Abstract

Uncemented total hip arthroplasty (THA) implants have become the standard for younger patients on account of increased implant survivorship and multiple other advantages. Nevertheless, uncemented THA remains controversial in elderly patients. The evidence base for this is limited, as previous studies have compared octogenarians to a younger control group. The aim of this prospective cohort study is to evaluate the outcome of octogenarian patients undergoing uncemented THA with a control group of similarly aged patients undergoing hybrid THA with a minimum 5 years follow up. Clinical outcomes including intra and postoperative complications, blood transfusion, revision rate and mortality were recorded. Radiological analysis of pre and postoperative radiograph assessed bone quality, implant fixation and any subsequent loosening. 143 patients, (mean age 86.2 yrs.) were enrolled in the study. 76 patients underwent uncemented THA and 67 underwent hybrid THA. The uncemented cohort had fewer intraoperative and postoperative complications. The uncemented cohort also had a lower transfusion rate (p=0.002). Mean hospital stay (p=0.27) was comparable between the 2 groups. Two patients underwent revision surgery in either cohort. Our study demonstrates uncemented THA is safe for the octogenarian patient and we recommend that age should be not be a barrier of choice of implant. However intraoperative assessment of bone quality should guide surgeon to the optimum decision regarding uncemented and hybrid implant.

Background

The R3 cementless acetabular system (Smith & Nephew, Memphis, Tennessee, United States) is a modular titanium shell with an asymmetric porous titanium powder coating. It supports cross-linked polyethylene, metal and ceramic liners with several options for the femoral head component. The R3 cup was first marketed in Australia and Europe in 2007. Two recent papers have shown high failure rates of the MoM R3 system with up to 24% (Dramis et al 2014, Hothi et al 2015). There are currently no medium term clinical papers on the R3 acetabular cup.

Fewer delays in starting a trauma list can reduce cancellations. A novel system has been previously described where a patient is identified the day before and optimised for theatre. The patient is listed first and designated “Golden Patient”. This project aimed to assess the impact of introducing a “Golden Patient” system on trauma list start times in a district general hospital.

Two months of first case sending and anaesthetic start times were recorded retrospectively (43 cases). The “Golden Patient” system was introduced with a multi-disciplinary implementation group. Target send time of 0830 hours (hrs) and anaesthetic start time of 0900hrs was agreed. First patients on trauma lists were noted in two cycles, two months apart (Cycle 1: 46, Cycle 2: 38).

Prior to implementation: Mean Send Time (MST) of 0855hrs, Mean Anaesthetic Start Time (AST) of 0921hrs.

Cycle 1: MST fell by 9 minutes (p = 0.03) and AST by 11 minutes (p = 0.023). Lists labelled with a “Golden Patient” (47.8%) were sent 14 minutes earlier (p = 0.004) and started 12 minutes earlier (p = 0.02) than those not labelled “Golden”.

Cycle 2: Implementation produced a 13-minute reduction in send times (p = o.oo3) and start times (p = 0.008) overall. “Golden Patient” cases (42.1%) showed an improved MST of 0836hrs and AST of 0902hrs, 10 minutes earlier than those not designated “Golden”.

Implementation of the “Golden Patient” produced a significant improvement in trauma list starts overall. Specifically, “Golden Patients” help to improve efficiency in sending and anaesthetic start times, by up to 19 minutes on average.

Late infection is the most frequent complications after hemiarthroplasty. Urinary tract infections are the only distant septic focus considered to be a risk factor in the literature. We retrospectively reviewed 460 patients with hip fracture treated by hemiarthroplasy over a period of one year. Preoperative positive urine dipsticks and urine analysis have been looked at as causes for delay of surgery in absence of clinical manifestations of urinary tract infection. 367 patients were operated within 24 hours. 78 patients were delayed more than 78 hours. Urinary tract infection had the least contribution as a cause of delay. 99 patients had preoperative urinary tract infection and 57 patients had postoperative wound infection. Of these with postoperative surgical site infection, 31 patients did not show any evidence of preoperative urinary tract infection, 23 patients had preoperative urinary tract infection, two had leg ulcer and one had chest infection. 13 patients had chronic urinary tract infection and five patients had the same causative organism in urine & wound. The most common organisms of urinary infection are E. Coli, mixed growth, Enteroccocus Faecalis, Pseudomonas and others. The most causative organism of the postoperative surgical site infection are Staph aureus including MRSA, mixed growth including Staph. Epidermidis, Enteroccocus Faecalis and others There is no direct significant correlation between preoperative urinary tract infection and surgical site infection. We recommend that preoperative urinary tract infection should be treated as a matter of urgency but it should not delay hip fracture surgery unless it is causing symptoms.

Purpose: surgical fixation distal femoral fractures has been associated withnonunion and varus collapse. the soft tissue stripping esulted from this fracture and caused by the surgical approach have been factorassociated with delayed union and infection. the limited soft tissue exposure has been lauded as a solution to this fracture. however, it has occurred with new fixation as well (locked plate) this study is an attempt to look at the fixation from the surgical approach prospective. does the liss system improve the results of this difficult fracture? is there truly a difference in the outcome of this fracture utilizing the locked plate system or the percieved difference due to surgical mini invasive approach.

Method: one hundred and forty patientswere screened, and only 53 were randomized and treated in six academic centers over five years. all c3 fractures were excluded from the study as they were felt not to be treatable by the dcs device, but they were treated and fixed appropiately. thirty five females and 18 males were included and appropiately randomized.

Results: fifty three patients were randomized, 28 had the liss implant while 25 had the dcs utilized. there were three nonunions in the liss group, plus two patients required an early reoperation in the early post operative periods ( second – fifth post op. day) due to an early loss of reduction. further more, one patient developed a knee arthrofibrosis that required arthroscopic joint release with subsequent implant failure. that necessiated a reoperation. in the dcs group there was only one nonunion, that required reoperation. this translated into reoperation rate of 21%in the liss group compared to 4% with dcs.

Conclusion: this prospective multicenter randomized trial showeda significant difference when comparing the liss device to the dcs system in minimal invasive approach of distal femoral fractures fixation

Introduction: Surgical fixation of intra-articular distal femoral fractures has been associated with nonunion & varus collapse. The soft tissuestripping associated with this fracture andthe surgical exposure have been factors associated with delayed union & infection. The limited soft tissue exposure has been lauded the as a solution to this fracture. However, it has occurred with the new fixation as well.(Locked Plate)

Aims: This study is an attempt to look at the fixation. Does the LISS system improve the results of this difficult fracture? Is there truly a difference in the outcome of this fracture utilizing the Locked plate system or is the percieved difference due to the surgical mini invasive approach.

Patients & Methods: One hunderd & forty patients were screened, only 53 were randomized and fixed in six academic centers over 5 years. All C3 fractures were excluded as they were felt not to be treatable by the DCS device, but they were treated appropiately. 35 females and 18 males were included in the study and randomized appropiatley.

Results: Fifty-three patients were randomized, 28 had the LISS implant and 25 had the DCS utilized. There were 3 nonunions in the LISS group plus two patients with early loss of reduction that required reoperation in the early post operative period. One patient developed arthrofibrosis requiring arthroscopic release and subsequently the implant failed necessitating refixation. In the DCS group, only one nonunion reported & required second surgery. This translated to a reoperation rate of 21% in the LISS group compared to 4% with DCS.

Conclusion: This prospective randomized multicentre trial showed a difference when comparing the LISS to the DCS in the supracondylar distal femur fractures.

Proximal humeral fractures are common and often occur in osteoporotic bone. Suture fixation utilises the rotator cuff tendons as well as bone providing adequate stability and avoids complications associated with metalwork insertion.

Surgical exposure was via a delto-pectoral approach with minimal dissection of the fracture site. Initially a 2 suture technique was utilized with heavy ethibond sutures passed through drill holes either side of the bicipital groove; however, because of concerns about varus instability the technique now uses a third suture placed laterally acting as a tension band to prevent varus collapse. Patients with Neer 2 and 3 part fractures treated with suture fixation were assessed clinically (using the Constant score) and radiologically at a mean of 27 months post fracture.

To date 24 patients have been studied. The average age of the patients in our series was 70.2. All fractures progressed to union with no cases of radiological avascular necrosis. We had 2 cases of mal-union (-one varus and one valgus-), both with a 2-suture technique. One patient had early loss of fixation; re-exploration was performed with stability conferred by a third lateral suture. Active abduction > 120o was achieved in 9 patients with a mean Constant score of 72 compared to 89 on the un-injured contra-lateral side. We have demonstrated that suture fixation of displaced proximal humeral fractures is an effective alternative to fixation using metalwork. The advantages are that minimal soft tissue stripping of the fracture site is required and the potential problems associated with metalwork insertion into osteoporotic bone are avoided. Following one case of varus mal-union with a 2-suture technique we now routinely use a third suture to act as a lateral tension band.

Private companies now offer risk assessment packages to Trusts. Data are collected using ICD coding and complication rates for individual surgeons are calculated and published. A risk assessment document was recently published at the Royal Gwent Hospital presenting complication rates and misadventures on league tables of specialty and consultants. Serious concerns were raised about the quality of the data. We undertook a study to independently evaluate the accuracy of data used to calculate these complication rates.

Two Orthopaedic Surgeons with the highest published complication rates were studied. The notes of patients who had suffered complications were retrieved and the published complication data was compared with the clinical interpretation of the actual complication. One hundred and fifty reported complications were analyzed.

In most cases data accuracy was woefully inadequate. For example revision procedures were counted as complications for the revision surgeon irrespective of who carried out the primary procedure. The normal work-up of these patients including procedures to investigate the presence of infection are recorded as complications with some patients being recorded as having up to four separate complications. Misadventures published for surgeons included dural tap during epidural anesthesia. The results of this study highlight the potentially devastating consequences of data inaccuracy. Inaccurate published data on complications, used to form league tables for individual surgeons, can be career- jeopardizing. We advocate that consultation with the clinicians involved should always occur before data are published so that these inaccuracies can be picked up and the potentially damming consequences of falsely high complication rates can be avoided.

Introduction Patients sustaining fractures of the proximal femur, with co-morbid medical problems, have increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Chronic renal failure is one such co-morbidity. This study examines the outcome in patients with chronic renal failure who sustain fractures of the proximal femur.

Patients and Methods All patients with a fractured neck of femur who presented to our department from September 1997 to March 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Eighteen of these patients were found to have chronic renal failure requiring dialysis. Medical records were reviewed and information was collected and analysed. A full literature review was conducted.

Results There were nine intra-capsular fractures and nine extra-capsular fractures. Four patients with intra-capsular fractures were treated by internal fixation and four by arthroplasty. One patient with an intra-capsular fracture was treated non-operatively. Eight patients with extra-capsular fractures were treated with a dynamic hip screw device and one was treated using a cephalo-medullary nail. There were sixteen deaths at a mean of seven months post-operatively (range 0 to 24). Factors that may influence outcome and the relevant literature are discussed.

Conclusions Patients with chronic renal failure who sustain fractures of the proximal femur appear to have a poor outcome regardless of type of fracture or its subsequent management.

Introduction and Aims: Private companies now offer risk assessment packages to hospital trusts. Data is collected using ICD coding and complication rates for individual surgeons are calculated and published. A risk assessment document was recently published at the Royal Gwent Hospital presenting complication rates and misadventures on league tables of specialty and consultants. Serious concerns were raised about the quality of the data.

Method: We undertook a study to independently evaluate the accuracy of data used to calculate these complication rates. Two orthopaedic surgeons with the highest published complication rates were studied. The notes of patients who had suffered complications were retrieved and the published complication data was compared with the clinical interpretation of the actual complication. One hundred and fifty reported complications were analysed.

Results: In most cases data accuracy was woefully inadequate (table 1). For example, revision procedures were counted as complications for the revision surgeon irrespective of who carried out the primary procedure. The normal work up of these patients, including procedures to investigate the presence of infection, are recorded as complications, with some patients being recorded as having up to four separate complications. Misadventures published for surgeons included dural tap during epidural anaesthesia.

Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the potentially devastating consequences of data inaccuracy. Inaccurate published data on complications, used to form league tables for individual surgeons can be career jeopardising. We advocate that consultation with the clinicians involved should always occur before data is published so that these inaccuracies can be picked up and the potentially damning consequences of falsely high complication rates can be avoided.

Aims: Musculo-skeletal complaints comprise a significant proportion of General Practitioner workload. The aim of this study was to assess whether the training of GP’s is satisfactory given their exposure to orthopaedics and trauma in practice.

Methods: A postal questionnaire was sent to 200 local General Practitioners requesting information on their training in musculo-skeletal conditions.

Results: The response rate was 58%. The reported estimated proportion of musculo-skeletal problems varied between 10% and 60 %. Only 33% of General Practitioners had any formal post graduate training in trauma and orthopaedics. Experience in the related specialities of rheumatology was 12% and A+E 69%. 35% of responding General Practitioners reported a specialist interest in musculo-skeletal conditions although less than 2% have any postgraduate qualifications in this area.

Only 23% of GP’s thought that their training in orthopaedics and trauma was adequate .85% felt that they would benefit from further training. 80% of these felt that clinical teaching would be the best way to achieve this.

Conclusions: Musculo-skeletal problems comprise a significant proportion of General Practice workload. Despite this fact formal training in trauma and orthopaedics received by GP’s is minimal. 77% of GP’s feel that their training in the treatment of musculo-skeletal conditions is inadequate and 85% would like further training.

Aims: To compare objective and subjective methods of assessment of outcome following total knee replacement. Methods: A retrospective review of 560 consecutive total knee replacements, performed under the care of a single surgeon, between January 1990 and January 2000, on 456 patients, was carried out. Minimum follow-up was two years. The patients were assessed using two postal questionnaires, a clinical interview and examination and a radiological investigation. The results from each assessment were entered into a database and evaluated. Results: The results from the postal and direct questionnaires were comparable. These results correlated well with clinical and radiographic evaluation. A simply worded questionnaire was found to be more user- friendly than a complex questionnaire. Questions about specific daily activities were less user-friendly than questions about general function. Conclusions: A simple postal questionnaire provides an accurate reflection of outcome after total knee arthroplasty. This has significant implications with regard to cost and clinical time when planning follow-up after knee replacement.

Aim: To determine the complication rate following fixation of olecranon fractures in the elderly.

Method: A retrospective review of clinical notes and x-rays over a 4 year period at 3 district general hospitals in South Wales was performed. Only patients with isolated, displaced olecranon fractures over 65 years were included.

Results: 80 patients who underwent olecranon fixation were identified and reviewed. It was found that 80% of these underwent tension band wiring and the operations were performed in the majority by training grade surgeons. The overall complication rate was 37%. This included an infection rate of 13%, of which the majority required re-operation.2 patients required multiple procedures including olecranon excision and triceps advancement. Prominence of metalwork was a significant problem with removal of metalwork performed in 24% of patients.

Conclusion: In what is commonly regarded as a straightforward procedure carried out by training grade surgeons we found an unacceptable re-operation rate of 37%. It is our belief that olecranon fixation in the elderly is not a benign procedure and caution should be exercised when dealing with these injuries. We propose an alternative method of surgical treatment for these injuries.

One million patients with head injuries present to UK hospitals each year. A significant proportion of these patients have ongoing problems and a large number remain disabled at one year. The management of these patients has recently been criticised by a Royal College of Surgeons Working Party Report (published in June 1999). Several recommendations for the care of head injured patients were made.

We have undertaken a study to examine the way these cases are currently dealt with in Welsh hospitals. A large proportion (75%) of these patients in Wales are cared for by non-neurosurgical consultants with the orthopaedic speciality receiving referrals in most hospitals (55%). A questionnaire was sent to these non-neurological consultants looking after head injuries with specific questions on the current care of these patients and for their opinion on the current system.

We have received an excellent response rate (99%) with the results showing that the Working Party recommendation have not been translated into a change in clinical practice. Our study indicates several shortcomings in the current care of these patients in Wales. It also demonstrates that the almost unanimous (98%) view amongst the consultants that responded is that there is a genuine need for change if we are to offer these patients the best care and rehabilitation in the 21st Century.