Introduction

The epicondylar axis of the elbow is a surface anatomical approximation of the true flexion-extension (F-E) axis used in the application of an external fixator/elbow arthroplasty. We hypothesise that the epicondylar axis coincides with the true F-E axis in terms of both angular displacement and position (ie. offset). This suggests that it can serve as a good landmark in total dynamic external fixator application and elbow arthroplasty.

Summary

Based upon genetic analysis, decorin is an exciting pharmacologic agent of potential anti-fibrogenic effect on arthrofibrosis in our animal model.

Summary Statement

This 3-dimensional CT study on cadaveric proximal ulna provides further insight into the size and geometry of the proximal ulna intramedullary cavity with potential applications to design and sizing of proximal ulna components.

The purpose of this study is to report our experience with revision of total elbow arthroplasty by exchange cementation. Between 1982 and 2004 at our institution, forty six elbows were treated with exchange cementation of a total elbow arthroplasty into the existing cement mantle or debrided bone interface, without the use of an osteotomy, bone graft or prosthetic augmentation. Indications for the procedure were aseptic loosening (17), second stage after septic loosening (14), instability (7), prosthetic fracture (4), periprosthetic fracture (2), failed hemiarthroplasty (1) and ulnar component wear (1). Both components were exchanged in 18 elbows, the humerus alone in 25 and the ulna in 3. Mean follow up was 90.5 months (10 to 266 months);18 patients had died with the prosthesis in situ. Complications were noted in 22 elbows; periprosthetic fracture of ulna (6) and humerus (2), humeral component fracture (1), aseptic loosening (4), non-union (1), heterotrophic ossification (2), soft tissue contracture (2) and soft tissue failure (2), delayed wound healing (1) and bushing failure (1). Reoperation was required in 10 elbows for revision of both components (2), ulna (3), humerus (1), bushing revision (2), soft tissue debridement (1) and soft tissue repair (1). There were no septic recurrences in previously infected elbows; however the reoperation rate in this group was 29% versus 19% after re-cementation for other causes. Revision of total elbow arthroplasty by exchange cementation is a reasonable treatment for those elbows with adequate bone stock for secure prosthetic fixation; however careful consideration should be given to augmentation of the ulna due to the high rate of periprosthetic fracture in this series. Re-cementation following débridement for infection is effective despite having a higher rate of revision operation compared to re-cementation in the aseptic elbow.

Introduction: Treatment and outcome of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and distal humerus fractures is not well established.

Methods: Between 1982 and 2002 twenty-four elbows in twenty-two patients (eleven men, eleven women) treated for acute distal humerus fractures were retrospectively reviewed. The average age at time of the fracture was 64 years. Eleven elbows were immediately treated with a total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) type Coonrad-Morrey (CM), six elbows had underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), and seven elbows were referred to our institution after failed ORIF elsewhere and were revised with an TEA (CM).

Results: At an average follow-up of 52 months the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) averaged in the eleven elbows with an immediate TEA 96 points and in the six elbows with ORIF 93 points (p=0.79). In the seven elbows with TEA after failed ORIF there was a trend towards a less favorable outcome (MEPS: 86 points) but the differences was not significant compared to immediate TEA (p=0.31) and ORIF (p=0.53). Patients with failed ORIF and a subsequent TEA had an average of 3 operation per elbow with one patient ending in elbow resection after an infected TEA. Patients with immediate TEA had an average of 1.3 operations and patients with successful ORIF 1.2 interventions.

Discussion and Conclusion: Distal humerus fractures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis can be treated successfully with an immediate TEA or ORIF. There is a trend towards a poorer clinical outcome in patients with TEA after failed ORIF.

Introduction: Proximal radio-ulnar synostosis is a rare complication after distal biceps tendon repair. Synostosis results in usually painfree limitation of forearm rotation and loss of function. The outcome after synostosis excision has not been demonstrated.

Methods: Between 1987 and 2003 twelve patients were identified with radio-ulnar synostosis and retrospectively reviewed clinically and radiographically. All patients initially experienced a complete distal biceps tendon rupture after lifting heavy objects. The average time to repair was fourteen days.

Results: These twelve patients underwent excision of synostosis as early as two months post repair and as late as 18 months. The average age at time of excision was forty-five years and the dominant arm involved in seven patients. All received postoperative idomethacin for four weeks and only six received additional postoperative irradiation. The average follow-up was fifty-nine months. Function revealed an average pre-operative rotational arc of 19, six patients were ankylosed in a neutral position. The postoperative arc was 138 (p = 0.007). Flexion and extension was essentially normal preoperatively and postoperatively. All twelve patients demonstrated no pain pre- and postoperatively. All patients were very satisfied with the result. There were no complications after excision. Radiographically there was no recurrence of ectopic bone formation.

Discussion and Conclusion: Excision of proximal radio-ulnar synostosis following distal biceps repair results in a significant improvement of limited forearm rotation and returning patients to a pain free functional rotational arc with a high satisfaction rate.

Aims: Posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow is believed to express dysfunction of the lateral collateral ligament complex. The purpose of this study was to determine the long-term results of lateral ligamentous reconstruction in patients with posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow. Methods: From 1986 to 1999, forty-þve consecutive elbows with posterolateral rotatory instability were treated by direct repair of the lateral ligament complex (twelve cases) or augmented reconstruction with a tendon autograft (thirty-three cases). One patient was lost to follow-up one year postoperatively. The remaining forty-four patients were followed for an average of six (range, two to þfteen) years. Results: Surgery initially restored elbow stability in all but þve cases, two of which became stable after a second procedure. At most recent follow-up, three of the forty-þve patients had persistent instability. The most recent mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score was eighty-þve points (range, sixty to 100 points). According to the rating system of Nestor et al., the result was excellent in nineteen, good in thirteen, fair in seven and poor in þve cases. Thirty-eight patients (86 per cent) were subjectively satisþed with the outcome of the operation. Better results were obtained in patients with a postraumatic etiology (p=0.03), subjective complains of instability at presentation (p=0.006), and augmented reconstruction using a tendon graft (p=0.04). Conclusions: Lateral ligamentous reconstruction is an effective long-term procedure for posterolateral rotatory instability. Reconstruction using a tendon graft seems to provide better results than ligament repair. The results of ligamentous reconstruction do not seem to deteriorate with time.

Background: Heterotopic ossification about the elbow joint can lead to considerable functional disability, including the loss of forearm rotation. Many procedures have been described for the treatment of proximal radio-ulnar synostoses. Varying degrees of success have been achieved, regarding the improvement of the flexion arc, with fewer successful reports concerning the restoration of forearm rotation. The success correlates to the extent of the process, soft-tissue scarring, and anatomical distortion. A new and simple technique to address the non-resectable processes is reported.

Methods: Seven patients were treated by a proximal radial resection procedure, distal to the synostosis, and followed for an average of 80 months (range 24 to 144 months).

Results: The forearm rotation improved from an average fixed pronation of 5_ to an arc of 101_ (range 40_ to 175_). Functional scores improved from an average pre-operative score of 58 (range 50 to 75) to 81 (range 60 to 100) at final review. Complications encountered included one case in which the resection site partially re-ankylosed, resulting in a poor arc of rotation, and one case of a sensory ulnar nerve neurapraxia.

Conclusions: Proximal radial shaft transection provides a safe and reliable method of improving forearm rotation by an average of 100_ and functional scores by an average of 40%. A single technical factor that seems to positively influence this result is the application bone wax at the transection site, although other factors are discussed. The features of proximal radio-ulnar synostoses that are considered to be indications for this simple new procedure are 1) lesions too extensive to allow a safe and discrete resection, 2) involvement of the articular surface, and 3) the presence of anatomical deformation.