Aims

Slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE) has well documented biochemical and mechanical risk factors. Femoral and acetabular morphologies seem to be equally important. Acetabular retroversion has a low prevalence in asymptomatic adults. Hips with dysplasia, osteoarthritis, and Perthes’ disease, however, have higher rates, ranging from 18% to 48%. The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of acetabular retroversion in patients presenting with SUFE using both validated radiological signs and tomographical measurements.

Abstract

Aims

This observational study examines the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic upon the paediatric trauma burden of a district general hospital. We aim to compare the nature and volume of the paediatric trauma during the first 2020 UK lockdown period with the same period in 2019.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to identify if perioperative outcomes were different in patients with cerebral palsy undergoing unilateral or bilateral hip reconstruction.

Due to abnormal neuromuscular development, functional capability in children with cerebral palsy is often severely compromised. Single event multi-level surgery (SEMLS) is the gold standard surgical treatment for patients with cerebral palsy. It has been demonstrated to improve gait, however, how standing posture is affected is unknown.

The aim was to investigate the effect of SEMLS in patients with spastic cerebral palsy on walking and standing posture using 3D gait analysis.

Participants were identified from the One Small Step Gait Laboratory database. Standardised 3D-Gait analysis was performed within 2 years pre- and post-SEMLS. Gait abnormality was measured using the Gait Profile Score (GPS) index; standing abnormality was measured using the newly-developed Standing Profile Score (SPS) index. A control group (n=20) of age/sex-matched CP patients who did not undergo surgery were also assessed.

104 patients (73 boys, 31 girls) with spastic cerebral palsy underwent SEMLS with appropriate pre- and post-gait analyses (2000–2015). 91 patients had bilateral limb involvement, 14 had unilateral limb involvement. Average age at surgery was 10.38 years (range 4.85–15.60 years). A total of 341 procedures were performed, with hamstring and gastrocnemius lengthening representing approximately 65% of this.

There was a 20% mean improvement in walking (GPS reduced 2.4°, p<0.001) and standing (SPS reduced 3.4°, p<0.001) following SEMLS. No improvement was noted in the control group. Significant correlations were observed between the changes in SPS and GPS following surgery (r2, p<0.001). Patients with poorer pre-operative standing posture (SPS) reported the most significant improvement following surgery.

We confirmed improvement in walking following SEMLS using the Gait Profile Score (GPS). This is the first paper to report that standing posture is also improved following surgery using a novel index, the Standing Posture Score (SPS). SPS could be adopted as a tool to assess functional capability and predict post-operative changes.

Introduction

Orthopaedic departments are increasingly put under pressure to improve services, cut waiting lists, increase efficiency and save money. It is in the interests of patients and NHS organisations to ensure that operating theatre resources are used to best effect to ensure they are cost effective, support the achievement of waiting time targets and contribute to a more positive patient experience.

Patients in the UK are expected to have undergone surgery once decided within 18 weeks. A good system of planning and scheduling in theatre enables more work, however is largely delegated to non-clinical managerial and administrative staff. After numerous cancellations of elective cases due to incomplete pre-operative work-up, unavailable equipment and patient DNAs, we decided to introduce a surgeon-led scheduling system.

Ambulating children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy (BSCP) demonstrate atypical posture and gait due to abnormal muscle and skeletal growth when compared to typically–developing (TD) children. Normal postural alignment in standing facilitates many of the tasks of daily living because it allows a stable base of support without requiring significant muscular effort. Similarly, increasing gait abnormality is associated with poorer functional capacity. Our aims were to compare the standing posture of TD children and children with BSCP using the Standing Profile Score and identify if any abnormality in standing is correlated with abnormality in walking in children with BSCP using the Gait Profile Score index.

We retrospectively compared 44 typically-developing children to 74 age-matched children with BSCP (GMFCS I & II). We performed 3D Gait Analysis during long-standing (10seconds) and in gait after application of 16 retro-reflective markers on anatomical landmarks of the lower limb and pelvis. Analysis of all kinematics was performed for movements in the sagittal, coronal and axial planes. The Gait Profile score (GPS) is a validated index of overall gait pathology. The Standing Profile Score (SPS) was developed using the same calculations for GPS but during static trials.

A significant correlation was observed between the Standing Profile Score (SPS) and Gait Profile Score (GPS) in children with BSCP (p<0.001). Significant differences were exhibited in GPS between the two groups, across all parameters, except the pelvic obliquity (p<0.05). A significant positive correlation existed for hip rotation in both groups, however the correlations observed at hip flexion and ankle dorsiflexion were significantly greater in the BSCP group compare to the TD group (p<0.01).

We have shown that posture during gait (GPS) is predictable from standing posture (SPS) in patients with BSCP. This biomechanical relationship can aid surgical decision-making.

Introduction

Enhanced recovery programmes (ERP) have recently been adopted in the UK, enabling patients to recover quickly and return home sooner. Choice of anaesthetic is an important factor effecting post-operative outcome; studies show regional anaesthesia is more cost-effective, decreasing the incidence of venous thromboembolic events and reducing intra-operative blood loss, the need for transfusion and the length of hospital stay.

Introduction

Rivaroxiban is a direct inhibitor of factor Xa, a licensed oral thromboprophylactic agent that is increasingly being adopted for lower limb arthroplasty. Rivaroxiban has been NICE-approved for use in primary hip and knee arthroplasty following the RECORD 4 trials; proving it more effective in preventing venous thrombo-embolic (VTE) events compared to enoxaparin. Enhanced Recovery Programmes (ERP) are designed to enable patients to recover quickly and return home safely within a few days.

Introduction

Obesity is a direct contributor to degenerative joint disease, and as the prevalence of obesity increases globally it is likely that more overweight patients will present for hip replacement surgery. There are reports that overweight patients in the UK's National Health Service, typically with a Body Mass Index (BMI) over 30 (BMI 30–39 obese, BMI≥40 morbidly obese), are being denied operations on the premise that they are at risk of significant complications. Enhanced Recovery Programmes (ERP) are designed to enable patients to recover quickly and return home safely within a few days. The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of hip replacements in obese and non-obese patients enrolled in our ERP.

The need for hip and knee replacement surgery is increasing. Enhanced recovery programmes, where patients mobilise quickly and safely after surgery, have been adopted now in many hospitals. There are anecdotal reports of Primary Care Trusts raising thresholds for referral for surgery based on patients' Body Mass Index (BMI).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the early outcome of hip and knee arthroplasty in obese patients (BMI>30) enrolled in the enhanced recovery programme.

Between March 2010 and January 2011, 672 patients were enrolled in our enhanced recovery programme. 316 patients (47%) were classified as obese (BMI>30, range 30-39). There was no significant difference in the length of stay: 4.58 days in the obese patients and 4.44 days in the non-obese. There was also no difference in the rates of superficial infections or oozy wounds. Knee replacements was performed more commonly than hip replacements in the obese group

There was no significant difference in the early outcome of hip and knee replacement surgery in patients with a higher Body Mass Index when undergoing lower limb arthroplasty through the enhanced recovery programme. These patients should continue to be offered surgery when clinically indicated.

Introduction: We have previously shown an association between whole blood metal particles from unilateral metal on metal (MOM) hip resurfacing and reduced CD8+ T cells (JBJS Br April 2006). There are no reported clinical effects of these findings. Certain patients maybe at high risk of developing clinical effects; one such group is patients with bilateral hip resurfacings. There are no published studies of bilateral hip resurfacings. Our aim was to investigate the association between whole blood metal ions and reduced CD8+ T cells in a follow up cohort of bilateral MOM hip resurfacings.

Method : Peripheral blood samples were analysed from patients with bilateral MOM hip resurfacings (n=25), unilateral hip resurfacings (n=34) and metal on polyethylene (MOP) hip arthroplasty (n=34). Samples were analysed for: lymphocyte subsets (FACS analysis); whole blood cobalt and chromium ion levels (using inductively-coupled mass spectrometry). Xrays revealed all hip components were well fixed.

Results : When compared to patients with standard MOP hip replacements there was a 30% reduction in both the bilateral and unilateral resurfacing groups’ level of CD8+ cells (T cytotoxic) (p=0.010). All other lymphocyte subgroups were not significantly different. There was evidence of a threshold effect of raised metal ions and reduced CD8+ T cells but no evidence of a dose-response relationship.

Conclusions : Bilateral MOM hip resurfacing is associated with a reduced CD8+ T cell count when compared to MOP hip arthroplasty. This association is not significantly different from the levels seen after unilateral MOM hip resurfacing.

Background: Metal-on-metal bearing hip replacements release between three and nine times more cobalt and chromium ions than a metal on polyethylene bearing hip replacement. We do not fully understand the cause for the variability of ion levels after metal on metal hip replacement. The factors that determine an individual’s levels of metal ions include: firstly, patient factors (renal failure, patient weight, high activity); secondly, manufacture factors (head size (and fluid film lubrication), carbide density, surface finish) and lastly study factors (bilateral implants, time from operation). Biomechanical studies suggest that component position, in particular acetabular inclination, is important for wear rate but there is no published correlation from clinical studies.

Aim: To investigate the relationship between acetabular inclination angle and metal ion levels of patients with Birmingham Hip resurfacings.

Methods: Using standardised radiographs, we measured the inclination angle (using UTHSCSA image tool) of the acetabular components in thirty-one patients (mean age 54 years) who underwent unilateral Birmingham hip resurfacing (mean time post operation of 22 months). We also measured peripheral whole blood chromium and cobalt ion concentrations using inductively coupled mass spectrometry. All components were well fixed.

Results: There was a positive correlation between the inclination angle (range 28 degrees – 55 degrees) of the acetabular component and whole blood concentration of Cobalt (range 2.3 – 7 mcg/L), Chromium (range 0.56 – 4.3 mcg/L) and total metal ion levels (range 3.1 – 10.3 mcg/L). This finding was statistically significant, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.46 (95% CI 0.13-0.70) and a p-value of 0.00398.

Conclusion: Acetabular inclination angle is likely to be a factor in determining an individual’s metal ion levels in patients with metal on metal resurfacing. We also iden-tified a threshold level of 50 degrees inclination, after which the metal ion levels rise dramatically. We describe the possible biomechanical mechanisms to explain these results. We recommend surgeons implant the metal socket at an inclination angle of less than 50 degrees.