Objectives. To assess the effectiveness of a modified tibial tubercle osteotomy as a treatment for arthroscopically diagnosed chondromalacia patellae. Methods. A total of 47 consecutive patients (51 knees) with arthroscopically proven chondromalacia, who had failed conservative management, underwent a modified Fulkerson tibial tubercle osteotomy. The mean age was 34.4 years (19.6 to 52.2). Pre-operatively, none of the patients exhibited signs of patellar maltracking or instability in association with their anterior knee pain. The minimum follow-up for the study was five years (mean 72.6 months (62 to 118)), with only one patient lost to follow-up. Results. A total of 50 knees were reviewed. At final follow-up, the Kujala knee score improved from 39.2 (12 to 63) pre-operatively to 57.7 (16 to 89) post-operatively (p < 0.001). The visual analogue pain score improved from 7.8 (4 to 10) pre-operatively to 5.0 (0 to 10) post-operatively. Overall patient satisfaction with good or excellent results was 72%. Patients with the lowest pre-operative Kujala score benefitted the most. Older patients benefited less than younger ones. The outcome was independent of the grade of chondromalacia. Six patients required screw removal. There were no major complications. Conclusions. We conclude that this modification of the Fulkerson procedure is a safe and useful operation to treat anterior knee pain in well aligned patellofemoral joints due to chondromalacia patellae in adults, when conservative measures have failed

The purpose of this prospective and randomized study was to objectively evaluate isokinetic strength, clinical, and radiographical outcome in bilateral TKA using the same prosthesis with and without patella resurfacing.

Bilateral TKA, one with, one without patella resurfacing was performed in 22 osteoarthritic patients, mean age was 68 years using the Low-Contact-Stress prosthesis. Minimum Follow-up was one year. Evaluation included clinical investigation, specific patella scores, radiographic analysis and isokinetic strength measurement of both knee flexion and extension at 60 degrees per second (Biodex). surement at 60 degrees per second (Biodex).

There was no significant clinical score difference, but mean isokinetic strength of knee extension was significantly (p< .0001) stronger in the non-resurfaced patella TKA (40.5 Nm) compared with the resurfaced TKA (38,5 Nm). Flexion was also significantly stronger in the patella non-resurfaced group with 22.4 Nm versus 19.5 Nm in the resurfaced group. Mean lateral deviation was significantly (p< .001) less ideal in the resurfaced group as was postoperative patellofemoral congruent contact (p< .001). However, there was no correlation between lateral patella deviation or congruent contact and iso-kinetic strength.

The results of this study indicate that mean isokinetic strength of both knee flexion and extension was significantly stronger in the non-resurfaced patella TKA. This study provides encouraging data for patella non-resurfacing. However, clinical scores or patient’s preference did not show any difference.

Lateralisation of the tuberosity tibia causes distal malalignment of the extensor mechanism of the knee and can lead to lateral tracking patella (LTP), resulting in anterior knee pain, or objective patellar instability (OPI), resulting in recurrent luxations. For a precise preoperative diagnosis the tuberositas tibia (TT) trochlear groove (TG) distance was measured on a CT scan. A distance of more than 15 mm was considered to be pathological.

In a prospective study, the clinical results of a subtle, CT-guided medial tuberosity transfer for LTP and OPI were evaluated. 30 Consecutive patients with LTP and 30 patients with OPI and an increased TT TG were included. Outcomes were documented at 3, 12 and 24 months follow-up using the Lysholm scale, the Kujala score, and a visual analogue pain score. Postoperatively all but one patient reported good improvement in stability (no persistent subluxations or luxations). All patients had a marked improvement in pain and functional scores at follow up. Complications seem to be related to the peroperative technique. CT-guided TT transfer appears to be satisfactory and safe method for treating patients with an increased TT TG leading to either LTP or OPI.

Abstract. Objectives. The aim of this study was to develop an in vitro GAG-depleted patella model and assess the biomechanical effects following treatment with a SAP:CS self-assembling hydrogel. Methods. Porcine patellae (4–6 month old) were harvested and subject to 0.1% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) washes to remove GAGs from the cartilage. Patellae were GAG depleted and then treated by injection with SAP (∼ 6 mM) and CS (10 mg) in Ringer's solution through a 30G needle. Native, GAG depleted and SAP:CS treated patellae were tested through static indentation testing, using 15g load, 5mm indenter over 1hr period. The degree of deformation of each group was assessed and compared (Mann-Whitney, p<0.05). Native, GAG depleted, sham (saline only) and SAP:CS treated paired patellae and femurs were additionally characterized tribologically through sequential wear testing when undergoing a walking gait profile (n=6 per group). The cartilage surfaces were assessed and compared (Mann-Whitney, p<0.05) using the ICRS scoring system, surface damage was illustrated through the application of Indian ink. Results. Static indentation tests indicated significant increase in indentation deformation of GAG depleted group compared to native group (n=6, p<0.01) and significant reduction in deformation of SAP:CS treated group compared to GAG depleted group (n=6, p<0.05). Sequential wear tests indicated a significant increase in the cartilage damage on the both surfaces of the patellofemoral joint in the GAG depleted group, compared to the native group (n=6, p<0.001), Following SAP:CS treatment, significant protection from damage was observed on femoral surface (n=6, p<0.005), with some non-significant reduction in damage on the patella surface. Sham injections showed no significant increase in damage compared to the native and treated samples. Conclusions. The ∼50% reduction of GAGs represented a moderate osteoarthritic patella cartilage model. This same loss transferred to the dynamic wear tests with significant changes in the damage on the femoral counter face associated with the GAG loss. SAP:CS treatment showed promise in restoring cartilage stiffness to treat Chondromalacia patella in static indentation tests. Sequential wear tests showed that the SAP:CS treatment protects the cartilage layer of both surfaces in the patellofemoral joint from damage in an extreme degeneration model. The sham injections showed that injecting cartilage with a 30G and saline does not cause any significant damage to the cartilage layer. Declaration of Interest. (a) fully declare any financial or other potential conflict of interest

Introduction. Patella implant research is often overlooked despite its importance as the third compartment in a total knee replacement. Wear and fracture of resurfaced patellae can lead to implant failure and revision surgeries. New simulation techniques have been developed to analyze the performance of patella designs as they interact with the trochlear groove in total knee components, and clinical validation is sought to ensure that these simulations are appropriate. The objective of this work was to subject several patellar designs to patient-derived deep knee bend (DKB) inputs on a 6 degree of freedom (DOF) simulator and compare the resultant wear scars to clinical retrievals. Materials and Methods. Previously reported DKB profiles were developed based on in vivo patellofemoral data and include a wide range of patient variability. The profiles chosen for this body of work were based on the stress in the patellar lateral facet; maximizing this stress whilst maintaining the ability to run the profile stably on the simulator. Load/kinematic profiles were run on three patellar designs (n=3 per group) for 220,000 cycles at 0.8Hz on an AMTI VIVO joint simulator. A comparison cohort of clinically retrieved devices of the same design was identified in an IRB-approved database. Exclusion criteria included gross delamination, cracking secondary to oxidation, and surgeon-reported evidence of malalignment leading to mal-tracking. 29 Patellae were included for analysis: PFC. ®. All Poly (n=14), ATTUNE. ®. Anatomic (n=6), and ATTUNE. ®. Medialized Dome (n=9). Mean in vivo duration was 70.1 months. Patellae were analyzed under optical microscope in large-depth-of-field mode to map the surface damage profile. Burnishing ‘heat-maps’ were generated for retrievals and simulated patellae by normalizing the patellar size and overlaying silhouettes from each component of the same type using a custom-developed MatLAB code. Results. Burnishing heat-map comparisons between retrievals and simulator specimens for each of the three designs were compared. Retrievals show more variation than simulator devices, however the general loci and relative area of burnished regions is closely aligned for each of the three designs. The retrieved and simulated burnishing scar heat-maps on all-poly PFC. ®. patellae are centered medio-laterally with a wider profile on the lateral aspect. The burnishing marks are continuous. A similar observation may be made of the ATTUNE. ®. medialized dome, retrievals and simulator specimens, though the contact areas appear to be more concentrated away from the apex. The anatomic patellae show two primary regions of contact, and minimal burnishing at the apex. The simulator specimens likewise show two principal regions of contact. Discussion. Wear scar analysis shows that joint simulation on AMTI VIVO yields clinically relevant wear patterns across a variety of device types. Clinically relevant damage provides insight that load and motion inputs to the simulator deliver results that may be used to interpret in vivo performance or analyze future designs and/or materials. This qualitative surface contact analysis will help to inform future quantitative mass loss and fatigue failure studies. For any figures or tables, please contact authors directly

Abstract. Introduction. Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the lead causes of pain and disability in adults. Bone marrow lesions (BMLs) are one feature of subchondral bone involvement in OA. MRI images suggest changes in tissue content and properties in the affected regions however, it is not known if this alters the mechanical behavior of the bone, which could in turn affect OA progression. The aim of this study was to characterize the mechanical properties of BMLs, using a combined experimental and computational approach. Methods. Six human cadaveric patellae from donors aged 56–76 were used in this study; all exhibited BML regions under MRI. Bone plugs were taken from non-BML (n = 6) and BML (n = 7) regions within the patellae, with guidance from the MRI. The plugs were imaged at 82µm resolution using micro computed tomography (µCT) and tested under uniaxial compression. Finite element (FE) models were created for each plug from the µCT scans and morphological properties such as bone volume fraction (BV/TV) were also determined. The relationship between bone volume fraction and apparent modulus was investigated for both sample groups. Results. The BV/TV range was similar for the BML and non-BML groups (0.25–0.46 and 0.18–0.44) From the experimental tests, a moderate positive correlation was found between BV/TV and apparent modulus in the no BML group (r= 0.57) while no correlation was found in the BML group (r = −0.02). From the FE results, a different relationship between BV/TV and element elastic modulus was found for the BML and non-BML groups. Conclusions. The results of this study show that in regions of bone containing BMLs, bone volume fraction does not predict overall apparent modulus and has different relationship to local modulus, suggesting the BML associated tissue structural changes affect mechanical behavior. Funders: EPSRC

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease that affects both bone and cartilage. Typically, this disease leads to cartilage degradation and subchondral bone sclerosis but the link between the two is unknown. Also, while OA was traditionally thought of as non-inflammatory condition, it now seems that low levels of inflammation may be involved in the link between these responses. This is particularly relevant in the case of Post-Traumatic OA (PTOA), where an initial phase of synovial inflammation occurs after injury. The inflammatory mediator interleukin 1 beta (IL-1B) is central to this response and contributes to cartilage degradation. However, whether there is a secondary effect of this mediator on subchondral bone, via bone-cartilage crosstalk, is not known. To address this question, we developed a novel patellar explant model, to study bone cartilage crosstalk which may be more suitable than commonly used femoral head explants. The specific aim of this study was to validate this novel patellar explant model by using IL-1B to stimulate the inflammatory response after joint injury and the subsequent development of PTOA. Female Sprague Dawley rats (n=48) were used to obtain patellar explants, under an institutional ethical approval license. Patellae were maintained in high glucose media, under sterile culture conditions, with or without IL-1B (10ng/ml), for 7 days. Contralateral patellae served as controls. One group (n= 12) of patellae were assessed for active metabolism, using two both Live and Dead (L/D) staining and an Alamar Blue assay (AB). A second group (n=12) was used for tissue specific biochemical assays for both bone (Alkaline Phosphatase) and cartilage (sulfated proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan (sGaG)). Finally, a third group (n=28) of explants were used for histologically analysis. Samples were decalcified, embedded in paraffin and sectioned to 7µm thickness, and then stained using H&E; and Safranin O with fast green. Additionally, toluidine blue and alkaline phosphatase staining were also performed. Our results demonstrate that our system can maintain good explant viability for at least 7 days, but that IL-1B reduces cell viability in patellar cartilage, as measured by both L/D and AB assays after 0, 2, 4 and 7 days in culture. In contrast, sGaG content in cartilage were increased by this treatment. Additionally, ALP, a marker of osteoblastic activity, was increased in IL-1B treated group 4 and 7 days, but was also showed some increase in control groups. Histological analyses showed that IL-1B treatment resulted in reduced proteoglycan staining, demonstrating the powerful effect of this factor in injury response over time. Thus, we conclude that IL-1B affects both bone and cartilage tissues independently in this system, which may have relevance in understanding bone-cartilage crosstalk after injury and how this is involved in PTOA development

Introduction. Experimental wear simulation of an all-polymer knee implant has shown an equivalent rate of wear of UHMWPE tibial components against PEEK-OPTIMA™ and cobalt chrome femoral components of a similar initial geometry and surface topography. However, when the patella is resurfaced with an UHMWPE patella button, it is important to also ascertain the wear of the patella. Wear debris from the patella contributes to the total volume of wear debris produced by the implant which should be minimised to reduce the potential for osteolysis and subsequent implant loosening. The aim of this study was to investigate the wear of the patellofemoral joint in an all-polymer knee implant. The wear of UHMWPE patellae articulating against PEEK-OPTIMA™ femoral components was compared to UHMWPE articulating against cobalt chrome femoral components. Materials and Methods. Six mid-size (size C) PEEK-OPTIMA™ femoral components (Invibio Knee Ltd., UK) and six cobalt chrome femoral components of similar initial surface topography and geometry were coupled with 28mm all-polyethylene GUR1020 patellae (conventional, EO sterile) (Maxx Orthopaedics, USA). The implants were set up in a ProSim 6 station electromechanical knee simulator (Simulation Solutions, UK) which was modified for testing the patellofemoral joint. 3 million cycles (MC) of wear simulation was carried out under kinematics aiming to replicate a gait cycle adapted for an electromechanical simulator from previous work by Maiti et al. The simulator used has six degrees of freedom of which four were controlled; axial force up to 1200N, flexion/extension 22°, superior-inferior (SI) displacement (22mm) and Abduction-adduction (AA) (4°). The SI and AA were displacement controlled and driven through the patella. The medial-lateral displacement and tilt (internal/external rotation) of the patella were passive so the patella button was free to track the trochlear groove. The lubricant used was 25% bovine serum supplemented with 0.03% sodium azide to retard bacterial growth. The wear of patellae was determined gravimetrically with unloaded soak controls used to compensate for the uptake of moisture by the UHMWPE. The mean wear rate ± 95% confidence limits were calculated and statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA with significance taken at p<0.05. Results. The mean wear rates of the UHMWPE patellae were 0.26±0.21 mm. 3. /MC and 0.35±0.17 mm. 3. /MC against PEEK-OPTIMA™ and cobalt chrome femoral components respectively. There was no significant difference in wear rate against the different femoral component materials (P=0.38). Against both femoral component materials, a ‘bow tie’ shaped wear scar was evident on the patellae typical of that seen in retrieval studies and reported in previous experimental wear simulation of the patellofemoral joint. Conclusion. The wear rate of the UHMWPE patellae was low against both PEEK-OPTIMA™ and cobalt chrome femoral components and comparable to previous work by Vanbiervliet et al. This study further shows that in terms of its wear performance, PEEK-OPTIMA™ has promise as an alternative bearing material to cobalt chrome in the femoral component of total knee replacements

Abstract. Background. Accurate analysis of the patellar resurfacing is essential to better understand the etiology of patella-femoral problems and dissatisfaction following total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In the current published literature patellar resurfacing is analysed using 2D radiographs. With use of radiographs there is potential for error due to differences in limb positioning, projection, anatomic variability and difficulties in appreciating the cement-bone interface. So, we have developed a CT Scan based 3D modelled technique for accurate evaluation of patellar resurfacing. Methods. This technique for analyses of patellar resurfacing is based on the pre-operative and pos-operative CT Scan data of the patients who underwent TKA with patellar resurfacing. In the first step, accurately landmarked 3D models of pre-op patellae were created from pre-operative CT Scan data in ScanIP software. This model was imported in Geomagic design software and computational model of post-op patella was created. This was further analysed to determine the inclination of the patellar resection plane, patellar button positioning and articular volumetric restoration of the patella. Reliability and reproducibility of the technique was tested by comparing 3 sets of 10 measurements done by 2 independent investigators on 30 computational models of patellae derived from the data of randomly chosen 30 TKA patients. Results. The developed technique for analyses of patellar resurfacing is reliable and reproducible. The intraclass correlation co-efficient was >0.90 for the 10 measurements performed by two investigators. Conclusions. This technique can be used by surgeons and engineers for accurate analysis of the patellar resurfacing especially in patients with persistent patello-femoral problems after TKA. Declaration of Interest. (a) fully declare any financial or other potential conflict of interest

Introduction and Objective. Traditionally, osteoarthritis (OA) has been associated mostly with degradation of cartilage only. More recently, it has been established that other joint tissues, in particular bone, are also centrally involved. However, the link between these two tissues remains unclear. This relationship is particularly evident in post-traumatic OA (PTOA), where bone marrow lesions (BMLs), as well as fluctuating levels of inflammation, are present long before cartilage degradation begins. The process of bone-cartilage crosstalk has been challenging to study due to its multi-tissue complexity. Thus, the use of explant model systems have been crucial in advancing our knowledge. Thus, we developed a novel patellar explant model, to study bone cartilage crosstalk, in particular related to subchondral bone damage, as an alternative to traditional femoral head explants or cylindrical core specimens. The commonly used osteochondral explant models are limited, for our application, since they involve bone damage during harvest. The specifics aim of this study was to validate this novel patellar explant model by using IL-1B to stimulate the inflammatory response and mechanical stimulation to determine the subsequent developments of PTOA. Materials and Methods. Lewis rats (n=48) were used to obtain patellar and femoral head explants which were harvested under an institutional ethical approval license. Explants were maintained in high glucose media (containing supplements), under sterile culture conditions. Initially, we characterised undamaged patellar explants and compared them with the commonly used femoral head. First, tissue viability was assessed using an assay of metabolic activity and cell damage. Second, we created chemical and mechanical damage in the form of IL-1B treatment, and mechanical stimulation, to replicate damage. Standard biochemical assays, histological assays and microstructural assays were used to evaluate responses. For chemical damage, explants were exposed to 10ng/ml of IL-1B for 24 hours at 0, 1, 3 and 7 days after harvesting. For mechanical damage, tissues were exposed to mechanical compression at 0.5 Hz, 10 % strain for 10 cycles, for 7 days. Contralateral patellae served as controls. In both groups, sGAG, ADAMTS4, and MMP-13 were measured as an assessment of representative cartilage responses while ALP, TRAP and CTSK were assessed as a representative of bone responses. In addition to this, histomorphometric, and immunohistochemical, evaluations of each explant system were also carried out. Results. Our results confirm that the patellar explant system is an excellent ex vivo model system to study bone-cartilage crosstalk, and one which does not induce any bone damage at the time of tissue harvest. We successfully established culture conditions to maintain viability in these explants for up to 28 days. Rat IL-1B treatment resulted in increased both proteoglycan content and bone metabolism markers after 7 days when compared with the controls. To confirm this finding, qualitative immunohistochemical staining showed chondrocytes increased expression of MMP13 after treatment with IL-1B. Furthermore, we observed that the levels of ADAMTS4 decreased in 48 hours after IL-1B exposure. Contrastingly IL-1B treatment had the opposite effect on CTSK markers when compared with the control. Mechanically compressed patellae showed a decrease in compressive moduli from day 3 to day 7, suggesting that tissue remodelling may have taken place as a compensatory mechanism in response to damage. In addition, MMP13 release decreased over 48 hours after mechanical compression, while TRAP levels were increased compared with the control. Conclusions. Thus, we successfully demonstrated that IL-1B and mechanical stimulation affects both bone and cartilage tissues independently in this system, which may have relevance in the understanding of bone-cartilage crosstalk after injury and how this is involved in PTOA development

Introduction. The trochlea of a typical patellofemoral replacement or anterior flange of a total knee replacement usually extends past the natural trochlea and continues onto the femoral anterior cortex. One reason for this is that it allows a simple patella button to be permanently engaged in the trochlea groove in an attempt to ensure stability. On the natural patella, the apex helps to guide it into the trochlea groove as the knee moves from full extension into flexion. The aim is to study whether a generalised patella can be created that is close in form to a healthy patella. Method. MRI scans were taken of 30 patellae. Characteristics of these patellae (height, width, thickness, apex angle) were measured. The apex angle was found to be similar between patellae (mean=126 degrees, sd = 8.8), as were the ratios between height and width (mean width/height = 1.05, sd = 0.07) and between thickness and width (mean width/thickness = 1.8, sd = 0.19). These patellae were then segmented to create a surface including cartilage, resulting in 30 STL (stereolithography) files in which the surfaces are represented by triangle meshes. To design the average patella the individual patellae were aligned to a standard frame of reference by placing a set of landmarks on the proximal/distal, medial/lateral and anterior/posterior extents of each (fig.1). The vertical axis was defined as passing parallel to the proximal/distal points and the horizontal as passing parallel to the medial/lateral points when looking along the computed vertical axis. The origin centre of the frame of reference was chosen to be mid-way between these points. The mean width was then computed and each patella scaled linearly around the origin to give them all equal width. All the aligned patellae were then averaged together to provide a composite cartilaginous patella. The averaging process was achieved by taking one patella as a seed. The patella chosen for seed was that whose parameters were closest to the average width, height and thickness. An approximately normal vector was passed a point ‘P’ on the seeds, and the points at which these intersected the other models were then determined. The closest intersection point to ‘P’ on each model was chosen and these averaged together. ‘P’ is then replaced in the model with this average point. The averaging process then continues with all the remaining points on the seed model in the same manner to build the average models. Results and Discussion. The mean patella was compared with individual patellae. This comparison was performed by taking each point on the mean patella and finding the closest point on individual patellae - a colour coded map of differences was obtained (fig.2) along with a mean of the absolute difference for each patella. The absolute mean difference ranged from 0.56mm to 1.33mm, averaging at 0.85mm. This shows a reasonable fit between the average patella and each individual example, raising the possibility of using the average shape in future research to develop anatomical patellofemoral replacements and for planning patella resurfacing

Joint registries suggest a downward trend in the use of uncemented Total Knee Replacements (TKR) since 2003, largely related to reports of early failures of uncemented tibial and patella components. Advancements in uncemented design such as trabecular metal may improve outcomes, but there is a scarcity of high-quality data from randomised trials. 319 patients <75 years of age were randomised to either cemented or uncemented TKR implanted using computer navigation. Patellae were resurfaced in all patients. Patient outcome scores, re-operations and radiographic analysis of radiolucent lines were compared. Two year follow up was available for 287 patients (144 cemented vs 143 uncemented). There was no difference in operative time between groups, 73.7 v 71.1 mins (p= 0.08). There were no statistical differences in outcome scores at 2 years, Oxford knee score 42.5 vs 41.8 (p=0.35), International Knee Society 84.6 vs 84.0 (p=0.76), Forgotten Joint Score 66.7 vs 66.4 (p=0.91). There were two revisions, both for infection one in each group (0.33%). 13 cemented and 8 uncemented knees underwent re-operation, the majority of these being manipulation under anaesthetic (85.7%), with no difference (8.3% vs 5.3%, 95% CI -2.81% to 8.89%, p = 0.31). No difference was found in radiographic analysis at 2 years, 1 lucent line was seen in the cemented group and 3 in the uncemented group (0.67% v 2.09%, 95%CI -4.1% to 1.24%, p = 0.29). We found no difference in clinical or radiographic outcomes between cemented and uncemented TKR including routine patella resurfacing at two years. Early results suggest there is no difference between cemented and uncemented TKR at 2 years with reference to survivorship, patient outcomes and radiological parameters

Introduction. The metal-backed patella was originally designed to address shortcomings found with cemented, all-polyethylene patellae. However, complications relating to an all-polyethylene patella were reported to account for up to half of all knee revisions. At the same time, good fixation with bone ingrowth was observed in both titanium and cobalt chromium porous-coated patellae. The advantages provided by using a metal-backed patella, such as uniform load sharing, decreased polyethylene deformation, and potential for biological fixation, may be unjustly outweighed by the fear of patellar component failure; high rates of failure have not been inherent to all metal-backed patella designs. Over the past decade, we have used a metal-backed patella design with excellent results that may be due largely to the design features of the component. Also, we believe there are certain selection criteria that should be strictly adhered to when implanting metal-backed patellae. Correct selection criteria and improved component design strongly indicate the use of press-fit metal-backed patellae. Methods. This single-center study was designed to conduct clinical and independent radiographic review of primary metal-backed, press-fit patella patients with a minimum five-year follow-up. Potential patients were recruited from a group of existing metal-backed patella patients within the principal investigator's medical practice. All patients recruited for this study were required to have undergone primary knee replacement surgery at least five years prior to clinical and radiographic evaluation. Patients were included if they had a diagnosis of noninflammatory degenerative joint disease. Patients with a BMI >40 were excluded from this study. Radiographic analysis was conducted by an independent reviewer according to the current Knee Society Total Knee Arthroplasty Roentgenographic Evaluation and Scoring System. Any radiographs that the reviewer deemed questionable were shown to a second independent orthopaedic surgeon for review, comment, and validation of observations. Kaplan-Meier survivorship was determined for all metal-backed patellae. For survival analysis, only knees with radiographic data were included (74 knees). KSS, WOMAC, and SF-36 scores were calculated also. Results. Seventy-four patients (88 knees) were enrolled in the study, 31 women (41.2%) and 43 men (58.1%). At the time of surgery, the average age was 59.7 years (range, 40–86 years), and the average BMI was 30.6 (range, 19.1–39.6). The breakdown of patients who completed the study and those who were lost to follow-up is shown in Table 1. One metal-backed patella was revised at 49 months for loosening at the bone/implant interface. Survivorship of the metal-backed patellae at minimum five-year follow-up was estimated to be 93.95% with bounds of 73.61% and 98.74%. No radiolucencies greater than 1 mm were observed in any radiographs (Fig. 1), with the exception of the one revision case. Conclusion. Our experience with this metal-backed patella design has been excellent. Failure does not occur due to dissociation of the plastic. As the porous coating is almost under constant compression, biological fixation is assured in most instances, as confirmed by our minimum five-year radiological results. Improved component design and adherence to the correct patient selection criteria absolutely indicate the use of press-fit metal-backed patellae

Total knee replacements are being more commonly performed in active younger and obese patients. Fifteen-year survivorship studies demonstrate that cemented total knee replacements have excellent survivorship, with reports of 85 to 97%. Cemented knee arthroplasties are doomed to failure due to loss of cement-bone interlock over time. Inferior survivorship occurs in younger patients and obese patients who would be expected to place increased stress on the bone-cement interfaces. Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA) studies have indicated that cementless fixation should perform better than cemented fixation. However, cementless fixation for total knee replacement has not gained widespread utilization due to the plethora of poor results reported in early series. The poor initial results with cementless total knee replacement have occurred due to poor implant designs such as cobalt chrome porous interfaces, poor initial tibial component stability, lack of continuous porous coating, poor polyethylene, and use of metal-backed patellae. I have used cementless fixation for total knee replacements for young, active, and heavy patients since 1986 when durability over 20 years is desirable. My series of over 1,300 cementless TKAs represents about 20% of the 6,500 total knees I have performed from 1986 to 2017. I have seen initial failures in my series due to the use of metal-backed patellae with thin polyethylene, older generation polyethylene, and use of screws with the tibial components which provide access to the metaphyseal bone for polyethylene wear debris. Overall implant fixation failures were still significantly low due to the use of a highly porous titanium surface on both the tibial and femoral components. With the advent of utilizing implants with continuous porous surfaces and highly crosslinked polyethylene, and elimination of use of metal-backed patellae and tibial screws, I have only had one revision due to aseptic loosening or osteolysis in the last 1,071 cases performed since 2002. Almost 50% of total knees are now performed on patients under the age of 65. A 55-year-old patient has a 30 year life expectancy. Modern total knee replacement design has made biological fixation predictable for young and heavy patients. Because it is a biological interface, it should respond better than cement to the increased stresses that will be applied over many years by our younger, more active and heavier total knee population

Total knee replacements (TKRs) are being more commonly performed in active younger and obese patients. Fifteen year survivorship studies demonstrate that cemented total knee replacements have excellent survivorship, with reports of 85% to 97%. However, inferior survivorship occurs in younger patients and obese patients who would be expected to place increased stress on the bone cement interfaces. Cementless fixation for total knee replacement has not gained widespread utilization due to the plethora of poor results reported in early series. These poor results do not reflect that cementless fixation is not obtainable, since an almost universal acceptance of cementless fixation for total hip replacement has shown. A Cochrane database study of total knees with roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA) demonstrated that the risk of future aseptic loosening should be 50% less with cementless fixation. The poor initial results with cementless total knee replacement have occurred due to poor implant designs such as cobalt chrome porous interfaces, poor initial tibial component fixation, lack of continuous porous coating, poor polyethylene, and use of metal-backed patellae. I have used cementless fixation for total knee replacements for young, active, and heavy patients since 1986 when durability over 20 years is desirable. My series of over 1,000 cementless TKRs represents about 20% of the total knees I have performed from 1986 to 2015. I have seen failures in my series due to the initial use of metal-backed patellae with thin polyethylene and use of screws and femoral and tibial components which provide access to the metaphyseal bone for polyethylene wear debris. Overall failures were still significantly low due to the use of highly porous titanium surfaces on the tibial and femoral components. Isolated aseptic loosening only occurred on one tibial component in my entire series. With the advent of utilizing implants with continuous porous surfaces and highly cross-linked polyethylene, and elimination of use of metal-backed patellae and tibial screws, I have only had one revision due to aseptic loosening or osteolysis in the last 760 cases performed since 2002. Almost 50% of total knees are now performed on patients under the age of 65. A 55-year-old patient has a 30-year life expectancy. Modern total knee replacement design has made biological fixation predictable for young and heavy patients. Because it is a biological interface, it should respond better than cement to the increased stresses that will be applied over many years by our younger, more active and heavier total knee population

Patients ≤ 55 years have a high primary TKA revision rate compared to patients >55 years. Guided motion knee devices are commonly used in younger patients yet outcomes remain unknown. In this sub-group analysis of a large multicenter study, 254 TKAs with a second-generation guided motion knee implant were performed between 2011–2017 in 202 patients ≤ 55 years at seven US and three European sites. Revision rates were compared with Australian Joint Registry (AOANJRR) 2017 data. Average age 49.7 (range 18–54); 56.4% females; average BMI 34 kg/m2; 67.1% obese; patellae resurfaced in 98.4%. Average follow-up 4.2 years; longest follow-up six years; 27.5% followed-up for ≥ five years. Of eight revisions: total revision (one), tibial plate replacements (three), tibial insert exchanges (four). One tibial plate revision re-revised to total revision. Revision indications were mechanical loosening (n=2), infection (n=3), peri-prosthetic fracture (n=1), and instability (n=2). The Kaplan-Meier revision estimate was 3.4% (95% C.I. 1.7% to 6.7%) at five years compared to AOANJRR rate of 6.9%. There was no differential risk by sex. The revision rate of the second-generation guided motion knee system is lower in younger patients compared to registry controls

A high proportion of complications following TKR occur at the patellofemoral articulation secondary to delami-nation and adhesive/abrasive wear. Electron beam cross-linking and melting has been shown to substantially reduce delamination and adhesive/abrasive wear in polyethylene tibial inserts. A series of in-vitro patella wear and fatigue tests were developed to explore the benefits of this material at the patellofemoral articulation. Patellae (NKII, Sulzer Orthopedics, Inc., Austin, TX) were tested on an AMTI (Watertown, MA) knee simulator articulating against the trochlear grove of the femoral component. The simulator controlled flexion/ extension and patellofemoral contact force. Each test included patellae manufactured from conventional and electron beam crosslinked and melted polyethylene. Three different simulations were created: i) normal gait (5 million cycles) with optimal component alignment, ii) stair climbing (2 million cycles) with optimal component alignment, iii) stair climbing (2 million cycles) with 4° of femoral component internal rotation to simulate a component malalignment condition. In the last two simulations all patellae were artificially aged for 35 days in 80°C air to simulate one aspect of the long term oxidative state of each material. In normal gait, the unaged conventional and highly cross-linked materials demonstrated similar behaviour. In stair climbing with optimal component alignment, the aged conventional patellae developed cracks by 2 million cycles. In stair climbing with component malalign-ment the aged conventional patellae developed cracks and delamination by 1 million cycles. None of the highly cross-linked components showed cracks or delamination. These results demonstrate the potential advantage of highly cross-linked polyethylene for the patella

Resurfacing the patella is performed the majority of the time in the United States and in many regions it is considered standard practice. In many countries, however, the patella is left un-resurfaced an equal amount of the time or even rarely ever resurfaced. Patella resurfacing is not a simple or benign procedure. There are numerous negative sequelae of resurfacing including loosening, fragmentation, avascular necrosis, lateral facet pain, stress fracture, acute fracture, late fracture, and restricted motion. In a study by Berend, Ritter, et al, failures of the patella component were reported 4.2% of the time at an average of only 2.6 years. A study was undertaken at Washington University in recent years to determine rather more clinical problems were observed following total knee replacement with or without patella resurfacing. Records were maintained on all problem total knees cases with well localised anterior knee pain. The referral area for this clinic is St. Louis which is among the largest American cities, with the highest percentage of total knees that are performed without patella resurfacing. During 4 years of referrals of total knee patients with anterior knee pain, 47 cases were identified of which 36 had a resurfaced patella and 11 had a non-resurfaced patella. Eight of 36 resurfaced patellae underwent surgery while only 2 of 11 non-resurfaced patellae underwent subsequent surgery. More than 3 times as many painful total knees that were referred for evaluation had already had their patella resurfaced. In spite of the fact that approximately equal number of total knees were performed in this area without patella resurfacing, far more patients presented to clinic with painful total knee in which the patella had been resurfaced. The numerous pathologies requiring a treatment following patella resurfacing included patella loosening, fragmentation of the patella, avascular necrosis patella, late stress fracture, lateral facet pain, oblique resurfacing, and too thick of a patellar composite. In a large multi-center randomised clinical trial at 5 years from the United Kingdom in over 1700 knees from 34 centers and 116 surgeons, there was no difference in the Oxford Score, SF-12, EQ-5D, or need for further surgery or complications. The authors concluded, “We see no difference in any score, if there is a difference, it is too small to be of any clinical significance”. In a prospective of randomised clinical trial performed at Tulane University over 20 years ago, no differences were observed in knee score, a functional patella questionnaire, or the incidence of anterior knee pain between resurfaced and un-resurfaced patellae at time intervals of 2–4 years, 5–7 years, or greater than 10 years. Beyond 10 years the knee scores of total knee patients with a resurfaced patella had declined significantly greater than those with a non-resurfaced patella. There are numerous advantages of not resurfacing the patella including less surgical time, less expense, a lower risk of “major” complications (especially late complications), and if symptoms develop in an un-resurfaced patella, it is an easier salvage situation with more options available. A small percentage of total knee patients will be symptomatic whether or not their patella is resurfaced. Not resurfacing the patella retains more options and has fewer complications. The major determinant of clinical result and the presence of anterior knee pain after knee replacement is surgical technique and component design not whether or not the patella is resurfaced. Patella resurfacing is occasionally necessary for patients with inflammatory arthritis, a deformed or maltracking patella, or symptoms and pathology that are virtually restricted to the patellofemoral joint. For the vast majority of patients, however, patella resurfacing is not necessary

Introduction: Patellar complications after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remain a common reason for failure. Fully congruent patellar components, with larger contact areas and a polyethylene articular surface that is free to rotate in the frontal plane (LCS design), were designed to accommodate patellar mechanics and decrease wear. However, it remains to be determined whether the perceived advantages of a mobile-bearing, fully congruent patella design are realized in-vivo. The purpose of this study is correlate wear patterns on congruent mobile-bearing patellar components with patellar mechanics that existed after TKA. Methods: Uncemented metal-backed patellar components were retrieved at revision surgery from 26 knees with meniscal bearing (23 knees) and rotating platform (3 knees) LCS mobile bearing prostheses (DePuy Orthopaedics). Mean patient age and time in-situ was 75+11 years and 11+4 years, respectively. Revision reasons included bearing wear (11), patella wear (7), instability (2), pain (3), loosening (1), osteolysis (1), and unknown (1). Polyethylene damage was assessed using optical microscopy. Articular wear area was measured using digital image analysis and the % area, location and incidence of each damage mode was calculated. Results: The average damage area on the retrieved patella occupied 69%+15% of the surface. Burnishing, delamination and scratching modes occupied the largest areas. Delamination was noted on 58% of the retrieved patellae, predominantly located in the superior-medial quadrant. Nine (35%) patellae were fractured, with the fracture plane typically oriented in the medial-lateral direction or along the lateral edge. Twently one (81%) patellae had subsurface cracks oriented along the superior-inferior axis on the extreme lateral edge and along the medial-lateral axis. None of the patellae had embedded third body debris, but the embedded superior metal pin was exposed due to extreme damage in 4 patellas. The original femoral and tibial components were left in-situ in all knees at the time of revision, such that only the polyethylene tibial and patellar articulations were exchanged. Discussion: Despite severe wear of the components, there was only a 5% incidence of osteolysis noted intra-operatively. Cyclic compressive and tensile forces during knee flexion likely caused initiation and propagation of cracks resulting in patellar bearing fracture. The delami-nation patterns on the retrieved patellae are consistent with bearing rotation into an incongruent bearing position during knee flexion, with presumably high contact stresses occurring in the delaminated superior-medial quadrant. Fully congruent mobile-bearing patella components must maintain mobility between the articular surface and metal back so that areas of incongruent contact, and associated high contact stresses and delamination, do not occur during in-vivo function