The most challenging aspect in rotational deformity correction is translating the pre-operative plan to an accurate intra-operative correction. Landmarks away from the osteotomy site are typically employed at pre-operative planning and this can render inadequate correction. Our proposed technique of pre-operative planning using CT scan and leg length radiographs can translate to accurate intra-operative correction. A circle was superimposed at osteotomy site with its centre serving as the centre of correction of rotation. Medio-lateral distance at osteotomy site measured and used as diameter of the circle. Circumference of the circle was calculated by multiplying diameter with Pi and used in the below formula to obtain accurate de-rotation distance; Derotation distance = (Circumference/360) × correction value for desired ante-version The exact site of osteotomy was measured in theatre under C-arm and exposed. Derotation distance was marked on the surface of bone as point A and point B with a flexible ruler. Osteotomy performed with saw and derotation was done till point A and point B were co-linear. Derotation distance obtained using this technique is specific for the site of chosen osteotomy and implies a specific degree of correction for every millimeter derotated. Distal femur was the chosen site of osteotomy if there was associated patellar instability and proximal femur if there was no patellar instabilityIntroduction
Materials and Methods
We present the long-term results of open surgery
for internal shoulder rotational deformity in brachial plexus birth palsy
(BPBP). From 1997 to 2005, 207 patients (107 females, 100 males, mean
age 6.2 (0.6 to 34)) were operated on with subscapularis elongation
and/or latissimus dorsi to infraspinatus transfer. Incongruent shoulder
joints were relocated. The early results of these patients has been
reported previously. We analysed 118 (64 females, 54 males, mean
age 15.1 (7.6 to 34)) of the original patient cohort at a mean of
10.4 years (7.0 to 15.1) post-operatively. A third of patients with
relocated joints had undergone secondary internal rotational osteotomy
of the humerus. A mixed effects models approach was used to evaluate the effects
of surgery on shoulder rotation, abduction, and the Mallet score.
Independent factors were time (pre-and post-surgery), gender, age,
joint category (congruent, relocated, relocated plus osteotomy)
and whether or not a transfer had been performed. Data from a previously published
short-term evaluation were reworked in order to obtain pre-operative
values. The mean improvement in external rotation from pre-surgery to
the long-term follow-up was 66.5° (95% confidence interval (CI)
61.5 to 71.6). The internal rotation had decreased by a mean of
22.6° (95% CI -18.7 to -26.5). The mean improvement in the three-grade
aggregate Mallet score was 3.1 (95% CI 2.7 to 3.4), from 8.7 (95%
CI 8.4 to 9.0) to 11.8 (11.5 to 12.1). Our results show that open subscapularis elongation achieves
good long-term results for patients with BPBP and an internal rotation
contracture, providing lasting joint congruency and resolution of
the trumpet sign, but with a moderate mean loss of internal rotation. Cite this article:
INTRODUCTION:. It has been reported that rotational deformity is present in varus osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee and the tibia rotates externally as the varus deformity progresses. Although many studies addressed the rotational alignment of the femoral and tibial component in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), the pre-and postoperative changes of the rotational alignment in varus OA knee has not been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively analyze the alteration of rotational deformity after TKA for the varus OA knee. METHODS:. Between July 2011 and December 2012, 157 patients (159 knees) with primary varus OA knee undergoing TKA were included. A mobile-bearing, posterior stabilized knee prosthesis was implanted with cement in all patients.
Intra-articular resection of bone with soft-tissue balancing and total knee replacement (TKR) has been described for the treatment of patients with severe osteoarthritis of the knee associated with an ipsilateral malunited femoral fracture. However, the extent to which deformity in the sagittal plane can be corrected has not been addressed. We treated 12 patients with severe arthritis of the knee and an extra-articular malunion of the femur by TKR with intra-articular resection of bone and soft-tissue balancing. The femora had a mean varus deformity of 16° (8° to 23°) in the coronal plane. There were seven recurvatum deformities with a mean angulation of 11° (6° to 15°) and five antecurvatum deformities with a mean angulation of 12° (6° to 15°). The mean follow-up was 93 months (30 to 155). The median Knee Society knee and function scores improved from 18.7 (0 to 49) and 24.5 (10 to 50) points pre-operatively to 93 (83 to 100) and 90 (70 to 100) points at the time of the last follow-up, respectively. The mean mechanical axis of the knee improved from 22.6° of varus (15° to 27° pre-operatively to 1.5° of varus (3° of varus to 2° of valgus) at the last follow-up. The recurvatum deformities improved from a mean of 11° (6° to 15°) pre-operatively to 3° (0° to 6°) at the last follow-up. The antecurvatum deformities in the sagittal plane improved from a mean of 12° (6° to 16°) pre-operatively to 4.4° (0° to 8°) at the last follow-up. Apart from varus deformities, TKR with intra-articular bone resection effectively corrected the extra-articular deformity of the femur in the presence of antecurvatum of up to 16° and recurvatum of up to 15°.
Chronic patellofemoral instability can be a disabling condition. Management of patients with this condition has improved owing to our increased knowledge of the functional anatomy of the patellofemoral joint. Accurate assessment of the underlying pathology in the unstable joint enables the formulation of appropriate treatment. The surgical technique employed in patients for whom non-operative management has failed should address the diagnosed abnormality. We have reviewed the literature on the stabilising features of the patellofemoral joint, the recommended investigations and the appropriate forms of treatment.
We have measured the three-dimensional patterns of carpal deformity in 20 wrists in 20 rheumatoid patients in which the carpal bones were shifted ulnarwards on plain radiography. Three-dimensional bone models of the carpus and radius were created by computerised tomography with the wrist in the neutral position. The location of the centroids and rotational angle of each carpal bone relative to the radius were calculated and compared with those of ten normal wrists. In the radiocarpal joint, the proximal row was flexed and the centroids of all carpal bones translocated in an ulnar, proximal and volar direction with loss of congruity. In the midcarpal joint, the distal row was extended and congruity generally well preserved. These findings may facilitate more positive use of radiocarpal fusion alone for the deformed rheumatoid wrist.
Genu varum in the achondroplastic patient has a complex and multifactorial aetiology. There is little mention in the literature of the role of fibular overgrowth. Using the ratio of fibular to tibial length as a measurement of possible fibular overgrowth, we have related it to the development of genu varum. Full-length standing anteroposterior radiographs of 53 patients with achondroplasia were analysed. There were 30 skeletally-immature and 23 skeletally-mature patients. Regression analysis was performed in order to determine if there was a causal relationship between fibular overgrowth and the various indices of alignment of the lower limb. Analysis showed that the fibular to tibial length ratio had a significant correlation with the medial proximal tibial angle and the mechanical axial deviation in the skeletally-immature group. We conclude that there is a significant relationship between fibular overgrowth and the development of genu varum in the skeletally-immature achondroplastic patient.
Pre-operative planning for limb deformity correction involves detailed imaging of the lower limb to define the level, magnitude and direction of deformity. This is then used to plan the correction by defining the centre of rotational alignment (CORA). The method as described by Paley and Hertzenberg involves the use of orthogonal radiographs of the lower limbs using long cassettes (130 cm) taken from a distance of 305 cm to minimize magnification. This method requires special equipment, trained radiographers and multiple doses of radiation even when each radiograph was perfectly positioned first time every time. We present a work in progress replacing the radiographs with a “virtual 3D” CT dataset of the lower limb which we hope will improve the ability to pre-operatively plan deformity correction, but at a lower cost in terms of skill, equipment and dose. Whole limb CT is too costly in terms of time and radiation dose for this to be suitable. New multislice CT systems allow a single coherent study to include segments of unscanned data. Thus it is possible to run a single series through a lower limb to include the articular surfaces, but excluding the diaphyseal segments (gaps). This reduces the radiation exposure to the patient. Such data when entered into suitable DICOM image manipulation software allows the Radiologist or Surgeon to measure and assess the deformity with great precision. Such software is available on the diagnostic radiology workstations but is also available for personal computers, allowing the Surgeon to perform preoperative planning in a numerical modeling setting. Allowing the elements of length, rotation, translation and angulation of the deformity to be measured and corrective surgery tested on the mathematical model. We have compared the measurements taken from a deformity model using this new CT approach and compared it to standard radiographs and found that the above method is no less accurate.
The object of this study was to develop a method to assess the accuracy of an image-free total knee replacement navigation system in legs with normal or abnormal mechanical axes. A phantom leg was constructed with simulated hip and knee joints and provided a means to locate the centre of the ankle joint. Additional joints located at the midshaft of the tibia and femur allowed deformation in the flexion/extension, varus/valgus and rotational planes. Using a digital caliper unit to measure the coordinates precisely, a software program was developed to convert these local coordinates into a determination of actual leg alignment. At specific points in the procedure, information was compared between the digital caliper measurements and the image-free navigation system. Repeated serial measurements were undertaken. In the setting of normal alignment the mean error of the system was within 0.5°. In the setting of abnormal plane alignment in both the femur and the tibia, the error was within 1°. This is the first study designed to assess the accuracy of a clinically-validated navigation system. It demonstrates
A percutaneous supramalleolar osteotomy with multiple drill holes and closed osteoclasis was used to correct rotational deformities of the tibia in patients with cerebral palsy. The technique is described and the results in 247 limbs (160 patients) are reported. The mean age at the time of surgery was 10.7 years (4 to 20). The radiographs were analysed for time to union, loss of correction, and angulation at the site of the osteotomy. Bone healing was obtained in all patients except one in a mean period of seven weeks (5 to 12). Malunion after loss of reduction at the site of the osteotomy developed in one tibia. Percutaneous supramalleolar osteotomy of the tibia is a safe and simple surgical procedure.
Rotational defects of the lower limb are frequently encountered and often underestimated. In fact, many symptoms in the lower joint can be related to rotational alteration in the lower leg. These problems are often more visible in the knee joint because they reflect the rotational problems of proximal and distal femur and tibia, respectively. The extensor apparatus, due to the fact that it interacts with both bones, is the more affected joint. Many authors have demonstrated that femoral anteversion increases stress on the patello-femoral joint due to excessive lateralisation of the patella. In the same manner, distal femur internal rotation increases the stress due to altered tracking of the patella during ROM. Valgus knee places stress on the patello-femoral joint, increasing the Q angle and determining a retraction of the lateral structure that causes stress on the lateral patellar face and altered patellar scratch during ROM. External tibial rotation also has been documented to increase the Q angle and patellar tilt, causing excessive stress on the patello-femoral joint. Valgus pronation of the foot, increasing the valgus stress on the knee, can contribute to patello-femoral symptoms, increasing the muscle imbalance at this level. These documented alterations contribute together with other anatomical abnormalities, such as trochlear dysplasia or muscle hypoplasia, in creating the high variability of patello-femoral symptoms that are observed.
We reviewed and radiographed 30 skeletally-mature patients after isolated closed femoral shaft fractures in childhood which had been treated conservatively. When the fracture had occurred between the ages of 7 and 13 years, the limb overgrew about 1 cm regardless of sex, upper limb dominance, age, fracture site or configuration. Excessive fracture overlap at the time of injury, but not at union, increased limb overgrowth. Angulation of the fracture remodelled in children injured under 10 years of age, but in older patients this sometimes added to limb shortening.
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