Autografts containing bone marrow (BM) are current gold standard in the treatment of critical size bone defects, delayed union and bone nonunion defects. Although reaching unprecedented healing rates in bone reconstruction, the mode of action and cell-cell interactions of bone marrow mononuclear cell (BM-MNC) populations have not yet been described. BM-MNCs consist of a heterogeneous mixture of hematopoetic and non-hematopoetic lineage fractions. Cell culture in a 3D environment is necessary to reflect on the complex mix of these adherend and non-adherend cells in a physiologically relevant context. Therefore, the main aim of this approach was to establish conditions for a stable 3D BM-MNC culture to assess cellular responses on fracture healing strategies.

BM samples were obtained from residual material after surgery with positive ethical vote and informed consent of the patients. BM-MNCs were isolated by density gradient centrifugation, and cellular composition was determined by flow cytometry to obtain unbiased data sets on contained cell populations. Collagen from rat tail and human fibrin was used to facilitate a 3D culture environment for the BM-MNCs over a period of three days. Effects on cellular composition that could improve the regenerative potential of BM-MNCs within the BM autograft were assessed using flow cytometry. Cell-cell-interactions were visualized using confocal microscopy over a period of 24 hours. Cell localization and interaction partners were characterized using immunofluorescence labeled paraffin sectioning.

Main BM-MNC populations like Monocytes, Macrophages, T cells and endothelial progenitor cells were determined and could be conserved in 3D culture over a period of three days. The 3D cultures will be further treated with already clinically available reagents that lead to effects even within a short-term exposure to stimulate angiogenic, osteogenic or immunomodulatory properties. These measures will help to ease the translation from “bench to bedside” into an intraoperative protocol in the end.

Objectives

Lower limb muscle power is thought to influence outcome following total knee replacement (TKR). Post-operative deficits in muscle strength are commonly reported, although not explained. We hypothesised that post-operative recovery of lower limb muscle power would be influenced by the number of satellite cells in the quadriceps muscle at time of surgery.

Introduction and Aims: There has been a lack of studies investigating the effect of cytokines on human meniscal cartilage. We investigated the regenerative potential of meniscal cartilage at different zones of human and sheep menisci under the effect of platelet-derived growth factor AB (PDGF-AB), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in a dose-dependent manner.

Method: Monolayer cell cultures were prepared from the inner (avascular), middle, and outer (vascular) zones of human and sheep lateral menisci. Fibrochondrocytes were exposed to various concentrations of each of the three growth factors. To assess cell proliferation, 3H-Thymidine uptake assay was used. For assessment of matrix formation, radioactive 35S uptake assay and Blyscan assay were used to assess newly formed glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), 14C-Proline uptake assay and ELISA were used to assess newly formed collagen.

Results: The growth factors under investigation stimulated the fibrochondrocytes isolated from all meniscal zones in a similar dose-dependent fashion. In human meniscal cells, PDGF-AB at a concentration of 200 ng/ml stimulated proliferation by up to four-fold and GAGs synthesis by up to 12-fold (p < 0.001). IGF-I and to a lesser extent bFGF, at concentrations of 100 and 200 ng/ml, also stimulated both cell proliferation and matrix formation in all three meniscal zones (p < 0.001). PDGF and to a lesser degree IGF at concentrations of 100 and 200 ng/ml have stimulated collagen type I synthesis by up to two-fold.

Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that fibro-chondrocytes originating from the avascular zone of the meniscus have the ability to proliferate and to regenerate their surrounding extracellular matrix when exposed to growth factors. This is an encouraging observation that will form the basis for in vivo research, aimed at enhancing meniscal repair, even within the avascular zone, following surgical repair.

Aims: This study investigated the regenerative potential of different parts of human and sheep menisci when exposed to PDGF-AB, IGF-I, and bFGF in a dose dependent manner. Methods: Monolayer cell cultures were prepared from inner, middle, and outer zones of the lateral menisci of sheep and from humans obtained following total knee replacement and partial meniscectomy. Various concentrations of each of the three growth factors were used in addition to control samples. Wemeasured the incorporation of Radio-labelled thymidine to assess cell proliferation and radioactive sulphate and radio-labelled proline to assess matrix formation. Results: Both PDGF-AB and IGF-I have a signiþcant effect in promoting both þbrochondrocyte proliferation and matrix formation in the all meniscal zone zones at 100 and 200 ng/ml (p< 0.001). However, cells isolated from the inner avascu-lar zone of the meniscus showed a higher response than those isolated from the outer vascular zone. bFGF has also stimulated both cell proliferation and matrix formation, but to a lower degree in comparison to PDGF-AB and bFGF, in all meniscal zones of sheep meniscus (p< 0.05). Whereas, in humans, bFGF stimulated only cell isolated form the inner zone of the meniscus (p< 0.05). Conclusions: These results indicate that the meniscal tissue in the avascular zone has the ability to regenerate when exposed to growth factors such as PDGF, IGF-I, and bFGF. This could improve the therapeutic methods to treat meniscal injuries and, ultimately, reduce the incidence of osteoarthritis of the knee.