Aims

The metabolic variations between the cartilage of osteoarthritis (OA) and Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) remain largely unknown. Our study aimed to address this by conducting a comparative analysis of the metabolic profiles present in the cartilage of KBD and OA.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the global and local impact of fat on bone in obesity by using the diet-induced obese (DIO) mouse model.

Aims

To explore the novel molecular mechanisms of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) in chondrocytes via RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent degenerative joint disorder characterized by joint pain and physical disability. Aberrant subchondral bone induces pathological changes and is a major source of pain in OA. In the subchondral bone, which is highly innervated, nerves have dual roles in pain sensation and bone homeostasis regulation. The interaction between peripheral nerves and target cells in the subchondral bone, and the interplay between the sensory and sympathetic nervous systems, allow peripheral nerves to regulate subchondral bone homeostasis. Alterations in peripheral innervation and local transmitters are closely related to changes in nociception and subchondral bone homeostasis, and affect the progression of OA. Recent literature has substantially expanded our understanding of the physiological and pathological distribution and function of specific subtypes of neurones in bone. This review summarizes the types and distribution of nerves detected in the tibial subchondral bone, their cellular and molecular interactions with bone cells that regulate subchondral bone homeostasis, and their role in OA pain. A comprehensive understanding and further investigation of the functions of peripheral innervation in the subchondral bone will help to develop novel therapeutic approaches to effectively prevent OA, and alleviate OA pain.

Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(7):439–452.

Aims. Despite recent literature questioning their use, vancomycin and clindamycin often substitute cefazolin as the preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA), especially in the setting of documented allergy to penicillin. Topical povidone-iodine lavage and vancomycin powder (VIP) are adjuncts that may further broaden antimicrobial coverage, and have shown some promise in recent investigations. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to compare the risk of acute periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in primary TKA patients who received cefazolin and VIP to those who received a non-cephalosporin alternative and VIP. Methods. This was a retrospective cohort study of 11,550 primary TKAs performed at an orthopaedic hospital between 2013 and 2019. The primary outcome was PJI occurring within 90 days of surgery. Patients were stratified into two groups (cefazolin vs non-cephalosporin) based on their preoperative antibiotic. All patients also received the VIP protocol at wound closure. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to control for potential confounders and identify the odds ratio of PJI. Results. In all, 10,484 knees (90.8%) received cefazolin, while 1,066 knees (9.2%) received a non-cephalosporin agent (either vancomycin or clindamycin) as preoperative prophylaxis. The rate of PJI in the cefazolin group (0.5%; 48/10,484) was significantly lower than the rate of PJI in the non-cephalosporin group (1.0%; 11/1,066) (p = 0.012). After controlling for confounding variables, the odds ratio (OR) of developing a PJI was increased in the non-cephalosporin cohort compared to the cefazolin cohort (OR 2.389; 1.2 to 4.6); p = 0.01). Conclusion. Despite the use of topical irrigant solutions and addition of local antimicrobial agents, the use of a non-cephalosporin perioperative antibiotic continues to be associated with a greater risk of TKA PJI compared to cefazolin. Strategies that increase the proportion of patients receiving cefazolin rather than non-cephalosporin alternatives must be emphasized. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(1):35–41

Aims

The lack of disease-modifying treatments for osteoarthritis (OA) is linked to a shortage of suitable biomarkers. This study combines multi-molecule synovial fluid analysis with machine learning to produce an accurate diagnostic biomarker model for end-stage knee OA (esOA).

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Whether to perform hybrid surgery (HS) in contrast to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) when treating patients with multilevel cervical disc degeneration remains a controversial subject. To resolve this we have undertaken a meta-analysis comparing the outcomes from HS with ACDF in this condition.

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Metabolic profiling is a top-down method of analysis looking at metabolites, which are the intermediate or end products of various cellular pathways. Our primary objective was to perform a systematic review of the published literature to identify metabolites in human synovial fluid (HSF), which have been categorized by metabolic profiling techniques. A secondary objective was to identify any metabolites that may represent potential biomarkers of orthopaedic disease processes.

Aims

Computer-based applications are increasingly being used by orthopaedic surgeons in their clinical practice. With the integration of technology in surgery, augmented reality (AR) may become an important tool for surgeons in the future. By superimposing a digital image on a user’s view of the physical world, this technology shows great promise in orthopaedics. The aim of this review is to investigate the current and potential uses of AR in orthopaedics.

Introduction. One method of surgical site infection prevention is lowering intraoperative environmental contamination. We sought to evaluate our hospitals operating room (OR) contamination rates and compare it to the remainder of the hospital. We tested environmental contamination in preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative settings of a total joint arthroplasty patient. Materials & Methods. 190 air settle plates composed of trypsin soy agar (TSA) were placed in 19 settings within our hospital. Locations included the OR with light and heavy traffic, with and without masks, jackets, and shoe covers, sub-sterile rooms, OR hallways, sterile equipment processing center, preoperative areas, post-anesthesia care units, orthopaedic floors, emergency department, OR locker rooms and restrooms, a standard house in the local community, and controls. The plates were incubated in 36 degrees celsius for 48 hours and colony counts were recorded. Numbers were averaged over each individual area. Results. The highest CFU was the OR locker room at 28 CFU/plate/hr. Preoperative & post anesthesia care unit holding areas were 7.4 CFU & 9.6 CFU, respectively. The main orthopaedic surgical ward had 10.0 CFU/plate/hr, while the VIP hospital ward had 17.0 CFU/plate/hr. The OR environment all had low CFUs. A live OR had slightly higher CFUs than ones without OR personnel. The OR sub-sterile room had 5.2 CFU/plate/hr, and the OR hallway had 11.2 CFU/plate/hr. The local community household measured 5.6CFU/plate/hr. Discussion. In comparison to the local community household, the OR locker room, restrooms, hospital orthopaedic wards, ED, pre-operative holding, PACU and OR hallway all had higher airborne contamination than the local household in our surrounding community. We were surprised to find some areas with high rates of contamination. Our hospital has since increased environmental cleaning and monitoring of these areas with improved effect. Based on our results, we can recommend environmental sampling as a simple, fast, inexpensive tool to monitor airborne contamination

Accurate glenoid component placement continues to be a challenge. Knowledge that glenoid loosening is affected by malpositioning of the glenoid component has led to the development of patient specific instrumentation (PSI) in an attempt to optimise glenoid positioning. The ideal PSI would be reusable, reliable, cost-effective and robust enough to tolerate the stresses applied by the surgeon in the context of difficult glenohumeral exposure. The VIP system is a CT scan-based PSI with a reusable instrument. The subtle nuances of pre-operative planning will be discussed in a separate short video. The live surgery will incorporate use of the patient specific instrumentation during glenoid placement and the use of a short stemmed fourth generation total shoulder arthroplasty

Most patients with a nightstick fracture of the ulna are treated conservatively. Various techniques of immobilisation or early mobilisation have been studied. We performed a systematic review of all published randomised controlled trials and observational studies that have assessed the outcome of these fractures following above- or below-elbow immobilisation, bracing and early mobilisation. We searched multiple electronic databases, related bibliographies and other studies. We included 27 studies comprising 1629 fractures in the final analysis. The data relating to the time to radiological union and the rates of delayed union and nonunion could be pooled and analysed statistically.

We found that early mobilisation produced the shortest radiological time to union (mean 8.0 weeks) and the lowest mean rate of nonunion (0.6%). Fractures treated with above- or below-elbow immobilisation and braces had longer mean radiological times to union (9.2 weeks, 9.2 weeks and 8.7 weeks, respectively) and higher mean rates of nonunion (3.8%, 2.1% and 0.8%, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of non- or delayed union between those treated by early mobilisation and the three forms of immobilisation (p = 0.142 to p = 1.000, respectively). All the studies had significant biases, but until a robust randomised controlled trial is undertaken the best advice for the treatment of undisplaced or partially displaced nightstick fractures appears to be early mobilisation, with a removable forearm support for comfort as required.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:952–9.

Introduction

The pathogenesis of rotator cuff disease (RCD) is complex and not fully understood. This systematic review set out to summarise the histological and molecular changes that occur throughout the spectrum of RCD.

Many radiographic techniques have been described for measuring patellar height. They can be divided into two groups: those that relate the position of the patella to the femur (direct) and those that relate it to the tibia (indirect). This article looks at the methods that have been described, the logic behind their conception and the critical analyses that have been performed to test them.

The detection of hepatic nodules during follow-up of survivors of solid tumors in childhood raises a diagnostic dilemma. Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is an uncommon, benign tumor and must be differentiated from late hepatic metastasis. We retrospectively analyzed patients, treated for pediatric solid tumors between January 1990 and December 2007, and performed abdominal imaging as part of the follow-up. Four survivors with FNH were detected, out of 450 who received chemotherapy with/out irradiation including patients who underwent autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). Case 1: A 23 years(y) adolescent, presented at age 10y with acute abdomen due to embryonal sarcoma of liver, she received VACAIEx4, relapsed locally, and underwent ABMT with high-dose carboplatin/melphalan and radiotherapy. Asymptomatic multiple liver lesions were disclosed by US and MRI 5y later, biopsy proved FNH. Case 2: A 21y adolescent who at age 3y had alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the calf with positive inguinal nodes. She received VACAIE x6, and VP16/carboplatin x3 with local radiation. She developed ovary disorder and received oral contraceptive (OC) at age 14.5y, routine US 1.5y later disclosed nodular lesions in liver, diagnosed as FNH by CT, pills were stopped. At follow-up some lesions reduced in size and few disappeared. Case 3: A 9y old girl, operated for choroid plexus carcinoma at age 1.5y, received VP16/carboplatin x16 and underwent ABMT preceded by thiotepa/melphalan. Abdominal US at age 5.5y disclosed multiple liver lesions, biopsy proved FNH, that disappeared 2y later. Case 4: An 11y old girl operated at age 8 months for retroperitoneal germ cell tumor, received VIP/BVPx4, routine US at 10y disclosed 2 liver lesions diagnosed by CT as FNH. We conclude that FNH can be differentiated from late metastasis by imaging; in questionable cases by biopsy, close follow-up is recommended, alkylating agents especially during ABMT, and OC may be risk factors

Purpose: Damage to articular cartilage leads to an incomplete healing response. This has elicited interest in improving the understanding of chondrocyte biology and finding ways to stimulate a more effective repair response. Neuropeptides play a role in the proliferative and reparative processes of many tissue types, but little is known about their effects on articular cartilage. This research aimed to investigate the effect of four neuropeptides on articular chondrocytes. Method: Bovine chondrocytes were cultivated in monolayer culture in media alone or media containing one of four neuropeptides: NPY, CGRP, SP, and VIP. Enzymatically digested chondrocytes from the articular surface of the femoral trochlea, femoral condyles, and patella of freshly slaughtered veal (n=8) were plated at 1×10^5 cells/mL in DMEM complete media with 5% FCS. Proliferation and proteoglycan assays were conducted at days 2,4,6, and 8. Results: Substance P showed a statistically significant stimulatory effect on chondrocyte proliferation and proteoglycan production that was greatest at a concentration of 5 μg/ml. NPY and VIP showed a dose dependent suppressive effect on chondrocyte proliferation that was greatest at their highest concentrations and was significant at all time points, with the exception of VIP at day 2. CGRP showed no significant effect on proliferation or proteoglycan production. Conclusion: Substance P showed a reliable stimulation of chondrocyte proliferation and proteoglycan production while NPY and VIP showed dose-dependent depressive effects. These findings support the idea that the peripheral nervous system, through neuropeptides, exerts direct influence on articular chondrocytes. This may provide some insight into the pathophysiology of inflammatory and degenerative arthritis and provide targets for modifying the repair response of articular cartilage

Discogenic low back pain is a common cause of disability, but its pathogenesis is poorly understood. We collected 19 specimens of lumbar intervertebral discs from 17 patients with discogenic low back pain during posterior lumbar interbody fusion, 12 from physiologically ageing discs and ten from normal control discs. We investigated the histological features and assessed the immunoreactive activity of neurofilament (NF200) and neuropeptides such as substance P (SP) and vasoactive-intestinal peptide (VIP) in the nerve fibres.

The distinct histological characteristic of the painful disc was the formation of a zone of vascularised granulation tissue from the nucleus pulposus to the outer part of the annulus fibrosus along the edges of the fissures. SP-, NF- and VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibres in the painful discs were more extensive than in the control discs. Growth of nerves deep into the annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus was observed mainly along the zone of granulation tissue in the painful discs. This suggests that the zone of granulation tissue with extensive innervation along the tears in the posterior part of the painful disc may be responsible for causing the pain of discography and of discogenic low back pain.

With 3D CT data of proximal femora it is possible to develop a computer programme for optimising femoral component fit and simulation of implantation. The implantation of the femoral stem can be simulated with any femoral component that has cortical press fit. Five different currently used femoral components were virtually “implanted” in over 200 different femoral bone data. Optimal femoral fit was defined, when the component showed best diaphyseal and metaphyseal congruent contact with all CT data available. Position of neck and head were secondary, since an optimal press fit situation had priority in our set-up. Best fit was considered taken cortical contact and reconstruction of joint geometry into account. There were numerous failures in all tested standard components, when correct angle of antetorsion, off-set, and leg length were expected. There were considerably better results with the use of CTX standard prosthesis (CTX-S). The data of this study indicate a high proportion of less optimal fit with femoral standard components tested in this series. Indication for choosing CTX-S femoral components is dependent upon the individual geometry of dysplastic hip joint and the simulation results of standard components using the VIP method