Knee arthrodesis is one of the treatment options for limb salvage of a failed total knee replacement (TKR) when further revisions were contraindicated. The aim of this study is to determine patient outcomes after knee arthrodesis (KA) following a failed TKR. A literature search was conducted for studies published from January 2000 through January 2022 via Medline, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane databases. Only primary research studies were included with independent extraction of articles by two reviewers. Results were synthesised by narrative review according to PRISMA guidelines, with full tabulation of all included study results.Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
This study compared the cobalt and chromium serum ion concentration of patients treated with two different metal-on-metal (MoM) hinged total knee arthroplasty (TKA) systems, as well as a titanium nitride (TiN)-coated variant. A total of 63 patients (65 implants) were treated using either a MoM-coated (n = 29) or TiN-coated (n = 7) hinged TKA (GenuX mobile bearing, MUTARS; Implantcast, Germany) versus the BPKS (Brehm, Germany) hinged TKA (n = 27), in which the weight placed on the MoM hinge is diffused through a polyethylene (PE) inlay, reducing the direct load on the MoM hinge. Serum cobalt and chromium ion concentrations were assessed after minimum follow-up of 12 months, as well as functional outcome and quality of life.Aims
Methods
External fixator knee arthrodesis is a salvage procedure mainly used in cases of end-stage infected total knee replacement (iTKR). A stable fixation combined with bone-ends compression is basic to achieve knee fusion in such a scenario but providing enough stability can be challenging in the presence of severe bone loss after multiple previous procedures. Compared with monoplanar configuration, a biplanar frame achieves improved coronal stiffness, while providing the advantages of good access to the wound and allowance of early ambulation. Our primary hypothesis stated that a biplanar frame would achieve higher and quicker fusion rate than a monolateral configuration. We conducted a retrospective cohort study examining patients managed with biplanar external fixator knee fusion due to non-revisable iTKR between 2014 and 2018. We compared this group of patients with a historical cohort-control patient who had been previously published by our unit in 2013, since we switched from a monoplanar to a biplanar configuration for the management of this kind of complex end-stage iTKR. Primary end-points were fusion rate, time to achieve bone fusion and infection eradication rate. Limb-length discrepancy, pain level, patient satisfaction, and health-related quality of life were also evaluated.Aim
Method
While knee arthrodesis is a salvage option for recalcitrant total knee arthroplasty (TKA) periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) it is used relatively uncommonly and contemporary data are limited. We sought to determine the reliability, durability and safety of knee arthrodesis as the definitive treatment for complex, persistently infected TKA in a modern series of patients. We retrospectively identified 41 knees treated from 2002–2016 with a deliberate, two-stage knee arthrodesis protocol (TKA resection, high-dose antibiotic spacer, targeted IV antibiotics and followed by subsequent knee arthrodesis) in patients with complex TKA PJI. Mean age was 64 years & mean BMI was 39 kg/m2. Mean follow-up was 4 years. The extensor mechanism was deficient in 66% of knees, and flap coverage was required in 34% of knees. The majority of patients were host grade B (56%) or C (29%), and extremity grade of 3 (71%). Twenty-nine percent had poly-microbial infections, and 49% had multi-drug resistant organisms. Fixation included intramedullary nail (61%), external fixator (24%), and dual plating (15%).Introduction
Methods
Fifteen percent of the primary total knee arthroplasties (TKA) fails within 20 years. Among the main causes for revision surgery are instability and patellofemoral pain. Currently, the diagnostic pathway requires various diagnostic techniques to reveal the original cause for the failed knee prosthesis and is therefore time consuming and inefficient. Accordingly, there is a growing demand for a diagnostic tool that is able to simultaneously visualize soft tissue structures, bone and TKA. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is capable of visualising all the structures in the knee although a trade- off needs to be made between metal artefact reducing capacities and image quality. Low-field MRI (0.25T) results in less metal artefacts and a lower image quality compared with high-field MRI (1.5T). The aim of this study is to develop a MRI imaging guide to image the problematic TKA and to evaluate this guide by comparing low-field and high-field MRI on a case study. Based on literature and current differential diagnostic pathways a guide to diagnose patellofemoral pain, instability, malposition and signs of infection or fracture with MRI was developed. Therefore, methods as Insall Salvati, patellar tilt angle and visibility of fluid and soft tissues were chosen. Visibility was scored on a VAS scale from 0 to 100mm (0mm zero visibility, 100mm excellent visibility). Subsequently, this guide is used to analyse MRI scans made of a volunteer (female, 61 years, right knee) with primary TKA (Biomet, Zimmer) in sagittal, coronal and transversal direction with a FSE PD metal artefact reducing (MAR) sequence (TE/TR 12/1030ms, slice thickness 4.0mm, FOV 260×260×120mm3, matrix size 224×216) on low-field MRI (Esaote G-scan Brio, 0.25T) and with a FSE T1-weighted high bandwidth MAR sequence (TE/TR 6/500ms, slice thickness 3.0mm, FOV 195×195×100mm3, matrix size 320×224) on high-field MRI (Avanto 1.5T, Siemens). Scans were analysed three times by one observer and the intra observer reliability was calculated with a two-way random effects model intra class correlation coefficient (ICC).Introduction
Method
Arthrodesis is usually offered to patients in whom a two stage exchange arthroplasty has already failed or is likely to fail because of local factors (such as soft tissue damage, bone loss or poor perfusion), or because of systemic conditions which categorise the patient as a C-host (e.g. immune deficiency, diabetes and malnutrition). In other words arthrodesis is selected for patients with the worst prognosis. I use an intramedullary nail extending from trochanter to just above the ankle which is locked distally only. The nail is curved with an arc of a 2 meter radius. This conforms to the shape of the femur and when passed through to the straight tibia it ends against the posterior cortex of the distal tibia where the bone is thickest. It creates an angle of between 9° and 11° of flexion at the knee. The nail is bent into 5° of valgus at the point where the femur and tibia meet. This allows the two bones to coapt, dynamise and unite. The procedure is performed in two stages. At the first every effort is made to eradicate the infection by debridement and appropriate local and systemic antibiotics. The nail is inserted at the second procedure and again every effort is made to deal with infection. If infection persists one can easily remove the nail when the knee has fused, and repeat the attempt to eradicate the infection in better circumstances. I have devised a scoring system in order to evaluate the eradication of infection based on clinical grounds, laboratory investigations and radiological examination. This allows for the fact that cure of an infection is not based on any one parameterIntroduction
Method
We report a systematic review and meta-analysis
of the peer-reviewed literature focusing on metal sensitivity testing
in patients undergoing total joint replacement (TJR). Our purpose
was to assess the risk of developing metal hypersensitivity post-operatively
and its relationship with outcome and to investigate the advantages
of performing hypersensitivity testing. We undertook a comprehensive search of the citations quoted in
PubMed and EMBASE: 22 articles (comprising 3634 patients) met the
inclusion criteria. The frequency of positive tests increased after
TJR, especially in patients with implant failure or a metal-on-metal
coupling. The probability of developing a metal allergy was higher
post-operatively (odds ratio (OR) 1.52 (95% confidence interval
(CI) 1.06 to 2.31)), and the risk was further increased when failed
implants were compared with stable TJRs (OR 2.76 (95% CI 1.14 to
6.70)). Hypersensitivity testing was not able to discriminate between
stable and failed TJRs, as its predictive value was not statistically
proven. However, it is generally thought that hypersensitivity testing
should be performed in patients with a history of metal allergy
and in failed TJRs, especially with metal-on-metal implants and
when the cause of the loosening is doubtful.
Introduction:
Arthrodesis is used most commonly as a salvage procedure for failed total knee arthroplasty (TKA). For successful arthrodesis, a stable fusion technique and acceptable limb mechanical alignment are needed. Although the use of intramedullary alignment rods might be helpful in terms of achieving an acceptable limb mechanical axis, fat embolism and intramedullary dissemination of an infection or reactivation of latent infection might occur in failed TKA cases. However, computer-assisted surgery allows precise cuts to be made without breaching medullary cavities. Here, the authors describe a case of knee arthrodesis performed by computer navigation and the Ilizarov method in a patient with a past history of infection. A 45-year-old man visited our hospital with failed total knee arthroplasy. Fortunately, even though infection was treated by debridement with component retention, mild heating was present over the knee, but ESR(erythrocyte sedimentation rate) and CRP(C-reactive protein) were within normal ranges. X-ray showed subsidence of the femoral component and a radiolucent line around the femoral component. Arthrodesis was planned for this patient due to disabling pain, a long-lasting severe functional deficit, failure of the primary TKA for ankylosed knee, and the patient’s poor economic status and his strong desire for arthrodesis. The computer navigation surgery system and the Ilizarov method were used for two reasons. The first reason was that the patient had a past history of infection. At pre-operative evaluation, even though ESR and CRP levels were within normal range, we could not completely rule out the possibility of latent infection due to suspicious findings such as long lasting disabling knee pain, mild heating over the knee, severe osteolytic radiographic changes around the femoral component. In that situation, inserting an IM rod to achieve acceptable mechanical alignment might have reactivated and disseminated a possible latent infection to the femoral or tibial medullary canals. The second reason was that we wanted to reduce the possibility of fat embolism by using computer navigation without instrumentation within the medullary canal. A CT-free, wireless computer navigation system was applied, with trackers fixed to the femur and tibia and no requirement for the use of an IM rod with component retention. Navigated femoral and tibial bone resections were then performed using Stryker software. The femoral resection was conducted at 0° of flexion to the sagittal axis, and the tibial resection at 7 ° of flexion to the sagittal axis. Arthrodesis was held in proper axial and rotational alignment with bone surfaces compressed together. Finally, knee arthrodesis was completed using the Ilizarov method. Based on our experience of the described case, we believe that arthrodesis for failed TKR, especially failure secondary to intraarticular infection, can be considered as another indication for computer navigation.
We retrospectively evaluated eight patients who underwent arthrodesis of the knee using cannulated screws. There were six women and two men, with a mean age of 53 years. The indications for arthrodesis were failed total knee arthroplasty, septic arthritis, tuberculosis, and recurrent persistent infection. Solid union was achieved in all patients at a mean of 6.1 months. One patient required autogenous bone graft for delayed union. One suffered skin necrosis which was treated with skin grafting. The mean limb-length discrepancy was 3.1 cm. On a visual analogue scale, the mean pain score improved from 7.9 to 3.3. According to the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome score quality of life items, the mean score improved from 38.3 pre-operatively to 76.6 at follow-up. Cannulated screws provide a high rate of union in arthrodesis of the knee with minimal complications, patient convenience, and a simple surgical technique.
Revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is becoming a more frequent procedure throughout Europe. Painful patello-femoral problems, patellar dislocation, impingement pain as well as aseptic loosening and gross malalignment are among many causes. We investigated the use of CT scans in identifying alignment causes for pain in failed TKA where no other obvious cause is found. Twenty poorly functioning TKA were analysed using the Perth CT protocol. All patients were awaiting revision TKA and had no obvious evidence of infection or loosening. They were scanned using a GE multislice CT scanner. The measurements were performed using standard CT software. Knee society scores were obtained pre- and post-operatively. The mean coronal position of the components was three degrees of valgus for the femoral component and 2.5 degrees of varus for the tibial component. Fourteen knees had errors of femoral component rotation, which ranged from one degree of external rotation to nine degrees of internal rotation. The cumulative error of implantation ranged from 6–24 degrees in all planes. Knee society scores improved post-operatively from a mean of 52 pre-operatively to 83 at one year. Compound error also improved to a range of 6 to 10 degrees in all planes. Revision TKA remains a difficult procedure that is increasing in frequency. The use of a CT protocol allows all coronal, sagital and rotational errors of an implant to be accurately identified prior to surgery. This could be useful in the small groups of patients with painful TKA that have no obvious cause for failure. Total knee replacement failure in these cases maybe explained by a cumulative error in alignment and correction of which may improve their Knee Society Scores. We believe that a CT scan of a failed TKA is useful as part of the pre operative planning and also in investigating painful TKA where no obvious cause is found.
The cumulative error of implantation ranged from 6- 24 degrees in all 7 planes.
The purpose of our study was to assess the success rate of methods used for knee arthrodesis in failed total knee arthroplasty and to do a functional evaluation after arthrodesis of the knee. A physiotherapist and occupational therapist assessed 10 patients who had undergone knee arthrodesis, using either the Orthofix or Ilizarov methods. Both methods were successful. There were no failures. The functional outcomes were satisfactory.
