Symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis is a common entity and increasing in prevalence. Limited evidence is available regarding patient reported outcomes comparing primary vs revision surgery for those undergoing lumbar decompression, with or without fusion. Evidence available suggest a lower rate of improvement in the revision group. The aim of this study was to assess patient reported outcomes in patients undergoing revision decompression, with or without fusion, when compared to primary surgery. Patient data was collected from the Canadian Spine Outcomes Research Network (CSORN) database. Patients undergoing lumbar decompression without or without fusion were included. Patients under 18, undergoing discectomy, greater than two level decompressions, concomitant cervical or thoracic spine surgery were excluded. Demographic data, smoking status, narcotic use, number of comorbidities as well as individual comorbidities were included in our propensity scores. Patients undergoing primary vs revision decompression were matched in a four:one ratio according to their scores, whilst a separate matched cohort was created for those undergoing primary vs revision decompression and fusion. Continuous data was compared using a two-tailed t-test, whilst categorical variables were assessed using chi-square test. A total of 555 patients were included, with 444 primary patients matched to 111 revision surgery patients, of which 373 (67%) did not have fusion. Patients undergoing primary decompression with fusion compared to revision patients were more likely to answer yes to “feel better after surgery” (87.8% vs 73.8%, p=0.023), “undergo surgery again” (90.1% vs 76.2%, P=0.021) and “improvement in mental health” (47.7% vs 28.6%, p=0.03) at six months. There was no difference in either of these outcomes at 12 or 24 months. There was no difference between the groups ODI, EQ-5D, SF 12 scores at any time point. Patients undergoing primary vs revision decompression alone showed no difference in PROMs at any time point. In a matched cohort, there appears to be no difference in improvement in PROMS between patients undergoing primary vs revision decompression, with or without fusion, at two year follow-up. This would suggest similar outcomes can be obtained in revision cases

Resident involvement in the operating room is a vital component of their medical education. Conflicting and limited research exists regarding the effects of surgical resident participation on spine surgery patient outcomes. Our objective was to determine the effect of resident involvement on surgery duration, length of hospital stay and 30-day post-operative complication rates. This study was a multicenter retrospective analysis of the prospectively collected American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database. All anterior cervical or posterior lumbar fusion surgery patients were identified. Patients who had missing trainee involvement information, surgery for cancer, preoperative infection or dirty wound classification, spine fractures, traumatic spinal cord injury, intradural surgery, thoracic surgery and emergency surgery were excluded. Propensity score for risk of any complication was calculated to account for baseline characteristic differences between the attending alone and trainee present group. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the impact of resident involvement on surgery duration, length of hospital stay and 30 day post-operative complication rates. 1441 patients met the inclusion criteria: 1142 patients had surgeries with an attending physician alone and 299 patients had surgeries with trainee involvement. After adjusting using the calculated propensity score, the multivariate analysis demonstrated that there was no significant difference in any complication rates between surgeries involving trainees compared to surgeries with attending surgeons alone. Surgery times were found to be significantly longer for surgeries involving trainees. To further explore this relationship, separate analyses were performed for tertile of predicted surgery duration, cervical or lumbar surgery, instrumentation, inpatient or outpatient surgery. The effect of trainee involvement on increasing surgery time remained significant for medium predicted surgery duration, longer predicted surgery duration, cervical surgery, lumbar surgery, lumbar fusion surgery and inpatient surgery. There were no significant differences reported for any other factors. After adjusting for confounding, we demonstrated in a national database that resident involvement in surgeries did not increase complication rates, length of hospital stay or surgical duration of more routine surgical cases. We found that resident involvement in surgical cases that were generally more complexed resulted in increased surgery time. Further study is required to determine the relationship between surgery complexity and the effect of resident involvement on surgery duration

Introduction. Thoracic wall surgery can cause severe pain and inhibition of coughing with effects. (1) Various local anaesthetic (LA) techniques have been tried successfully to mitigate the use of opioids alone. We believe this is the first time that a serratus plane block using an epidural catheter (SABER)has been studied in anterior spinal fusion (ASF) procedures. Our aim was to ascertain how it would affect ASF compared to gold standard posterior spinal fusion (PSF) surgery. Materials and Methods. We identified 43 patients from the years 2017 to 2019. 24 had ASF and 19 had PSF. Detailed data were collected on local anaesthetic infusion (LAI) SaBER, mean pain scores(MPS), morphine, chirocaine usage and hospital length of stay (HLOS). We divided the patients into 4 groups: Short PSF (SPSF), Long PSF (LPSF), Thoracic anterior fusion (TA) and Thoracolumbar anterior fusion (TLA) surgery. 4 patients in the SPSF and 4 in the LPSF group had LAI because they had a costoplasty. All patients in the anterior group had SaBER. Results. Mean morphine usage was higher in the ASF group. Mean LA usage was lowest in the TLA and highest in the LPSF group (see table). 12 and 24 hour MPS were lower in both anterior groups compared to posterior. Mean HLOS was similar in all groups. Conclusion. Despite painful costoplasties in the anterior group, LAI enabled lower MPS overall and similar HLOS between PSF and ASF groups. Consequently, ASF (with fewer fusion levels) can replace equivalent PSF with resultant less stiffness and increased mobility. Reduction in MPS may be further improved by investigating detailed protocols whereby boluses of LA are given in addition to LAI. This may lead to morphine sparing in the anterior group as has been seen in other studies on thoracic wall procedures. (2). For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly

Hemorrhage and transfusion requirements in spine surgery are common. This is especially true for thoracic and lumbar fusion surgeries. The purpose of this papersi to determine predictive factors for transfusion and their effect on short-term post-operative outcomes for thoracic and lumbar fusions. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database was used to identify patients that underwent lumbar or thoracic fusion surgery from 2010 to 2013. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was used to determine predictive factors and post-operative complications associated with transfusion. A total of 14,249 patients were included in this study; 13,586 had lumbar fusion and 663 had thoracic fusion surgery. The prevalence of transfusion was 35% for thoracic fusion and 17.5% for lumbar fusion. The multivariate analysis showed that age between 50–60 (OR 1.38, CI: 1.23–1.54), age between 61–70 (OR 1.65, CI: 1.40–1.95), dyspnea (OR 1.11, CI: 1.02–1.23), hypertension (OR 1.14, CI: 1.02–1.27), ASA class (OR 1.73, 1.18–1.45), pre-operative blood transfusion (OR 1.91, CI: 1.04–3.49), and extended surgical time (OR 4.51, CI: 4.09–4.98) were predictors of blood transfusion requirements for lumbar fusion. While only pre-operative BUN (OR 1.04, CI: 1.01–1.06) and extended surgical time (OR 4.70, CI: 3.12–6.96) were predictors of transfusion for thoracic fusion. In contrast, higher pre-operative hematocrit was protective against transfusion. Patients transfused who underwent lumbar fusion had an increased risk to develop superficial wound infection, deep wound infection, venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction and had longer length of hospital stay. Patients transfused who underwent thoracic fusion were more likely to have venous thromboembolism and extended length of hospital stay. However, mortality was not associated with blood transfusion. This study used a large database to characterise the incidence, predictors and post-operative complications associated with blood transfusion in thoracic and lumbar fusion surgeries. Pre- and post-operative planning for patients deemed to be at high-risk of requiring blood transfusion should be considered to reduce post-operative complication in this population

Paravertebral anaesthesia is a particularly effective, safe and reliable option in scoliosis patients undergoing anterior release in whom percutaneous epidural placement may be difficult to perform. A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials has demonstrated that whilst paravertebral block and thoracic epidural insertion provide comparable pain relief after thoracic surgery, paravertebral block placement is associated with a better side effect profile, including a reduction in pulmonary complications, hypotension, nausea and vomiting and urinary retention. We describe a case of a 16 year old female patient who underwent staged correction of her thoracolumbar scoliosis. A paravertebral catheter was inserted under direct vision for continuous infusion post operative analgesia following the anterior release. 48 hours after surgery a swelling was noted in the groin, which was confirmed with ultrasonography as a fluid collection. The swelling resolved upon removing the paravertebral catheter. This suggests that it was caused by the local anaesthetic fluid tracking along the psoas muscle. Retroperitoneal infections, venous thrombosis, femoral hernia, femoral artery aneurysm and inguinal lymphadenopathy are other differentials. Ultrasonography was a fast and sensitive investigation to rule out these differentials and determined that fluid communicating with the abdominal cavity was the cause for this swelling. The infused local anaesthetic had tracked down into the femoral triangle and the swelling resolved upon cessation of the infusion

Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM) is currently used in various types of orthopaedic applications because of osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. Fibrin glue is also used in cardiovascular and thoracic surgery due to its hemostatic, chemotactic and mitogenic properties. There is some possibility of being good biomaterial and biodegradable scaffold with DBM-fibrin glue mixture for bone void filler. After total hip replacement surgery, it takes long time to complete bone fusion. If patients have excess weight load after surgery, the artificial joint may not be adhered with patients’s bone. That is why surgeons have to use any effective treatments for bone fusion for patient’s safety. In order to adapt to these surgical sites, DBMs are shaped in blocks or granules and preferable in porous forms. Combining these DBMs with fibrin glue provides a moldable and self-hardening composite biomaterial. This material will be applied to total hip replacement surgery for the effective fusion between bone and artificial joint. The aim of this work is to study the osteogenic properties of this composite material using in vivo and ex vivo. In radiological study, the DBM composite had been absorbed during one week since implantation surgery and after two weeks, some radio-opaque spots were observed in implantation sites. In histology study, Bone tissue had formed exotically in contact with the surface of the appeared well-mineralized, forming trabeculae between the granules, and had characteristics similar to those of cancellous bone. Bone growth in the tissue engineered filled with DBM and fibrin glue materials increased with implantation time. In summary, these DBM and fibrin glue composites exhibited interesting biological and mechanical properties for filling large bone defect. These composites may be used in total hip replacement surgery for the effective filler between patient’s bone and artificial joint

Introduction: Thorascopic techniques are an accepted and useful technique for spinal surgery. For certain clinical indications (i.e. thoracic kyphosis), an anterior spinal release followed by a posterior instrumentation may be indicated. The standard technique for a thorascopic anterior release is with the patient in the lateral decubitus position and intubated with a double lumen endotracheal tube (ETT), allowing one lung to be deflated for access to the spine. Placing a double lumen ETT and repositioning the patient before the posterior surgery both add to the duration of surgery. We report our initial experience using standard ETT ventilation, low pressure CO. 2. insufflation into the thorax to push the lung away from the operative field, and prone positioning, for thorascopic anterior spinal release, followed by posterior instrumentation. Although previously described for thoracic surgery . 1,. 2. , this technique has not been reported for spinal procedures. Methods: Five male patients, mean age 15.4yrs (13–17yrs) have undergone thorascopic anterior release and posterior instrumentation as described above. CO. 2. insufflation pressure was maintained at 6mm Hg or less. There were three cases of Scheurmanns disease and two progressive kyphosis post laminectomy for intradural tumours. Clinical, operative (including intraoperative physiological measurements) and radiological data have been collected by a retrospective chart review. Results: In all cases the anterior release was performed successfully followed by posterior instrumentation. Three portals were used in each and three to five levels released. Mean time from start of anaesthesia to completion of anterior release was 140 minutes. Intraoperative physiological measurements (EtCO. 2. , SaO. 2. , pulse, BP) remained stable in all cases during the endoscopic procedure. All patients were extubated postoperatively, spent 24 hours in ICU, and remained in hospital for a mean of 9 days (7 – 13 days). There were no significant complications. Mean kyphosis angle improved from 82 degrees preoperatively to 50 degrees postoperatively. Discussion: Our initial experience with this new technique has been encouraging. There have been concerns regarding the physiological effects of inducing a tension pneumothorax . 3. , although our results are similar to others who have found low pressure CO. 2. insufflation to be safe . 2. The prone positioning is especially suited for anterior release of a kyphotic spine as it allows the lung to fall away from the spine. Overall we feel this is a useful technique for anterior release of a kyphotic spine

INTRODUCTION: Thorascopic techniques are an accepted and useful technique for spinal surgery. For certain clinical indications (ie thoracic kyphosis), an anterior spinal release followed by a posterior instrumentation may be indicated. The standard technique for a thorascopic anterior release is with the patient in the lateral decubitus position and intubated with a double lumen endotracheal tube (ETT), allowing one lung to be deflated for access to the spine. Placing a double lumen ETT and repositioning the patient before the posterior surgery both add to the duration of surgery. We report our initial experience using standard ETT ventilation, low pressure CO. 2. insufflation into the thorax to push the lung away from the operative field, and prone positioning, for thorascopic anterior spinal release, followed by posterior instrumentation. Although previously described for thoracic surgery . 1,. 2. , this technique has not been reported for spinal procedures. METHODS: Five male patients, mean age 15.4 years (13–17 years) have undergone thorascopic anterior release and posterior instrumentation as described CO. 2. insufflation pressure was maintained at 6 above. mm Hg or less. There were three cases of Scheuermanns disease and two progressive kyphosis post laminectomy for intradural tumours. Clinical, operative (including intraoperative physiological measurements) and radiological data have been collected by a retrospective chart review. RESULTS: In all cases the anterior release was performed successfully followed by posterior instrumentation. Three portals were used in each and three to five levels released. Mean time from start of anaesthesia to completion of anterior release was 140 minutes. Intra-operative physiological measurements (EtCO. 2. , SaO. 2. , pulse, BP) remained stable in all cases during the endoscopic procedure. All patients were extubated post-operatively, spent 24 hours in ICU, and remained in hospital for a mean of nine days (7 – 13 days). There were no significant complications. Mean kyphosis angle improved from 82 degrees pre-operatively to 50 degrees postoperatively. DISCUSSION: Our initial experience with this new technique has been encouraging. There have been concerns regarding the physiological effects of inducing a tension pneumothorax. 3. , although our results are similar to others who have found low pressure CO. 2. insufflation to be safe. 2. The prone positioning is especially suited for anterior release of a kyphotic spine as it allows the lung to fall away from the spine. Overall we feel this is a useful technique for anterior release of a kyphotic spine

Aims

The first death in the UK caused by COVID-19 occurred on 5 March 2020. We aim to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of major trauma and orthopaedic patients admitted in the early COVID-19 era.

Aims

Total joint replacement (TJR) is a high-cost, high-volume procedure that impacts patients’ quality of life. Informed decisions are important for patients facing TJR. The quality of information provided by websites regarding TJR is highly variable. We aimed to measure the quality of TJR information online.

Stereotactic navigation in cranial surgery is a well-established technique, in routine clinical use since the turn of the century. The advent of computer guided stereotaxis since the early 1990’s has led to an explosion in applications for the technology in cranial surgery, with the development of new surgical techniques, minimal access and consequent claimed reduction in morbidity and mortality. Computer guidance also allows application of stereotactic techniques in spinal surgery. Early interventions have concentrated on the insertion of pedicle screws with improvement in accuracy and certainty of optimal screw placement. The use of fluoroscopic guidance allows the insertion of percutaneous pedicle screws and truly minimal access fusion techniques for the lumbar spine. More recently the development of improved registration has allowed the application of this technology to thoracic spinal surgery and to the cervical spine. Percutaneous techniques for C1/C2 arthrodesis, image guided vertebrectomy and transoral surgery, have been reported. The technology allows the development of surgical techniques designed not only for individual pathology but adapted to the anatomy of the individual patient. Disadvantages include a significant learning curve, especially for cervical spine surgery, the cost and need for registration which may be time consuming. Advantages include claimed accuracy in decompression, hardware placement, minimal access techniques and a three-dimensional solution to what is essentially a three dimensional problem. More recently non-computer based navigation systems have become available with improved hardware placement without the problems associated with computer based systems. The purpose of this paper is to review computer guided spinal surgery, present new techniques based on its application to the adult spine, discuss advantages and disadvantages of those techniques and present the results of studies on the new non-computer based navigation systems

A prospective cohort outcome evaluation of unstable thoracic spine fractures treated with posterior pedicle screw fixation. The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of placement and safety of pedicle screws in open reduction of unstable thoracic spine fractures. The surgeries were performed by one of five fellowship trained spinal surgeons. CT scans were formed on twenty-three patients totaling two hundred screws using 3mm cuts. Three independent reviewers assessed and categorized the screw position as within the pedicle or as a violation of the pedicle wall. 98% of the screws were accurate and we recommend the use of pedicle screws in thoracic fractures . A prospective cohort outcome evaluation of unstable thoracic spine fractures treated with posterior pedicle screw fixation. This study is to determine the accuracy of placement, safety of pedicle screws in open reduction of unstable thoracic spine fracture. Surgery was performed by one of five fellowship trained spine surgeons. CT scans were performed on twenty-three patients using 3mm cuts in both sagittal and transverse planes. Pedicle screw position was assessed by three independent reviewers. Screw position was categorized as within the wall of the pedicle or in violation of the wall. Further sub-classification of pedicle wall violation reviewed the direction and distance of perforation. Independent perioperative and postoperative surveillance for complications was done. Twenty-three unstable thoracic spine fractures treated with two hundred posterior pedicle screws were analyzed. The pedicle screws spanned from T1-T12 with the majority of screws in the mid-thoracic region. Of the two hundred thoracic pedicle screws placed, 70% were fully contained within the pedicle wall. The remaining screws were deemed “out” with cortical perforation (30%). Of these, 20% were lateral perforations, 5% were medial perforations and 5% were anterolateral perforations. No superior, inferior, or anteromedial perforations were found. There was no regional area variation in incidence of perforations. 10% of all perforations were directly related to pedicle diameter to screw diameter mismatch. There were no adverse neurological, vascular, or visceral injuries detected intraoperatively or postoperatively. Surgical management of unstable thoracic spine fractures with posterior pedicle screw fixation is safe. 98% of screws had satisfactory accuracy. Although very minor misplacement of pedicle screws occurred, there were no complications and we recommend the use of pedicle screws in thoracic fractures