrocyte transplantation, microfracture and osteochondral graft. Each method has achieved some success but no universal results. Autologus osteochondral graft has gained in clinical popularity because of its technical feasibility and cost effectiveness. Purpose:. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the medium-term results of autologous osteochondral graft for focal contained articular cartilage defects of the knee in 25 patients with 26 knees with 2- to 7-year follow-up. Patients and Methods:. The cohort consisted of 17 men and 8 women with an average age of 31.3 ± 11.8 (range 20 to 65) years. One patient had bilateral knees. The diagnosis included 9 osteonecrosis, 10 osteochondritis dessicans, and 7 traumatic defects. A 1.0 mm oversized 10 mm long ossteochondral plug was harvested from either from the sulcus terminalis or the intercondylar notch, and implanted into the recipient site The numbers of osteochondral plug ranged from 1 to 3. In larger lesions, osteochondral grafts were implanted in the weight bearing area, and microfracture in non-weight bearing area. Postoperative management included crutch walking with non-weight bearing for 6 weeks, then partial weight bearing for another 6 weeks before full weight bearing. Range of knee motion, quadriceps and hamstring strengthening exercises were encouraged. The evaluations included functional assessment, radiograph of the knee and second look arthroscopy. Results:. At follow-up of 52.9 ± 20.3 (range 25 to 84) months, the results were 50% excellent, 35% good, 11% fair and 4% poor. Overall satisfactory results were noted in 85%. The improvements in pain and function of the knee ranged from 8 to 16 weeks after surgery. There was no correlation of the clinical results with the diagnosis of the lesion. However, the
Objective. To provide a best estimate of the average treatment effect when microfracture was chosen as the intervention of choice in patients with full-thickness cartilage defects of the knee. Design. We focussed on controlled studies which either referred to microfracture alone or in comparison with any other surgical treatment of articular cartilage of the knee. Papers including patients who had been treated by microfracture and concomitant adjuvant procedures like ACL reconstruction or meniscus repair were accepted too, whereas papers reporting on the microfracture technique combined with the implantation of a scaffold were excluded. To achieve a best estimate of the average, to be expected treatment effect we pooled pooled before–after data of study arms using microfracture. Because cartilage studies employ various scales to measure functional improvements, we standardized treatment effects using Hedges' g. To provide clinically meaningful estimates we converted the pooled summary effect back into the respective scales by multiplying the pooled effect with pooled standard deviations of each included clinical scale. Results. A systematic review of the literature revealed six papers including 200 patients with a mean age of 32 years, a mean defect size of 3 cm. 2. and a follow up period from 2 to 5 years. Four of the studies compared microfracture to autologous chondrocyte implantation and two of them to osteochondral autologous transplantation. All patients were treated by the microfracture technique as described by Steadman and by a similar rehabilitation protocol which only allowed crutch-assisted touchdown weight bearing initially. Referring to the individual studies, a comparison of the pooled estimates of Hedges' g revealed that the two papers which evaluated the youngest patients provided the highest treatment effect. On the contrary, those two papers which focussed on the largest lesions, reported the worst improvement. Finally, the remaining two papers whose patients were characterized by similar age and defect size presented comparable results. The individual standardized effect sizes were combined into an overall best estimate. Its value was 1.678, measured in units of standard deviation, with the 95% confidence interval of [1.016; 2.340] resulting in different values of the average, to be expected treatment effect when it is measured in Lysholm Score (22.1), IKDC Score (26.5) and KOOS (15.2) points. Conclusions. Our results offer a clinically intuitive estimation of the average treatment effects on common clinical scales. Compared to the preoperative situation, a significant clinical improvement can be expected for each patient. Nevertheless, the magnitudes of these treatment effects are an approximation and must be interpreted cautiously. Furthermore, we did not succeed to confirm that young age and small
Objectives. Osteochondral ankle defects (OCDs) mainly occur in a young, active population. In 63% of cases the defect is located on the medial talar dome. Arthroscopic debridement and microfracture is considered the primary treatment for defects up to 15 mm. To treat patients with a secondary OCD of the medial talar dome, a 15-mm diameter metal implant (HemiCAP ®) was developed. The set of 15 offset sizes was designed to correspond with the anatomy of various talar dome curvatures. Recently, two independent biomechanical cadaver studies were published, providing rationale for clinical use. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of the metal implantation technique for osteochondral lesions of the medial talar dome in a prospective study. Material and methods. Since October 2007, twenty patients have been treated with the implant. Four patients who did not meet the inclusion criteria and four patients who had less than one-year follow-up at the time of writing were left out of this analysis. Twelve patients are reported with one year (n=8) or two years (n=4) follow-up. All patients had had one or two earlier operations without success. On preoperative CT-scanning, the mean
Methods: The implantation procedure was performed on two male patients affected by traumatic chondral
Purpose: Osteochondral allograft reconstruction of articular cartilage defects is increasing popular. Currently, freshly harvested osteochondral tissue is screened and refrigerated pending final cultures, with a shelf life of approximately six weeks. Deep frozen allografts have been used less frequently due to diminished cell viability associated with freezing. The purpose of this study was to prospectively analyze the clinical outcome and radiographic findings of patients who underwent refrigerated or frozen allograft transplantation within the knee. Histological and electron microscopic grading of the allograft at the time of implantation was analyzed. Method: Between 1998 and 2002, twenty-five patients with symptomatic osteochondral lesions of the knee who were treated with a refrigerated or frozen allograft were evaluated. The mean age at the time of surgery was forty-eight years. The mean
The aim of this retrospective study was to determine if there are differences in short-term clinical outcomes among four different types of matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT). A total of 88 patients (mean age 34 years (SD 10.03), mean BMI 25 kg/m2 (SD 3.51)) with full-thickness chondral lesions of the tibiofemoral joint who underwent MACT were included in this study. Clinical examinations were performed preoperatively and 24 months after transplantation. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Form, the Brittberg score, the Tegner Activity Scale, and the visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain. The Kruskal-Wallis test by ranks was used to compare the clinical scores of the different transplant types.Aims
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Introduction: Autologous chondrocyte implantation was introduced in 1994 by Brittberg and Peterson for the treatment of large full-thickness focal chondral defects. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the mid-term results of this technique in a group of patients with post-traumatic chondral defects of the knee. Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients underwent autologous chondrocyte implantation between 2001 and 2006 and were prospectively assessed preoperatively, at 3, 6, 9, 12 months, 3.5 years and last follow-up with use of standard rating scales (IKDC subjective score, pain Visual Analogic Scale (VAS), Brittberg and Peterson’s score). The inclusion’s criteria were: pain VAS more than 40/100, age between 18 and 50 years, focal chondral defect in weight bearing area grade 3 or 4 and informed and signed consent. Patients with varus or valgus deformities with malalignement more than 5 degrees, knee instabilities and signs of arthritis on radiographs were excluded. The same experienced surgeon performed all the procedures. Results: Fourteen patients were reviewed at the latest follow-up. The mean age of the patients at the time of autologous chondrocyte transplantation was 37.7 years (range, 30 to 45). The mean duration of symptoms was 2.9 years (0.5 to 7). Nine patients (83%) had previous operations on the index knee. The defect was located on the medial femoral condyle in 11 patients and on the lateral femoral condyle in 3. The mean
Introduction: Osteochondral lesions of the talus may cause persistent joint pain requiring surgical treatment, which today can be performed arthroscopically. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of arthroscopic treatment of these lesions. Material and Method: Seventeen patients (7 males and 10 females) underwent ankle arthroscopy from 1998 through June 2002 for treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus. Their age ranged from 11 – 68 years. The right talus was affected in 12 and the left in 5 patients. All but one had a history of previous trauma, for which they had been treated conservatively for at least 6 months. Bone scanning, CT and MRI were performed for lesion staging according to Brent and Harty. One patient was stage I, 2 were stage II, 7 were stage III, and 7 were stage IV. The patients underwent ankle arthroscopy without use of a distractor. Inspection of the joint was followed by shaving and debridement of the lesion with or without drilling. Results: Follow-up had a mean duration of 15 months (range 8 – 24 months). Outcome was evaluated with the Ogilvie-Harris score for pain, swelling, stiffness, limp and patient activity level. All patients had excellent or good results. In all cases there was a reduction in
Degenerate chondral surfaces can be assessed in many ways, but arthroscopy is often performed without proper categorisation, mapping, zoning or
Introduction: Whether or not to surgically treat osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) when patients are asymptomatic is controversial. The goal of this study was to determine: 1) if spontaneous resolution of ONFH does occur, 2) how long does it take for resolution to occur, and 3) if there are predictors of spontaneous resolution. Materials and Methods: For this prospective study, patients with asymptomatic ONFH were identified from two National Institute of Health funded, Institutional Review Board approved screening studies. A prospective screening study for ONFH after organ transplantation was begun in 1997 by performing routine MRI examinations after transplantation. In a second prospective study on surgical treatment for symptomatic ONFH, the contralateral hip was screened for asymptomatic disease. A cohort of patients having hips with asymptomatic ONFH was then analyzed. Results: As of December 2000, 13 asymptomatic hips in 10 patients were identified from the prospective screening study after organ transplantation and 17 hips in 17 patients were identified from the contralateral hip screening study. There were 3 hips with ARCO stage I disease showing evidence of spontaneous resolution. The modified index of necrotic extent measured 11.10, 12.72, and 20.83, with the estimated femoral head involvement being 15–30% in 2 of the hips and less than 15% in the third. Resolution on MRI was complete in 2 of the 3 hips, and nearly complete in the third. Discussion: Spontaneous resolution of ONFH does occur. Factors associated with resolution are early, asymptomatic disease (ARCO stage I), small
Surgery is often indicated in patients with metastatic bone disease (MBD) to improve pain and maximize function. Few studies are available which report on clinically meaningful outcomes such as quality of life, function, and pain relief after surgery for MBD. This is the published protocol for the Bone Metastasis Audit — Patient Reported Outcomes (BoMA-PRO) multicentre MBD study. The primary objective is to ascertain patient-reported quality of life at three to 24 months post-surgery for MBD. This will be a prospective, longitudinal study across six UK orthopaedic centres powered to identify the influence of ten patient variables on quality of life at three months after surgery for MBD. Adult patients managed for bone metastases will be screened by their treating consultant and posted out participant materials. If they opt in to participate, they will receive questionnaire packs at regular intervals from three to 24 months post-surgery and their electronic records will be screened until death or five years from recruitment. The primary outcome is quality of life as measured by the European Organisation for Research and the Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ) C30 questionnaire. The protocol has been approved by the Newcastle & North Tyneside 2 Research Ethics Committee (REC ref 19/NE/0303) and the study is funded by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (RCPSG) and the Association for Cancer Surgery (BASO-ACS).Aims
Methods
Using a simple classification method, we aimed to estimate the collapse rate due to osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in order to develop treatment guidelines for joint-preserving surgeries. We retrospectively analyzed 505 hips from 310 patients (141 men, 169 women; mean age 45.5 years Objectives
Methods
Introduction. Primary soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities are uncommon. Many such lesions will present to specialists in other clinics such as specialist Hand or Foot and Ankle clinics. Many are of a small size at presentation and may appear to be alternate, more common pathology. Methods. We collected data from all those patients with acral soft tissues sarcomas and referred to the Oxford Sarcoma Service, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford over a thirteen year period from 1997 – 2010. Data were collected regarding the primary suspected diagnosis, the final diagnosis, the referral route and whether patients had undergone previous inadvertent excision. Results. 38 patients were treated (24 foot, 14 hand tumours). The commonest histological subtype was synovial sarcoma in the foot group, and leiomyosarcoma in the hand group. 25 of the 38 patients had a lesion of less than 5cm at presentation. For those patients in whom a wide excision was performed 50% underwent complex plastic surgical reconstruction. Discussion. This study shows that 30% of patients with acral tumours required further surgery due to previous inadequate/inadvertent excision. 5cm as a benchmark for specialist referral should not be applied to lesions in the hand or feet and we recommend the use of the “marble rule” i.e. any
Accurate estimations of the risk of fracture due to metastatic bone disease in the femur is essential in order to avoid both under-treatment and over-treatment of patients with an impending pathological fracture. The purpose of the current retrospective in vivo study was to use CT-based finite element analyses (CTFEA) to identify a clear quantitative differentiating factor between patients who are at imminent risk of fracturing their femur and those who are not, and to identify the exact location of maximal weakness where the fracture is most likely to occur. Data were collected on 82 patients with femoral metastatic bone disease, 41 of whom did not undergo prophylactic fixation. A total of 15 had a pathological fracture within six months following the CT scan, and 26 were fracture-free during the five months following the scan. The Mirels score and strain fold ratio (SFR) based on CTFEA was computed for all patients. A SFR value of 1.48 was used as the threshold for a pathological fracture. The sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predicted values for Mirels score and SFR predictions were computed for nine patients who fractured and 24 who did not, as well as a comparison of areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC of the ROC curves).Aims
Methods