Aims. In-hospital length of stay (LOS) and discharge dispositions following arthroplasty could act as surrogate measures for improvement in patient pathways, and have major cost saving implications for healthcare providers. With the ever-growing adoption of robotic technology in arthroplasty, it is imperative to evaluate its impact on LOS. The objectives of this study were to compare LOS and discharge dispositions following robotic arm-assisted total knee arthroplasty (RO TKA) and unicompartmental arthroplasty (RO UKA) versus conventional technique (CO TKA and UKA). Methods. This large-scale, single-institution study included patients of any age undergoing primary TKA (n = 1,375) or UKA (n = 337) for any cause between May 2019 and January 2023. Data extracted included patient demographics, LOS, need for post anaesthesia care unit (PACU) admission, anaesthesia type, readmission within 30 days, and discharge dispositions. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were also employed to identify factors and patient characteristics related to delayed discharge. Results. The median LOS in the RO TKA group was 76 hours (interquartile range (IQR) 54 to 104) versus 82.5 (IQR 58 to 127) in the CO TKA group (p < 0.001) and 54 hours (IQR 34 to 77) in the RO UKA versus 58 (IQR 35 to 81) in the CO UKA (p = 0.031). Discharge dispositions were comparable between the two groups. A higher percentage of patients undergoing CO TKA required PACU admission (8% vs 5.2%; p = 0.040). Conclusion. Our study showed that robotic arm assistance was associated with a shorter LOS in patients undergoing primary UKA and TKA, and no difference in the discharge destinations. Our results suggest that robotic arm assistance could be advantageous in partly addressing the upsurge of knee arthroplasty procedures and the concomitant healthcare burden; however, this needs to be corroborated by long-term cost-effectiveness analyses and data from randomized controlled studies. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(10):791–800

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We estimated the prevalence of people living with at least one hip, knee, or shoulder arthroplasty in the Netherlands.

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This study aimed to investigate the estimated change in primary and revision arthroplasty rate in the Netherlands and Denmark for hips, knees, and shoulders during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 (COVID-period). Additional points of focus included the comparison of patient characteristics and hospital type (2019 vs COVID-period), and the estimated loss of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and impact on waiting lists.

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The aim of this study was to surveil whether the standard operating procedure created for the NHS Golden Jubilee sufficiently managed COVID-19 risk to allow safe resumption of elective orthopaedic surgery.

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Simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been used due to its financial advantages, overall resource usage, and convenience for the patient. The training model where a trainee performs the first TKA, followed by the trainer surgeon performing the second TKA, is a unique model to our institution. This study aims to analyze the functional and clinical outcomes of bilateral simultaneous TKA when performed by a trainee or a supervising surgeon, and also to assess these outcomes based on which side was done by the trainee or by the surgeon.

In January 2012, the Department of Health reportedly claimed that data demonstrated ‘half of knee surgery does not substantially change the outcome for patients: their mobility is not improved that much, nor their pain’. Furthermore, in recent years knee replacement surgery has been described as a procedure of limited clinical value (PLCV) by commissioning bodies nationwide. This study aimed to establish whether patients in Reading were satisfied with their surgery at five years and whether there was an objective improvement in their pain and function following surgery.

Five-year data was retrospectively reviewed from 130 knee replacements performed between January 2004 and July 2005. Patient details, intra-operative data and patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) were downloaded from our OrthoWave database. The Oxford Knee Score was completed pre-operatively, at six months and then yearly to five years, measuring pain and function specific to the knee operated on. In addition, patients were asked directly whether they felt satisfied with their joint replacement surgery.

The sample population consisted of 52 males and 78 females, with a mean age of 70 and mean body mass index of 30.2. Twenty-three of the patients had undergone uni-compartmental surgery (either Oxford or St George), with the remainder having either PFC or Scorpio total knee replacements. The mean pre-operative Oxford Knee Score was 20.4. The mean improvement in scores at six months was 14.77 (95% confidence interval 13.25–16.28, p<0.0001) and 17.23 at five years (95% confidence interval 15.66–18.79, p<0.0001). On direct questioning, 85.6% of patients were satisfied with their knee replacement, 3.4% were dissatisfied and 10.9% remained unsure. Reasons identified for dissatisfaction included chronic pain syndromes and the need for early revision surgery.

Patient reported outcome measures are increasingly being used to justify outcomes of surgery and the Oxford Knee Score is particularly helpful as it relates function and pain to the knee operated on, whilst attempting to minimise the effect of confounding co-pathology. This five-year data suggests that the majority of patients are satisfied with their knee surgery. A significant improvement in pain and function is evident at six months post-operatively and continues to be demonstrable at five years, supporting the British Orthopaedic Association's strong rebuttal of the recent negative press regarding knee surgery.

From June 2003 we have elaborated a new procedure consisting in an osteoinductive-antibiotic gel, positioned on the spongiosametal surfaces of the implant. The gel contains five elements: Cancellous bone chips, Platelet-Rich Plasma, Bone marrow, Fibrin glue, Vancomycin and Tobramycin. Blood loss, operative time Hemoglobin drop values and clinical results were collected. Our procedure shows a quickly osteointegration of the implants without septic complications due to the local delivery of antibiotics. The procedure is safe and easy because includes only autologous factors without risks of disease transmission or immune response.

Introduction. A proportion of patients with hip and knee prosthetic joint infection (PJI) undergo multiple revisions with the aim of eradicating infection and improving quality of life. The aim of this study was to describe the microbiology cultured from multiply revised hip and knee replacement procedures to guide antimicrobial therapy at the time of surgery. Patients and Methods. Consecutive patients were retrospectively identified from databases at two specialist orthopaedic centres in the United Kingdom between 2011 and 2019. Patient were included who had undergone repeat revision total knee replacement (TKR) or total hip replacement (THR) for infection, following an initial failed revision for infection. Results. 106 patients were identified, of which 74 underwent revision TKR and 32 underwent revision THR. Mean age at first revision was 67 years (SD 10). Charlson Comorbidity Index was <2 for 31 patients, 3–4 for 57 patients, and >5 for 18 patients. All patients underwent >2 revisions, 73 patients received 3, 47 patients received 4, 31 patients received 5, and 21 patients received >6. After six revisions, 90% of patients cultured different organisms than the initial revision, and 53% of organisms were multi-drug resistant species. The most frequent organisms at each revision were coagulase negative Staphylococcus (36%) and Staphylococcus aureus (19%). Fungus was cultured from 3% of revisions and 21% of infections were polymicrobial. Conclusion. Patients undergoing multiple revisions for PJI are highly likely to experience a change in organisms and sensitivities with each subsequent revision. It is important to administer empirical antibiotics at each subsequent revision, appreciating known drug resistance from previous cultures. Our results do not support routine use of empirical antifungals

Aim. The prevalence of unexpected positive cultures (UPC) in aseptic revision surgery of the joint with a prior septic revision procedure in the same joint remain unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of UPC in aseptic revisions performed in patients with a previous septic revision in the same joint. As secondary outcome measure, we explore possible risk factors associated with UPC and the re-revision rates. Method. This retrospective single-center study includes all patients between January 2016 and October 2018 with an aseptic revision total hip or knee arthroplasty procedure with a prior septic revision in the same joint. Patients with less than three microbiology samples, without joint aspiration or with aseptic revision surgery performed <3 weeks after a septic revision were excluded. UPC was defined as a single positive culture in a revision that the surgeon had classified as aseptic according to the 2018 International Consensus Meeting. Results. A total of 139 revision total hip/knee arthroplasties in patients with a previous septic revision were performed during the study period. After excluding 47 cases with insufficient information, a total of 92 patients were recruited for final analysis. The patient cohort consist of 52 males and 40 females with a mean age of 70 years (±10.6). There were 66 (71.7%) hips and 26 (28.3%) knees. The mean time between the septic and the aseptic revision was 83 months (±89). The two main causes for the aseptic revision were aseptic loosening (n=57, 62%) followed by instability (n=21, 22.9%). We identified 11 (12%) UPC in the entire cohort, while in 3 cases there was a concordance of the germ compared to the previous septic surgery. There were no differences for the presence of UPC between hips and knees (p=0.282), diabetes (p=0.701), immunosuppression (p= 0.252), previous one-stage or two-stages septic revision (p=0.316), or between the causes for the aseptic revision ((p=0.429). There was no correlation between the UPC and time after the septic revision (p=0.773). Conclusions. The prevalence of UPC in this specific group was similar to those reported in the literature for aseptic revisons. More studies, regarding this patient group are necessitated to better understand and more securely interprete the results in those high-risk aseptic revisions

Aim. Synovial fluid investigation is the best alternative to diagnose prosthetic joint infection (PJI) before adequate microbiological/histology sampling during revision surgery. Although accurate preoperative diagnosis is certainly recommended, puncturing every patient before revision arthroplasty raises concerns about safety and feasibility issues especially in difficult to access joint (e.g., hip), that often require OR time and fluoroscopy/ultrasound guidance. Currently there is no clear guidelines regarding optimal indications to perform preoperative joint aspiration to diagnose PJI before revision surgery. The main goal of this study is to determine the accuracy of our institutional criteria using the new European Bone and Joint Infection Society (EBJIS) PJI definition. Method. We retrospectively evaluated every single- or first-stage for presumed aseptic or known infected revision total hip/knee arthroplasty procedures between 2013–2020. Preoperative clinical and laboratory features were systematically scrutinized. Cases with insufficient information for accurate final PJI diagnosis (i.e., no perioperative synovial fluid examination or no multiple cultures including sonication of removed implant) were excluded. Preoperative joint aspiration is recommended in our institution if any of the following criteria are met: 1) elevated CRP and/or ESR; 2) early failure (<2 years) or repeat failure; 3) high clinical suspicion/risk factors are present. Performance of such criteria were compared against final postoperative EBJIS definition PJI diagnosis. Results. A total of 364 revision THAs or TKAs were performed during the study period. After excluding 258 cases with insufficient information, a total of 106 patients were ultimately included. 38 (35,8 %) were classified as confirmed infections, 10 (9.4 %) as likely infected and 58 (54.7%) as infection unlikely. Of those, 37 confirmed infection cases, 9 likely infected cases and 32 infection unlikely cases did have indication for preoperative synovial fluid collection before revision surgery. Institutional criteria showed 95.8 % Sensitivity, 44.83 % Specificity, 92.9 % Negative Predictive Value (NPV) and 59 % Positive Predictive Value (PPV). Conclusions. Sensitivity and NPV of the aforementioned institutional criteria are very high even with the use of the more sensitive EBJIS PJI definition. As such they seem to be a valid alternative in selecting patients that should be punctured before revision arthroplasty. They identify the vast majority of infected patients while saving a significant number of patients from unnecessary procedures

Introduction. Quality measures play a substantial role in the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' hospital payment and public reporting programs. The purpose of this study was to assess whether public measurement of total hip and knee arthroplasty risk-standardized readmission (RSRRs) and complication rates (RSCRs) was temporally associated with decreasing rates of adverse outcomes among Medicare beneficiaries. Methods. We evaluated annual trends in hospital-level risk-standardized complication and readmission rates in the fiscal years 2010–11 and 2016–17 for patients undergoing hospital-based inpatient hip/knee replacement procedures. We calculated hospital-level rates using the same measures and methodology used in public reporting. We examined annual trends in the distribution of hospital-level outcomes through density plots (similar to histograms). Results. Both rates of and variation in the complication and readmission outcomes declined steadily between 2010–11 and 2016–17. We noted a 33% relative reduction in hospital-level risk-standardized complication rates (RSCRs) and 25% relative reduction in hospital-level risk-standardized readmission rates (RSRRs). The interquartile range of RSCRs decreased by 18% (relative reduction) and of RSRRs decreased by 34% (relative reduction). Risk variable frequency in complication and readmission models did not systematically change over time, suggesting no evidence of widespread bias or up-coding. Conclusion. This study demonstrates that hospital-level complication and readmission rates after hip/knee replacements and variation in hospital-level performance declined following the start of public reporting and financial incentives associated with measurement. The consistent decreasing trend in rates of and variation outcomes suggests steady improvements and greater consistency among hospitals in clinical outcomes for hip/knee replacement patients in the years 2016–17 compared to 2010–11. While improvements in surgical practices and care coordination may partially account for these findings, the precise influence of measure public reporting on clinical outcomes is difficult to ascertain. Interactions between public reporting, payment, and hospital coding practices are complex and require continued study

Postoperative radiological assessment is used to evaluate the success of knee replacement procedures. Load-bearing long-standing anterior-posterior (AP) x-rays are typically used for this assessment. For knee replacement procedures the five landmarks that are identified are: 1) hip centre; 2) femoral knee centre; 3) tibial knee centre; 4) medial malleolus; and 5) lateral malleolus. These landmarks are used to identify the femoral and tibial reference mechanical axes. However, variations in the x-ray acquisition process and foot rotation can lead to errors in this assessment. In the past, researchers have studied the effect of foot rotation and flexion on estimation of knee alignment. In our study, the use of digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) allows us to vary the x-ray acquisition parameters and observe the effect of these changes to estimations of the mechanical axes. We also measured the inter-user variability in these measurements. Our results show that AP x-rays can be used to accurately estimate the femoral and tibial mechanical axes

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The metabolic equivalent of task (MET) score examines patient performance in relation to energy expenditure before and after knee arthroplasty. This study assesses its use in a knee arthroplasty population in comparison with the widely used Oxford Knee Score (OKS) and EuroQol five-dimension index (EQ-5D), which are reported to be limited by ceiling effects.

Aim. C-reactive protein(CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR) are non-specific markers with variable reported accuracy in the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection(PJI). They are often used as a part of the initial diagnostics as they are widely available and inexpensive. Given its high false-negative rate, CRP is an insufficient screening tool for PJI especially in low virulence microorganisms. Nevertheless, many advocate ESR offers no added advantage and is useless in this setting. Our goal is to determine if the combined measurement of ESR and CRP offers increased sensitivity for the preliminary screening of PJI over isolated CRP measurement. Method. We retrospectively evaluated every single- or first-stage for presumed aseptic or known infected revision total hip/knee arthroplasty procedures between 2013–2018. Cases without preoperative CRP and ESR measurement as well those without synovial fluid for differential leukocyte count and/or no multiple cultures including sonication of removed implant obtained during surgery were excluded. Diagnostic accuracy was compared against two different PJI definitions: 2013 International Consensus Meeting and ProImplant Foundation definitions. Results. A total of 398 revision were performed during the study period. After excluding 293 cases with insufficient information, a total of 105 patients were studied. Naturally, CRP and ESR mean values were significantly higher among PJI cases compared to aseptic cases. When compared against 2013 International Consensus Meeting definition, CPR has a sensibility 86.5% (45/52) that increases to 94.2% (49/52) with the combined measurement (ESR and CRP). The sensitivity also increased when compared against the ProImplant Foundation definition (72.6% (45/62) vs 85.5% (53/62)). Conclusions. After the inciting insult, CRP raises and drops rapidly and ESR response is slower but also much more enduring. One can only hypothesize that chronic PJI runs perhaps a fluctuating inflammatory course that can sometimes be more accurately picked up by ESR and not CRP measurement. Our results seem to corroborate that ESR measurement is a valid adjunct to isolated CRP measurement in the initial screening of PJI in painful total joint arthroplasties

Introduction. Metaphyseal cones with cemented stems are frequently used in revision total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). However, if the diaphysis has been previously violated (as in revision of a failed stemmed implant), the resultant sclerotic canal can impair cemented stem fixation, which is vital for cone ingrowth and long-term fixation. We report the outcomes of our novel solution to this problem, in which impaction grafting and a cemented stem in the diaphysis was combined with an uncemented metaphyseal cone for revision TKAs with severely compromised bone. Methods. A metaphyseal cone was combined with diaphyseal impaction grafting and cemented stems in a novel fashion for 35 revision TKAs. Mean age at revision TKA was 70 years, with 63% being male. Patients had a mean of 4 prior knee arthroplasty procedures. Indications for the revision with this construct were aseptic loosening (80%) and two-stage re-implantation for periprosthetic infection (PJI; 20%). Mean follow-up was 3 years. Results. Survivorship free from revision of the cone/impaction grafting construct due to aseptic loosening was 100% at 5 years. Survivorships free from any revision of the cone/impaction grafting construct and free from any reoperation were 92% and 73% at 5 years, respectively. Six knees (17%) required a reoperation (4 for infection/wound issues and 2 for periprosthetic fractures). Radiographically, 97% of cones were ingrown (1 loose cone in setting of PJI). In all but one case, impacted diaphyseal bone graft appeared to have incorporated radiographically. Conclusions. When presented with a sclerotic diaphysis and substantial metaphyseal bone loss, this innovative technique combining diaphyseal impaction grafting with a metaphyseal cone provided near universal success in regards to implant fixation. Moreover, radiographs revealed incorporation of the bone graft, and ingrowth of the cones. While long-term follow-up is required, this novel technique provides an excellent option in the most difficult of revision TKAs. For figures, tables, or references, please contact authors directly

Aims. There has been a recent resurgence in interest in combined partial knee arthroplasty (PKA) as an alternative to total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The varied terminology used to describe these procedures leads to confusion and ambiguity in communication between surgeons, allied health professionals, and patients. A standardized classification system is required for patient safety, accurate clinical record-keeping, clear communication, correct coding for appropriate remuneration, and joint registry data collection. Materials and Methods. An advanced PubMed search was conducted, using medical subject headings (MeSH) to identify terms and abbreviations used to describe knee arthroplasty procedures. The search related to TKA, unicompartmental (UKA), patellofemoral (PFA), and combined PKA procedures. Surveys were conducted of orthopaedic surgeons, trainees, and biomechanical engineers, who were asked which of the descriptive terms and abbreviations identified from the literature search they found most intuitive and appropriate to describe each procedure. The results were used to determine a popular consensus. Results. Survey participants preferred “bi-unicondylar arthroplasty” (Bi-UKA) to describe ipsilateral medial and lateral unicompartmental arthroplasty; “medial bi-compartmental arthroplasty” (BCA-M) to describe ipsilateral medial unicompartmental arthroplasty with patellofemoral arthroplasty; “lateral bi-compartmental arthroplasty” (BCA-L) to describe ipsilateral lateral unicompartmental arthroplasty with patellofemoral arthroplasty; and tri-compartmental arthroplasty (TCA) to describe ipsilateral patellofemoral and medial and lateral unicompartmental arthroplasties. “Combined partial knee arthroplasty” (CPKA) was the favoured umbrella term. Conclusion. We recommend bi-unicondylar arthroplasty (Bi-UKA), medial bicompartmental arthroplasty (BCA-M), lateral bicompartmental arthroplasty (BCA-L), and tricompartmental arthroplasty (TCA) as the preferred terms to classify CPKA procedures. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:922–928

Objectives. The diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is difficult and requires a battery of tests and clinical findings. The purpose of this review is to summarize all current evidence for common and new serum biomarkers utilized in the diagnosis of PJI. Methods. We searched two literature databases, using terms that encompass all hip and knee arthroplasty procedures, as well as PJI and statistical terms reflecting diagnostic parameters. The findings are summarized as a narrative review. Results. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were the two most commonly published serum biomarkers. Most evidence did not identify other serum biomarkers that are clearly superior to ESR and CRP. Other serum biomarkers have not demonstrated superior sensitivity and have failed to replace CRP and ESR as first-line screening tests. D-dimer appears to be a promising biomarker, but more research is necessary. Factors that influence serum biomarkers include temporal trends, stage of revision, and implant-related factors (metallosis). Conclusion. Our review helped to identify factors that can influence serum biomarkers’ level changes; the recognition of such factors can help improve their diagnostic utility. As such, we cannot rely on ESR and CRP alone for the diagnosis of PJI prior to second-stage reimplantation, or in metal-on-metal or corrosion cases. The future of serum biomarkers will likely shift towards using genomics and proteomics to identify proteins transcribed via messenger RNA in response to infection and sepsis. Cite this article: A. Saleh, J. George, M. Faour, A. K. Klika, C. A. Higuera. Serum biomarkers in periprosthetic joint infections. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:85–93. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.71.BJR-2017-0323

Patellofemoral complaints are the common and nagging problem after total knee arthroplasty. Crepitus occurs in 5% to over 20% of knee arthroplasty procedures depending on the type of implant chosen. It is caused by periarticular scar formation with microscopic and gross findings indicating inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia. Crepitus if often asymptomatic and not painful, but in some cases can cause pain. Patella “Clunk Syndrome” is less common and represents when the peripatella scarring is abundant and forms a nodule which impinges and “catches” on the implant's intercondylar notch. Patella Clunk was more common with early PS designs due to short trochlear grooves with sharp transition into the intercondylar notch. Clunks are very infrequent with modern PS implants. This syndrome has been reported in CR implants as well. Thorough debridement of the synovium and scarring at the time of arthroplasty is thought to reduce the occurrence of crepitus and clunks. Larger patella with better coverage of the cut bone may also be helpful. The diagnosis can be made on history and physical exam. X-rays are also helpful to assess patella tracking. MRI or ultrasound can be used to identify and confirm the diagnosis, but this is not mandatory. Painful crepitus and clunk syndrome that fail conservative management of NSAIDS and physical therapy may require surgery. Both crepitus and clunk can be treated with arthroscopic removal of the peripatella scar. Patella maltracking should also be assessed and treated. While recurrence may occur, it is uncommon

Background. We identified several opportunities to significantly reduce cost for hip and knee arthroplasty procedures:. Customized instruments: by identifying the essential instruments for arthroplasty cases, we managed to have one universal tray for each case, and 3 specific trays from the implant manufacturing company. Customized wrap-free, color-coded, stackable trays: by using a wrap-free trays, preparation time in central sterile, opening tray time in OR and turn-over time were reduced. Also, stackable trays were organized based on side and size, therefore only 2 trays needed to be used in each case. Discounted implants: negotiated through optional case coverage with revision system and reps available as backup. Optional rep coverage protocols: designed through process management of the operating room surgical staff and central sterile. Aim of the study was to measure the cost savings, efficacy, and outcomes associated with primary total hip and knee arthroplasty by implementing these protocol. Methods. This is a prospective study from January to October 2016 for selected primary total hip and knee arthroplasties were performed with the above protocols by 2 experienced arthroplasty trained surgeons, were followed for minimum 3 months. Initiating the cost saving protocols were achieved by re-engineering customized trays, discounted implants through optional case coverage (Sourced Based Selection of a Cooperating Manufacturer, MTD), and focused on process management of the staff training. Staff responsibilities were divided into 2 categories:. Familiarity of the instruments, implant, and techniques; trays set up and assurance of availability of the implants. These responsibilities were covered by a trained OR technician and the surgeon. Final verification of the accurate implants prior to opening the packaging. This was achieved by a trained OR nurse and the surgeon. Results. We did not have any intra-operative complications. We also did not encounter any issued with the trays or errors in opening of the implants. There were no re-admissions, fracture, dislocation, or infection. The mean length of stay was 2.2 ± 0.5 days (range 1–3 days) with 68% home discharges. The cost of the implant was reduced from $4,800 to $1,895 with $2,905 cost saving per case and total savings of $58,100. The projected savings only for uncomplicated primary total hip arthroplasty (minimum 120 cases/year between 2 surgeons) is $384,600. Further cost saving from the process management changes were seen in central sterile processing time. Prior to the one tray system, the hospital had 3 in-house trays and there were 4 device company trays. We also noticed an approximate 27% improvement in turnover time. Conclusion. Repless model has significant cost saving potential. Preparation for the transition, proper patient selection, standardization of the trays and implants, and distribution of the responsibilities between OR nurses, technicians and the surgeon are essential

It has been shown that a cognitive function (CF) loss can occur after hip or knee arthroplasty procedures, with an incidence of 40 to 70%. The pathogenesis remains unclear but studies suggest some form of brain emboli; although both trans-cranial doppler and trans-oesophageal doppler have both shown emboli per-operatively a correlation has never been shown with CF loss post-operatively. In contrast, in the cardiothoracic literature an embolic cause is widely accepted for detectable post-operative CF drop. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether MRI could show evidence of embolic phenomena in patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty. Twenty-five patients presenting for hip or knee arthroplasty procedures were consented for this study. Brain MRI scans and MR angiograms were performed 1 week pre-operatively and within 1 week post-operatively using a Phillips 1.5Tesla MRI unit. All scans recorded were independently reviewed by 2 radiologists. A series of tests to examine several modes of cognitive function were carried out by a clinical psychologist pre-operatively, and at 1 week post-operatively. The CF tests showed a clinically significant drop following surgery in 64% of cases – this is in keeping with other recently published data. None of the post-operative scans or angiograms showed overt evidence of new lesions. Three Scans had equivocal tiny brainstem hypodensities on a single slice with no correlating abnormality on diffusion images to support the presence of new ischaemia. We conclude that either the aetiology of post-operative CF drop following arthroplasty is not embolic in nature, or that with current technology MRI brain scans even with angiograms are not sensitive enough to show the corresponding abnormality. With currently available equipment there appears to be no benefit from using MRI as a tool to evaluate post-operative CF loss in this group of patients