Lumbar fusion surgery is an established procedure for the treatment of several spinal pathologies. Despite numerous techniques and existing devices, common surgical trends in lumbar fusion surgery are scarcely investigated. The purpose of this Canada-based study was to provide a descriptive portrait of current surgeons’ practice and implant preferences in lumbar fusion surgery while comparing findings to similar investigations performed in the United Kingdom. Canadian Spine Society (CSS) members were sampled using an online questionnaire which was based on previous investigations performed in the United Kingdom. Fifteen questions addressed the various aspects of surgeons’ practice: fusion techniques, implant preferences, and bone grafting procedures. Responses were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics. Of 139 eligible CSS members, 41 spinal surgeons completed the survey (29.5%). The most common fusion approach was via transforaminal lumber interbody fusion (TLIF) with 87.8% performing at least one procedure in the previous year. In keeping with this, 24 surgeons (58.5%) had performed 11 to 50 cases in that time frame. Eighty-six percent had performed no lumbar artificial disc replacements over their last year of practice. There was clear consistency on the relevance of a patient specific management (73.2%) on the preferred fusion approach. The most preferred method was pedicle screw fixation (78%). The use of stand-alone cages was not supported by any respondents. With regards to the cage material, titanium cages were the most used (41.5%). Published clinical outcome data was the most important variable in dictating implant choice (87.8%). Cage thickness was considered the most important aspect of cage geometry and hyperlordotic cages were preferred at the lower lumbar levels. Autograft bone graft was most commonly preferred (61.0%). Amongst the synthetic options, DBX/DBM graft (64.1%) in injectable paste form (47.5%) was preferred. In conclusion, findings from this study are in partial agreement with previous work from the United Kingdom, but highlight the variance of practice within Canada and the need for large-scale clinical studies aimed to set specific guidelines for certain pathologies or patient categories

Study design. Prospective randomized study. Objective. Primary aim of this study was to compare clinical and radiological results of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) with posterolateral (interlaminar) instrumented lumbar fusion (PLF) in adult low grade (Meyerding 1 & 2) spondylolisthesis patients. Background data. Theoretically, TLIF has better radiological result than PLF in spondylolisthesis in most of the studies. Method. 24 patients of low grade adult spondylolisthesis were randomly allocated to one of the two groups: group 1- PLF and group 2-TLIF. Study period was between August 2010 to March 2013. All patients were operated by a single surgeon (CN). Posterior decompression was performed in all patients. Average follow up period was 18.4 months. Quality of life was accessed with Visual analogue scale and Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index. Fusion was assessed radiologically by CT scan and X-ray. Result. Though fusion was significantly better in TLIF group, clinical outcome including relief of back pain and neurogenic claudication were better in PLF group. Rate of complication was also lower in PLF group. Conclusion. Considering the low complication rate and similar or better clinical results, posterolateral instrumented lumbar fusion is the better option in low grade adult spondylolisthesis

Background. It has become increasingly important to conduct studies assessing clinical outcomes, reoperation rates, and revision rates to better define the indications and efficacy of lumbar spinal procedures and its association with symptomatic adjacent segment degeneration (sASD). Adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) is defined as the radiographic change in the intervertebral discs adjacent to the surgically treated spinal level. SASD represents adjacent segment degeneration which causes pain or numbness due to post-operative spinal instability or nerve compression at the same level. The most common reason for early reoperation and late operation is sASD, therefore is in our best interest to understand the causes of ASD and make steps to limit the occurrence. Method. A comprehensive literature search was performed selecting Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and retrospective or prospective studies published up to December 2023. Meta-analysis was performed on 38 studies that met the inclusion criteria and included data of clinical outcomes of patients who had degenerative disc disease, disc herniation, radiculopathy, and spondylolisthesis and underwent lumbar fusion or motion-preservation device surgery; and reported on the prevalence of ASD, sASD, reoperation rate, visual analogue score (VAS), and Oswestry disability index (ODI) improvement. Results. When compared to fusion surgery, a significant reduction of ASD, sASD and reoperation was observed in the cohort of patients that underwent motion-preserving surgery. Conclusion. Dynamic fusion constructs are treatment options that may help to prevent sASD. Conflicts of interest. This research was funded by Paradigm Spine. Sources of funding. Paradigm Spine

Due to well-known disadvantages of the autologous bone graft, many alternatives have been studied for a reliable spinal fusion. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effects of human recombinant epidermal growth factor (EGF) on posterolateral lumbar fusion in a rat model. 36 male SD rats underwent posterolateral fusion at L4-5 level. They were randomly assigned to 3 groups: Sham control group, Hydoxyapatite β-tricalcium phosphate (HA/β-TCP) group and HA/β-TCP + EGF group. Rats were euthanized at 8 weeks post-surgery. 6 rats from each group were selected for manual palpation examination, micro-computed tomography analysis and histologic analysis; and the rest was used for biomechanical analysis. Based on manual palpation, there was no fusion in the sham control group. Fusion rate was 33.3% in the HA/β-TCP group and 66.7% in the HA/β-TCP + EGF group (p=0.085). Micro-CT results revealed that new bone formation was higher in the HA/β-TCP + EGF group (BV/TV: 40% vs. 65%) (p=0.004). Histologically newly formed bone tissue was more pronounced in the EGF group and compacted and bridging bone spicules were observed. The median maximum bending moment values were 0.51 Nmm (0.42– 0.59), 0.73 Nmm (0.49– 0.88) and 0.91 Nmm (0.66– 1.03) in the sham control, HA/β-TCP and HA/β-TCP + EGF groups, respectively (p=0.013). The median stiffness values were 1.69 N/mm (1.12–2.18), 1.68 N/mm (1.13–2.74) and 3.10 N/mm (1.66–4.40) as in the previous order (p=0.087). This study demonstrates that EGF enhances posterolateral lumbar fusion in the rat model. EGF in combination with ceramic grafts increased the fusion rates

Posterior lumbar fusion is one of the most frequent procedures in spinal surgery. This study examined which factors predict physician-based outcomes in posterior lumbar fusion within the international spine registry Spine Tango. This study used prospective consecutive hospital based documentation. Between May 2005 and October 2007 720 patients had been treated with posterior lumbar fusion for degenerative disease or spondylolisthesis. McNab criteria as commonly used physician-based outcomes were chosen as dependent outcome variable. We dichotomised the original McNab criteria combining “excellent” with “good” to “good”, and “fair” with “poor” to “poor”. Multivariate logistic regression was performed on following potential predictor-variables: age, gender, main pathology, number of previous spinal surgeries, number of spinal segments of posterior fusion, operation time, surgeon credentials, follow-up interval. Median age was 63 years (range 13–90 yrs) with a female to male ratio of 6.3:3.7. Number of previous spinal surgeries (p< 0.001) and follow-up interval (p< 0.001) were found to be predictors of the dichotomised McNab criteria. Patients without previous spinal surgery showed the highest ratio of “good” to “poor” outcome (80.5%:19.5%). This ratio was almost consistently decreasing with the number of previous spinal surgeries to 40%:60% in patients with more than five previous surgeries. At six and twelve-weeks follow-up outcomes were significantly better than after one year, without significant differences between other follow-up intervals. Other examined co-variables showed no influence on the outcomes. Predictors of physician-based outcomes in posterior lumbar fusion are “number of previous spinal surgeries” and “follow-up interval”. In patients with more than five previous spinal surgeries a higher likelihood of “poor” outcomes should be taken into consideration. A too positive outcome may occur at six or twelve-week’s follow-up

Surgical site infections (SSIs) after spinal fusion surgery increase healthcare costs, morbidity and mortality. Routine measures of obesity fail to consider site specific fat distribution. We aimed to assess the association between the spine adipose index and deep surgical site infection and determine a threshold value for spine adipose index that can assist in preoperative risk stratification in patients undergoing posterior instrumented lumbar fusion (PILF). A multicentre retrospective case-control study was completed. We reviewed patients who underwent PILF from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2018. All patients developing a deep primary incisional or organ-space SSI within 90 days of surgery as per US Centre for Disease Control and Prevention criteria were identified. We gathered potential pre-operative and intra-operative deep infection risk factors for each patient. Spine adipose index was measured on pre-operative mid-sagittal cuts of T2 weighted MRI scans. Each measurement was repeated twice by three authors in a blinded fashion, with each series of measurement separated by a period of at least six weeks. Forty-two patients were included in final analysis, with twenty-one cases and twenty-one matched controls. The spine adipose index was significantly greater in patients developing deep SSI (p =0.029), and this relationship was maintained after adjusting for confounders (p=0.046). Risk of developing deep SSI following PILF surgery was increased 2.0-fold when the spine adipose index was ≥0.51. The spine adipose index had excellent (ICC >0.9; p <0.001) inter- and intra-observer reliabilities. The spine adipose index is a novel radiographic measure and an independent risk factor for developing deep SSI, with 0.51 being the ideal threshold value for pre-operative risk stratification in patients undergoing PILF surgery

Study Design: Economic evaluation alongside a prospective, randomized, controlled trial from a 2-year NHS perspective. Objective: To determine the cost-effectiveness of Titanium Cages (TC) compared to Femoral Ring Allografts (FRA) in circumferential lumbar fusion. Summary of background data: A randomised controlled trial has shown the use of TC to be clinically inferior to the established practice of using FRA in circumferential lumbar fusion. Health economic evaluation is urgently needed to justify the continued use of TC, given that this treatment is less effective and, all things being equal, more costly than FRA. Methods: Eighty-three patients were randomly allocated to receive either the TC or FRA as part of a circumferential lumbar fusion between 1998 and 2002. NHS costs related to the surgery and revision surgery needed during the trial period were monitored and adjusted to the base year (2005/6 pounds sterling). The Short Form-6D (SF- 6D) was administered preoperatively and at 6, 12 and 24 months in order to elicit patient utility and subsequently Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs). Return to paid employment was also monitored. Bootstrapped mean differences in discounted costs and benefits were generated in order to explore cost-effectiveness. Results: A significant cost difference of £1,942 (95% CI £849 to £3,145) in favour of FRA was found. Mean QALYs per patient over the 24 month trial period were 0.0522 (SD 0.0326) in the TC group and 0.1914 (SD 0.0398) in the FRA group, producing a significant difference of 0.1392 (95% CI 0.2349 to 0.0436). With regard to employment, incremental productivity costs were estimated at £185,171 in favour of FRA. Conclusion: From an NHS perspective, the trial data show that TC is not cost-effective in circumferential lumbar fusion. The use of FRA was both cheaper and generated greater QALY gains. FRA patients reported a greater return to work rate

Hemorrhage and transfusion requirements in spine surgery are common. This is especially true for thoracic and lumbar fusion surgeries. The purpose of this papersi to determine predictive factors for transfusion and their effect on short-term post-operative outcomes for thoracic and lumbar fusions. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database was used to identify patients that underwent lumbar or thoracic fusion surgery from 2010 to 2013. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was used to determine predictive factors and post-operative complications associated with transfusion. A total of 14,249 patients were included in this study; 13,586 had lumbar fusion and 663 had thoracic fusion surgery. The prevalence of transfusion was 35% for thoracic fusion and 17.5% for lumbar fusion. The multivariate analysis showed that age between 50–60 (OR 1.38, CI: 1.23–1.54), age between 61–70 (OR 1.65, CI: 1.40–1.95), dyspnea (OR 1.11, CI: 1.02–1.23), hypertension (OR 1.14, CI: 1.02–1.27), ASA class (OR 1.73, 1.18–1.45), pre-operative blood transfusion (OR 1.91, CI: 1.04–3.49), and extended surgical time (OR 4.51, CI: 4.09–4.98) were predictors of blood transfusion requirements for lumbar fusion. While only pre-operative BUN (OR 1.04, CI: 1.01–1.06) and extended surgical time (OR 4.70, CI: 3.12–6.96) were predictors of transfusion for thoracic fusion. In contrast, higher pre-operative hematocrit was protective against transfusion. Patients transfused who underwent lumbar fusion had an increased risk to develop superficial wound infection, deep wound infection, venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction and had longer length of hospital stay. Patients transfused who underwent thoracic fusion were more likely to have venous thromboembolism and extended length of hospital stay. However, mortality was not associated with blood transfusion. This study used a large database to characterise the incidence, predictors and post-operative complications associated with blood transfusion in thoracic and lumbar fusion surgeries. Pre- and post-operative planning for patients deemed to be at high-risk of requiring blood transfusion should be considered to reduce post-operative complication in this population

Purpose. The behavioural change wheel methodology and social cognitive theory were combined to inform and develop a rehabilitation programme following lumbar fusion surgery (REFS). This qualitative study evaluated participant's experiences of lumbar fusion surgery, including REFS, to identify valued programme content (‘active ingredients’). Background. A feasibility-RCT suggested REFS achieved a meaningful impact in disability and pain self-efficacy compared to ‘usual care’ (p=0.014, p=0.007). In keeping with MRC guidance a qualitative evaluation was undertaken to understand possible mechanisms of action. Methods. Thematic analysis was utilised on data from semi-structured, face-to-face interviews, in a purposive sample (REFS n=10, ‘usual care’ n=10). Results. Three themes (8 sub-themes) were identified, which illuminated the experiences of 1) the impact of living with a chronic lumbar disorder 2) reflections on recovery, and 3) the experience of rehabilitation with(out) REFS. REFS participants identified valued programme content including the opportunity for vicarious learning, the shared rehabilitation experience, and expert physiotherapy. They were unable to identify pre-eminent programme content, in keeping with inter-dependent ‘active ingredients’. Abstraction with the overarching theme of ‘loss of self’ was evident for analysis across all themes. Conclusion. In conclusion the findings were theoretically congruous with other published works e.g. recent mega-ethnographic review of patients experience of chronic non-malignant pain. Two emergent areas were identified to inform future REFS iterations and better understand potential mechanisms of action. 1-Participants fear of harm appears directly attributable to the instillation of metalware, this association is mediated by inadequate advice. 2-Lumbar fusion surgery is not perceived as elective. No conflicts of interest. Funding; NIHR (Doctoral fellowship, awarded to J Greenwood)

Introduction: Obesity is often considered as a risk-factor for higher complication rates and worse clinical outcome of fusion surgery in the lumbar spine and is therefore sometimes not performed in obese patients despite relative indication for surgery. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether BMI is a predictive factor for clinical outcome after monosegmental fusion surgery in the lumbar spine. Patients and Methods: The present study is a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data in a consecutive series of patients. Between April 2002 and April 2007, a total of 467 patients underwent monosegmental lumbar fusion in a single spine-center. Preoperatively and at 6 weeks and 1 year follow-up, SF36 and Oswestry-Disability-Index scores were collected. We excluded patients who underwent surgery due to infections, tumor and trauma, as well as revision surgeries, and all patients with incomplete datasets, so that 223 patients were included in the study. Of those patients, variables considered as risk-factors like age, BMI and the presence of diabetes mellitus were assessed from the medical records. A multiple regression model for those parameters and clinical outcome was cretated. Results: In an unadjusted model, BMI did not at all predict clinical outcome, in a multivariate model adjusted for baseline outcome values of SF36, Oswestry-Disability index and age, a slight trend towards negative correlation between BMI and outcome could be shown (p=0.06). Conclusion: This study suggests that BMI alone is not a good predictor of clinical outcome of monosegmental lumbar fusion and that therefore this kind of surgery should not be withheld from patients only because of obesity

Fifty-two patients older than sixty years had undergone multilevel lumbar decompression and fusion with instrumentation and reached a minimum two-year follow up. The relationship between abnormal sagittal plane configuration of the proximal segments and the number of lumbar fusion segments was radiographically analyzed. Group A (L1-L5 or S1) patients had two (20%) proximal vertebral compression fractures and four (40%) focal kyphosis. Group B (L2-L5 or S1) patients had one (6%) proximal vertebral compression fractures, five (33%) retrolisthesis and two (13%) focal kyphosis. Group C (L3-S1) had seven (39%) retrolisthesis. Group D had only one retrolisthesis and two disc height loss. Radiographically analyze the relationship between abnormal sagittal plane configuration of the proximal segments and the number of lumbar fusion segments in patients older than sixty years old. It appears that lumbar fusion up to L1 causes more kyphotic changes and topping off syndrome in the elderly. Fusion L2-L5 or S1 seems having less severe adjacent level degeneration. Retrolisthesis is a significant problem in fusion from L3-L5 or S1. The least adjacent level degenerative changes were seen in L4-S1 fusion. Selected limited instrumentation avoiding kyphotic segments or extending the fusion above the thoracolumbar junction may be the needed. Solid fusion was seen in 46 (88%) patients. There were ten patients in group A, and two (20%) had vertebral compression fractures in the most cranial vertebrae and four (40%) focal kyphosis. Of fifteen patients in group B, one (6%) had compression fracture, five (33%) retrolisthesis, and two (13%) focal kyphosis. Of eighteen patients in group C, retrolisthesis was seen in seven (39%) patients. Group D had nine patients with only one patient having retrolisthesis and two having disc height loss. Since January 1997, there were fifty-two consecutive patients with an average age of seventy years who have undergone multilevel lumbar decompression and posterolateral fusion with pedicle screw-rod instrumentation, and have reached a minimum two-year follow up. Postoperative radiographs of lumbar fusion were classified into group A (L1-L5 or S1), group B (L2-L5 or S1), group C (L3-L5 or S1) and group D (L4-S1)

There is a paucity of published Canadian literature comparing lumbar total disc arthroplasty (LDA) to fusion on patient outcomes in degenerative spondylosis. The purpose of this study is to quantify and compare the long-term patient reported outcomes following LDA and matched-fusion procedures. We conducted a matched-cohort study comparing consecutive patients enrolled by CSORN who underwent standalone primary LDA or hybrid techniques for degenerative disk disease between 2015–2019. Fusion patients were included by a primary diagnosis of degenerative disk disease, chief complaint of back pain, who received a primary fusion irrespective of technique. Fusion patients were matched by number of involved levels of surgery to LDA counterparts. Outcome scores and patient satisfaction were assessed preoperatively and 2-years postoperatively. 97 patients (39-female, 58-male) underwent LDA or hybrid construct up to 4 levels. 94 patients (52-female, 42-male) underwent a lumbar fusion were selected based on inclusion criteria. 36 LDA and 57 Fusion patients underwent a 1-level surgery. 39 LDA and 25 Fusion patients underwent 2-level surgery. 18 LDA and 7 Fusion patients underwent 3-level surgery. 4 LDA and 5 Fusion patients underwent a 4-level procedure. Slight differences in average cohort age were found (LDA-43.4yrs, Fusion-49.8yrs, p<0.01). Cohort preoperative-BMI (LDA-27.0kg/m. 2. , Fusion-27.9kg/m. 2. , p=0.29) and total comorbidities (LDA-2.6, Fusion-2.1, p=0.05) demonstrated no clinically significant differences. At 2 year follow-up, no differences were found in ODI improvement (LDA-20.32pts, Fusion-17.02pts, p=0.36), numerical back-pain improvement (LDA-3.5pts, Fusion-3.06pts, p=0.40), numerical leg-pain improvement (LDA-1.67pts, Fusion-1.87pts, p=0.76), and Health Scale improvement (LDA-17.12, Fusion-10.73, p=0.20) between cohorts. Similar positive findings were found in subgroups stratified by number of surgical levels. Satisfaction rate at 2 years was 86.7% and 82.4% for LDA and Fusion patients respectively. There didn't appear to be significant differences in outcomes or satisfaction through 2 years comparing patients who underwent LDA (whether used in isolation or as part of a hybrid construct) for debilitating degenerative disk disease and isolated spinal fusion for back dominant pain

Posterior lumbar fusion is a frequently performed procedure in spinal surgery. High percentages of good and excellent results are indicated by physicians. On the other hand patient-based outcomes are reported. Little is known about the correlations of these two assessment types. We aimed at their comparison. The analysis included 1013 patients with degenerative spinal disease or spondylolisthesis from an international spine registry, treated with posterior lumbar fusion. All patients were pre/postop assessed by physician-based McNab criteria (‘excellent’, ‘good’, ‘fair’, ‘poor’). Of these patients, 210 (mean age 61 years; 57% females) were in addition assessed by patient-based Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). The remaining 803 patients (mean age 59 years; 56% females) were assessed by patient-based Core Outcome Measure Index (COMI), including. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for back and leg pain as well as verbal self-rating (‘helped a lot’, ‘helped’, ‘helped only little’, ‘didn’t help’, ‘made things worse’). McNab criteria were compared to the Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) in ODI (12.8), in VAS back (1.2) and leg pain (1.6). We investigated the correlations between McNab criteria and these patient-based outcomes. In the ‘excellent’ group as rated by physicians, the proposed MCID was reached in 83% of patients for ODI, in 69% for VAS back and in 83% for VAS leg pain. All patients said the treatment had ‘helped’ or ‘helped a lot’. In the ‘good’ group 56% (ODI), 66% (back pain) and 86% (leg pain) reached the MCID. 96% of patients perceived the treatment as positive. In the ‘fair’ group 37% (ODI), 55% (back pain) and 63% (leg pain) reached the MCID. 49% had positive treatment considerations. The ‘poor’ group revealed 30% (ODI), 35% (back pain) and 44% (leg pain) of patients with reached MCID. Only 15% rated the treatment as positive. The Spearman correlation coefficients between McNab criteria on the one hand and ODI, back and leg pain as well as patients’ verbal self-rating on the other hand were 0.57, 0.37, 0.36 and 0.46 respectively. The comparison of physician and patient-based outcomes showed the highest correlations between McNab criteria and ODI, somewhat weaker correlations with patients’ self-rating and the weakest correlations with back and leg pain. Based on these findings, physicians’ evaluation of patient outcomes can be considered a valuable part of patient assessment, corresponding very well with patients’ perceptions of success or failure of spinal surgery

Summary of background data: Lumbar interbody arthrodesis can be achieved by using autograft or allograft bone. One of the disadvantages of using autograft bone graft is complications related to the iliac crest donor site. Another option is using an allograft bone (ex.-femoral head from bone bank). There are few reports of using allograft bone for instrumented lumbar spinal fusion. Methods: Fifteen patients were treated at our institution by lumbar fusion in various indications. We used allograft bone and evaluated their outcome for an average period of 3 years. The recovery rate, complications and radiographic findings were evaluated. Results: Good radiographic and clinical results were achieved by using allograft bone graft. No complications were detected. Conclusions: The clinical and radiographic results of Allograft bone graft, for lumbar spine arthrodesis, are impressive. One of the advantages of this method, comparing to an autograft is avoiding any donor site complications

Study design. Economic evaluation alongside a prospective, randomised, controlled trial from a two-year National Health Service (NHS) perspective. Objective. To determine the cost-effectiveness of Titanium Cages (TC) compared to Femoral Ring Allografts (FRA) in circumferential lumbar spinal fusion. Summary of background data. A randomised controlled trial has shown the use of TC to be clinically inferior to the established practice of using FRA in circumferential lumbar fusion. Health economic evaluation is needed to justify the continued use of TC, given that this treatment is less effective and, all things being equal, is assumed more costly than FRA. Methods. Eighty-three patients were randomly allocated to receive either the TC or FRA between 1998 and 2002. NHS costs related to the surgery and revision surgery needed during the trial period were monitored and adjusted to the base year (2005/6 pounds sterling). The Short Form-6D (SF-6D) was administered pre-operatively and at 6, 12 and 24 months in order to elicit patient utility and subsequently Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) for the trial period. Return to paid employment was also monitored. Bootstrapped mean differences in discounted costs and benefits were generated in order to explore cost-effectiveness. Results. A significant cost difference of £1,942 (95% CI £849 to £3,145) in favour of FRA was found. Mean QALYs per patient over the 24 month trial period were 0.0522 (SD 0.0326) in the TC group and 0.1914 (SD 0.0398) in the FRA group, producing a significant difference of -0.1392 (95% CI 0.2349 to 0.0436). With regard to employment, incremental productivity costs were estimated at £185,171 in favour of FRA. Conclusion. From an NHS perspective, this data show that TC is not cost-effective in circumferential lumbar fusion. The use of FRA was both cheaper and generated greater QALY gains. FRA patients also reported a greater return to work rate

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the difference in post-operative complication rates between Computer-assisted surgery (CAS) and conventional techniques in spine surgery. Several studies have shown that the accuracy of pedicle screw placement significantly improves with use of CAS. Yet, few studies have compared the incidence of post-operative complications between CAS and conventional techniques. The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database was used to identify patients that underwent posterior lumbar fusion from 2011 to 2013. Multivariate analysis was conducted to demonstrate the difference in post-operative complication rates between CAS and conventional techniques in spine surgery. Out of 15,222 patients, 14,382 (95.1%) were operated with conventional techniques and 740 (4.90%) were operated with CAS. Multivariate analysis showed that patients in the CAS group had less odds to experience adverse events post-operatively (OR 0.57, P <0.001). This paper examined the complications in lumbar spinal surgery with or without the use of CAS. These results suggest that CAS may provide a safer technique for implant placement in lumbar fusion surgeries

Introduction and Aims: Outcome studies in select patient groups in a research environment risk reporting findings that may not be relevant to the large percentage of patients undergoing surgery in private practice in the community. This paper reports an audit of outcomes improvement in Lumbar Fusion patients using the Modified Rowland Questionnaire (MRQ). Method: Two hundred and sixteen patients undergoing lumbar fusion procedures, over a five-year period, completed the MRQ prior to surgery and at the routine one-year follow-up. Changes to the score were documented and analysed in relation to diagnosis, third party compensation coverage, and revision procedures. The MRQ is a validated responsive disease specific functional questionnaire. It ranges from 23 points (maximum disability) to zero (no disability). A four-point improvement is considered clinically significant. Results: Data completion was 88%. Median disability improvement was 10 points on the MRQ (p< 0.0001). Benefit occurred in 80% of patients. Although improvements in degenerative spondylolisthesis and isthmic spondylolisthesis were greater than in fusions for discogenic back pain, this was not significant. There was a trend to lesser functional improvements in those receiving compensation (p=0.073) and those who had undergone previous surgery (p=0.068). Conclusion: This study reports an attempt to audit outcomes in private practice using an instrument applied pre-operatively and at one-year follow-up. The data completion was acceptable. Functional improvements were significant in all diagnositic groups. Outcomes in revision and compensation patients only showed trends to inferior results unlike many other studies

Purpose: To review the sagittal lumbar and clinical profile of the two surgical procedures: TLIF (transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and ALIF (anterior lumbar interbody fusion). Materials and methods: We carried out a retrospective study of 46 patients who underwent circumferential fusion in 2000–2001. TLIF was used in the first group (21) and ALIF in the second (25). The posterior approach with pedicle instrumentation was used in all patients. Lateral radiographs of the lumbar spine in neutral position and bipedestation were used for evaluation before and after surgery and during follow-up. The results were compared statistically using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test. Results: Lumbar lordosis was achieved with both techniques: TLIF+PF(posterior fusion) −33° (preoperative), −46° (postoperative) and ALIF+ PF −49° (preoperative), −54° (postoperative). However the height of the disc improved significantly with the anterior approach: TLIF+ PF 0.62 (preoperative), 1.35 (postoperative) and ALIF+PF 1 (preoperative), 4.65 (postoperative). The duration of surgery, blood loss and hospital stay were greater with ALIF+PF than with TLIF+PF. Conclusions: TLIF+PF has clinical and economic advantages over ALIF+PF. Lumbar lordosis and the area of instrumented lordosis was achieved with both circumferential fusion procedures and the only radiographic difference was the restoration of the disc height with ALIF

Introduction: A prospective randomised controlled trial of circumferantial spinal fusion has shown superior clinical outcome when a femoral ring allograft (FRA) is used compared to when a titanium cage (TC) is used. The implant cost of the TC is nearly ten fold that of the FRA. However the additional costs of surgery and related costs also need to be considered to determine if there is a real cost advantage of FRA over TC. We can find no previously reported studies which economically evaluate the TC and the FRA in circumferential lumbar spinal fusion. The aim of this study was to investigate cost-effectiveness of TCs in comparison to FRAs for circumferential lumbar spinal fusion over a two year National Health Service (NHS) perspective using a cost-utility evaluation. Methods: This randomised study had the approval of the local ethical committee and the institutional research and development board (Reference OR059844) prior to its commencement. Eighty-three patients were randomly allocated to receive either the TC or FRA as part of a circumferential lumbar fusion between 1998 and 2002. NHS costs related to the surgery and revision surgery needed during the trial period were monitored and adjusted to the base year (2005/6 pounds sterling). The Short Form-6D (SF-6D) was administered preoperatively and at 6, 12 and 24 months in order to elicit patient utility and subsequently Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) for the trial period. Return to paid employment was also monitored. Bootstrapped mean differences in discounted costs and benefits were generated in order to explore cost-effectiveness. Results: Baseline demographic data including age, sex, smoking history, previous surgery history and number of operated levels did not differ between the two groups. A significant cost difference of £1,942 (AUD4,255), (95% CI £849 (AUD1,860) to £3,145 (AUD6,891)) in favour of FRA was found. Mean QALYs per patient over the 24 month trial period were 0.0522 (SD 0.0326) in the TC group and 0.1914 (SD 0.0398) in the FRA group, producing a significant difference of −0.1392 (95% CI 0.2349 to 0.0436). With regard to employment, incremental productivity costs were estimated at £185,171 (AUD 405,745) in favour of FRA. Discussion: From an NHS perspective, the trial data show that TC is not cost-effective in circumferential lumbar fusion. The use of FRA was found to dominate (generating greater QALY gains and less cost). In addition FRA patients reported a greater return to work rate and hence, productivity costs were also in favour of FRA

This is to report an audit of outcomes improvement in Lumbar Fusion patients in a private practice setting using routine application of a robust functional outcomes instrument – the Modified Rowland Questionnaire (MRQ). The MRQ is a validated responsive disease specific functional questionnaire. It ranges from 23 points (maximum disability) to zero (no disability). Potential changes in score are 46 points (−23 to 23). A 4 point improvement is clinically significant. Two hundred and sixteen patients undergoing lumbar fusion procedures, over a five year period completed an MRQ prior to surgery and at the routine one-year follow up. Changes to the score were documented and analysed in relation to diagnosis, Accident Compensation corporation (ACC) coverage, and revision procedures. Data completion was 88%. Median disability improvement was 10 points on the MRM questionnaire. Benefit occurred in 80.0% of patients. Improvements were more marked in degenerative spondylolisthesis and isthmic spondylolisthesis than fusions for discogenic back pain although this was not statistically significant. There was a trend to lesser functional improvements in those on ACC and those who had undergone previous surgery. This study reports an attempt to audit outcomes in a spinal sub specialist private practice using an instrument that can be applied preoperatively and at one year follow up without undue additional work load for the patients or staff. The data completion was acceptable. Functional improvements were significant in all diagnostic groups. Outcomes in revision and ACC patients were not significantly inferior, as they have been described in similar overseas studies