Aims. Research on hip biomechanics has analyzed femoroacetabular contact pressures and forces in distinct hip conditions, with different procedures, and used diverse loading and testing conditions. The aim of this scoping review was to identify and summarize the available evidence in the literature for hip contact pressures and force in cadaver and in vivo studies, and how joint loading, labral status, and femoral and acetabular morphology can affect these biomechanical parameters. Methods. We used the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews for this literature search in three databases. After screening, 16 studies were included for the final analysis. Results. The studies assessed different hip conditions like labrum status, the biomechanical effect of the cam, femoral version, acetabular coverage, and the effect of rim trimming. The testing and loading conditions were also quite diverse, and this disparity limits direct comparisons between the different researches. With normal anatomy the mean contact pressures ranged from 1.54 to 4.4 MPa, and the average peak contact pressures ranged from 2 to 9.3 MPa. Labral tear or resection showed an increase in contact pressures that diminished after repair or reconstruction of the labrum. Complete cam resection also decreased the contact pressure, and acetabular rim resection of 6 mm increased the contact pressure at the acetabular base. Conclusion. To date there is no standardized methodology to access hip contact biomechanics in hip arthroscopy, or with the preservation of the periarticular soft-tissues. A tendency towards improved biomechanics (lower contact pressures) was seen with labral repair and reconstruction techniques as well as with cam correction. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(12):712–721

Objectives. Legg–Calvé–Perthes’ disease (LCP) is an idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head that is most common in children between four and eight years old. The factors that lead to the onset of LCP are still unclear; however, it is believed that interruption of the blood supply to the developing epiphysis is an important factor in the development of the condition. Methods. Finite element analysis modelling of the blood supply to the juvenile epiphysis was investigated to understand under which circumstances the blood vessels supplying the femoral epiphysis could become obstructed. The identification of these conditions is likely to be important in understanding the biomechanics of LCP. Results. The results support the hypothesis that vascular obstruction to the epiphysis may arise when there is delayed ossification and when articular cartilage has reduced stiffness under compression. Conclusion. The findings support the theory of vascular occlusion as being important in the pathophysiology of Perthes disease. Cite this article: M. Pinheiro, C. A. Dobson, D. Perry, M. J. Fagan. New insights into the biomechanics of Legg-Calvé-Perthes’ disease: The Role of Epiphyseal Skeletal Immaturity in Vascular Obstruction. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:148–156. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.72.BJR-2017-0191.R1

Aims. Precise implant positioning, tailored to individual spinopelvic biomechanics and phenotype, is paramount for stability in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Despite a few studies on instability prediction, there is a notable gap in research utilizing artificial intelligence (AI). The objective of our pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility of developing an AI algorithm tailored to individual spinopelvic mechanics and patient phenotype for predicting impingement. Methods. This international, multicentre prospective cohort study across two centres encompassed 157 adults undergoing primary robotic arm-assisted THA. Impingement during specific flexion and extension stances was identified using the virtual range of motion (ROM) tool of the robotic software. The primary AI model, the Light Gradient-Boosting Machine (LGBM), used tabular data to predict impingement presence, direction (flexion or extension), and type. A secondary model integrating tabular data with plain anteroposterior pelvis radiographs was evaluated to assess for any potential enhancement in prediction accuracy. Results. We identified nine predictors from an analysis of baseline spinopelvic characteristics and surgical planning parameters. Using fivefold cross-validation, the LGBM achieved 70.2% impingement prediction accuracy. With impingement data, the LGBM estimated direction with 85% accuracy, while the support vector machine (SVM) determined impingement type with 72.9% accuracy. After integrating imaging data with a multilayer perceptron (tabular) and a convolutional neural network (radiograph), the LGBM’s prediction was 68.1%. Both combined and LGBM-only had similar impingement direction prediction rates (around 84.5%). Conclusion. This study is a pioneering effort in leveraging AI for impingement prediction in THA, utilizing a comprehensive, real-world clinical dataset. Our machine-learning algorithm demonstrated promising accuracy in predicting impingement, its type, and direction. While the addition of imaging data to our deep-learning algorithm did not boost accuracy, the potential for refined annotations, such as landmark markings, offers avenues for future enhancement. Prior to clinical integration, external validation and larger-scale testing of this algorithm are essential. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(8):671–680

Objectives. Malalignment of the tibial component could influence the long-term survival of a total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The object of this study was to investigate the biomechanical effect of varus and valgus malalignment on the tibial component under stance-phase gait cycle loading conditions. Methods. Validated finite element models for varus and valgus malalignment by 3° and 5° were developed to evaluate the effect of malalignment on the tibial component in TKA. Maximum contact stress and contact area on a polyethylene insert, maximum contact stress on patellar button and the collateral ligament force were investigated. Results. There was greater total contact stress in the varus alignment than in the valgus, with more marked difference on the medial side. An increase in ligament force was clearly demonstrated, especially in the valgus alignment and force exerted on the medial collateral ligament also increased. Conclusion. These results highlight the importance of accurate surgical reconstruction of the coronal tibial alignment of the knee joint. Varus and valgus alignments will influence wear and ligament stability, respectively in TKA. Cite this article: D-S. Suh, K-T. Kang, J. Son, O-R. Kwon, C. Baek, Y-G. Koh. Computational study on the effect of malalignment of the tibial component on the biomechanics of total knee arthroplasty: A Finite Element Analysis. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:623–630. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.611.BJR-2016-0088.R2

Objectives. Posterior condylar offset (PCO) and posterior tibial slope (PTS) are critical factors in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A computational simulation was performed to evaluate the biomechanical effect of PCO and PTS on cruciate retaining TKA. Methods. We generated a subject-specific computational model followed by the development of ± 1 mm, ± 2 mm and ± 3 mm PCO models in the posterior direction, and -3°, 0°, 3° and 6° PTS models with each of the PCO models. Using a validated finite element (FE) model, we investigated the influence of the changes in PCO and PTS on the contact stress in the patellar button and the forces on the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), patellar tendon and quadriceps muscles under the deep knee-bend loading conditions. Results. Contact stress on the patellar button increased and decreased as PCO translated to the anterior and posterior directions, respectively. In addition, contact stress on the patellar button decreased as PTS increased. These trends were consistent in the FE models with altered PCO. Higher quadriceps muscle and patellar tendon force are required as PCO translated in the anterior direction with an equivalent flexion angle. However, as PTS increased, quadriceps muscle and patellar tendon force reduced in each PCO condition. The forces exerted on the PCL increased as PCO translated to the posterior direction and decreased as PTS increased. Conclusion. The change in PCO alternatively provided positive and negative biomechanical effects, but it led to a reduction in a negative biomechanical effect as PTS increased. Cite this article: K-T. Kang, Y-G. Koh, J. Son, O-R. Kwon, J-S. Lee, S. K. Kwon. A computational simulation study to determine the biomechanical influence of posterior condylar offset and tibial slope in cruciate retaining total knee arthroplasty. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:69–78. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.71.BJR-2017-0143.R1

Objectives. External fixators are the traditional fixation method of choice for contaminated open fractures. However, patient acceptance is low due to the high profile and therefore physical burden of the constructs. An externalised locking compression plate is a low profile alternative. However, the biomechanical differences have not been assessed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the axial and torsional stiffness of the externalised titanium locking compression plate (ET-LCP), the externalised stainless steel locking compression plate (ESS-LCP) and the unilateral external fixator (UEF). Methods. A fracture gap model was created to simulate comminuted mid-shaft tibia fractures using synthetic composite bones. Fifteen constructs were stabilised with ET-LCP, ESS-LCP or UEF (five constructs each). The constructs were loaded under both axial and torsional directions to determine construct stiffness. Results. The mean axial stiffness was very similar for UEF (528 N/mm) and ESS-LCP (525 N/mm), while it was slightly lower for ET-LCP (469 N/mm). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) testing in all three groups demonstrated no significant difference (F(2,12) = 2.057, p = 0.171). There was a significant difference in mean torsional stiffness between the UEF (0.512 Nm/degree), the ESS-LCP (0.686 Nm/degree) and the ET-LCP (0.639 Nm/degree), as determined by one-way ANOVA (F(2,12) = 6.204, p = 0.014). A Tukey post hoc test revealed that the torsional stiffness of the ESS-LCP was statistically higher than that of the UEF by 0.174 Nm/degree (p = 0.013). No catastrophic failures were observed. Conclusion. Using the LCP as an external fixator may provide a viable and attractive alternative to the traditional UEF as its lower profile makes it more acceptable to patients, while not compromising on axial and torsional stiffness. Cite this article: B. F. H. Ang, J. Y. Chen, A. K. S. Yew, S. K. Chua, S. M. Chou, S. L. Chia, J. S. B. Koh, T. S. Howe. Externalised locking compression plate as an alternative to the unilateral external fixator: a biomechanical comparative study of axial and torsional stiffness. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:216–223. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.64.2000470

Objectives. Malrotation of the femoral component can result in post-operative complications in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), including patellar maltracking. Therefore, we used computational simulation to investigate the influence of femoral malrotation on contact stresses on the polyethylene (PE) insert and on the patellar button as well as on the forces on the collateral ligaments. Materials and Methods. Validated finite element (FE) models, for internal and external malrotations from 0° to 10° with regard to the neutral position, were developed to evaluate the effect of malrotation on the femoral component in TKA. Femoral malrotation in TKA on the knee joint was simulated in walking stance-phase gait and squat loading conditions. Results. Contact stress on the medial side of the PE insert increased with internal femoral malrotation and decreased with external femoral malrotation in both stance-phase gait and squat loading conditions. There was an opposite trend in the lateral side of the PE insert case. Contact stress on the patellar button increased with internal femoral malrotation and decreased with external femoral malrotation in both stance-phase gait and squat loading conditions. In particular, contact stress on the patellar button increased by 98% with internal malrotation of 10° in the squat loading condition. The force on the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) increased with internal and external femoral malrotations, respectively. Conclusions. These findings provide support for orthopaedic surgeons to determine a more accurate femoral component alignment in order to reduce post-operative PE problems. Cite this article: K-T. Kang, Y-G. Koh, J. Son, O-R. Kwon, C. Baek, S. H. Jung, K. K. Park. Measuring the effect of femoral malrotation on knee joint biomechanics for total knee arthroplasty using computational simulation. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:552–559. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.511.BJR-2016-0107.R1

Objectives. The goals of this study were: 1) to determine if high-fat diet (HFD) feeding in female mice would negatively impact biomechanical and histologic consequences on the Achilles tendon and quadriceps muscle; and 2) to investigate whether exercise and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation would affect these parameters or attenuate any negative consequences resulting from HFD consumption. Methods. We examined the effects of 16 weeks of 60% HFD feeding, voluntary exercise (free choice wheel running) and BCAA administration in female C57BL/6 mice. The Achilles tendons and quadriceps muscles were removed at the end of the experiment and assessed histologically and biomechanically. Results. HFD feeding significantly decreased the Achilles tendon modulus without histological alterations. BCAA administration significantly decreased the stiffness of Achilles tendons in the exercised normal diet mice. Exercise partially ameliorated both the weight gain and glucose levels in the HFD-fed mice, led to a significant decrease in the maximum load of the Achilles tendon, and an increase in the average fibril diameter of the quadriceps femoris muscle. There were significant correlations between body weight and several biomechanical properties, demonstrating the importance of controlling obesity for maintaining healthy tendon properties. . Conclusions. In summary, this study showed a significant impact of obesity and body weight on tendon biomechanical properties with limited effects of exercise and BCAAs. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2013;2:186–92

Objectives. Secondary fracture healing is strongly influenced by the stiffness of the bone-fixator system. Biomechanical tests are extensively used to investigate stiffness and strength of fixation devices. The stiffness values reported in the literature for locked plating, however, vary by three orders of magnitude. The aim of this study was to examine the influence that the method of restraint and load application has on the stiffness produced, the strain distribution within the bone, and the stresses in the implant for locking plate constructs. Methods. Synthetic composite bones were used to evaluate experimentally the influence of four different methods of loading and restraining specimens, all used in recent previous studies. Two plate types and three screw arrangements were also evaluated for each loading scenario. Computational models were also developed and validated using the experimental tests. Results. The method of loading was found to affect the gap stiffness strongly (by up to six times) but also the magnitude of the plate stress and the location and magnitude of strains at the bone-screw interface. Conclusions. This study demonstrates that the method of loading is responsible for much of the difference in reported stiffness values in the literature. It also shows that previous contradictory findings, such as the influence of working length and very large differences in failure loads, can be readily explained by the choice of loading condition. Cite this article: A. MacLeod, A. H. R. W. Simpson, P. Pankaj. Experimental and numerical investigation into the influence of loading conditions in biomechanical testing of locking plate fracture fixation devices. Bone Joint Res 2018;7:111–120. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.71.BJR-2017-0074.R2

Aims. The aim of this study was to compare biomechanical properties of pre-contoured plate fixation using different screw fixation modes in a mid-shaft clavicle fracture model. Methods. Fourth generation biomechanical clavicle sawbones with a mid-shaft osteotomy were plated in one of three modes: nonlocking bicortical, locking bicortical and locking unicortical mode. The specimens were then tested to failure in four-point bending and pull-off tests. Results. Failure due to fracture through the sawbone was more common in nonlocking bicortical mode while plate bending was more common in the locking bicortical group. The ultimate load at failure was significantly lower in the locking bicortical group compared to the nonlocking bicortical group, however there was no significant difference between the locking unicortical group and nonlocking bicortical group. In the pull-off tests 100% of nonlocking bicortical and locking bicortical plates failed by fracture of the sawbone. 100% of the locking unicortical plates failed by plate and screw pull-off from the sawbone. The load at failure was highest for the locking unicortical plate but this was not significantly different to the other groups. Conclusion. This study shows that specimens fixed with locking unicortical screw fixation withstood comparable or superior loads in four-point bending and pull-off test when compared to nonlocking bicortical and locking bicortical screw fixation. In addition both locking screws and unicortical screws appear to provide a protective effect against periprosthetic sawbone fracture. Locking unicortical screw fixation of pre-contoured plates may be a viable alternative in the fixation of mid-shaft clavicle fractures

Purpose:. Glenoid loosening persists as a common cause of anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) failure. Considering radiographic evidence of loosening as an endpoint, TSA has a reported survivorship of only 51.5% at 10 years. Component loosening may be related to cementation and it is postulated that poor cement penetration and heat-induced necrosis may partially be responsible. There is a growing interest among surgeons to minimize or abandon cement fixation and rely on biologic fixation to the polyethylene for long-term fixation. De Wilde et al. reported promising early clinical and radiographic results using a pegged, all-polyethylene ingrowth glenoid design implanted without cement. The goal of this study was to compare glenoid micromotion in an all-polyethylene, centrally fluted pegged glenoid using 3 cement fixation techniques. Materials and Methods:. Glenoid components (Anchor Peg Glenoid, Depuy Orthopaedics, Warsaw, IN, USA) (Figure 1) were implanted in polyurethane foam testing blocks with 3 different fixation methods (n = 5 per group). Group I glenoids were implanted with interference fit fixation with no added cement. Group II was implanted with a hybrid fixation, where only the peripheral pegs were cemented. Group III glenoids were fully cemented for implantation. Glenoid loosening was characterized according to ASTM Standard F-2028. The glenoid component and a 44 mm humeral head were mounted to a materials testing frame (858 Mini Bionix II, MTS Crop., Eden Prairie, MN, USA) with a 750N applied joint compressive force (Figure 1). A humeral head subluxation displacement of ± 0.5 mm was experimentally calculated as a value that simulates glenoid rim loading that may occur at higher load activities. For characterization of glenoid loosening, the humeral head was cycled 50,000 times along the superior-inferior glenoid axis, simulating approximately 5 years of device service. Glenoid distraction, compression, and superior-inferior glenoid migration were recorded with two differential variable reluctance transducers fixed to the glenoid prosthesis. Results:. All glenoid components completed the 50,000 cycles of humeral head translation successfully. With respect to glenoid distraction (Figure 2), interference fit fixation had significantly greater distraction compared to both hybrid and fully cemented fixation (p < 0.001). Hybrid fixation also displayed significantly higher distraction compared to fully cemented fixation (p < 0.001). In terms of glenoid compression (Figure 2), hybrid cementation had significantly greater compression compared to both interference-fit and fully cemented fixation (p < 0.001). Discussion:. This is the first biomechanics study comparing glenoid micromotion of a centrally fluted, pegged component using 3 different fixation techniques. Of all fixation methods, the fully cemented components displayed the least amount of motion in all parameters. Hybrid fixation exhibited lower distraction, higher compression, and comparable translation compared to interference-fit fixation. Results may indicate the differences in early motion and suggest little to no advantage of peripheral peg cementation over no cement with respect to initial fixation. Future studies are warranted to further evaluate interference-fit fixation as a viable option for implantation of a central fluted, all-polyethylene glenoid component

Introduction: Patients who develop proximal femoral growth arrest present a typical deformity of short femoral neck, high riding greater trochanter, and caput valgum. This is seen usually seen in Perthes, AVN due to treatment of CDH, and sometimes in epiphyseal dysplasia. Method: We present a series of 34 cases (34 hips) treated at the above institutes. The cases treated in Berne were prior to 2002. Twenty patients were females. There were 24 patients with Perthes, nine with old healed and treated DDH, and one with epipyhseal dysplasia. All had Trendelenburg or delayed Trendelenburg sign. They had an average shortening of 3.5 cms, and their age range was 14 yrs to 64 yrs. Pre-op assessement was done with plain radiographs, CT scan, and or MRI scan. Results: Their Merle D’Aubigne score improved from 13 (10 to 15) to 17 (15 to 18) at the latest follow up. Twenty four (70%) had good to excellent result. Five have since undergone a total hip replacement, and five have some pain but can do reasonable amount of activity. The follow-up is 6 years (2 to 13 years). There was one trochanteric non-union, but no cases of AVN. Discussion: We describe the technique of biomechanically improving the moment arm and muscle length with this procedure. This helps the soft tissues to strengthen, improve force vectors in the correct direct in the hip, perhaps improve the longevity of the joint and also prepare the hip soft tissues for future THR

Purpose. Locking plates are widely used in clinical practice for the surgical treatment of complex proximal humerus fractures, especially in osteoporotic bone. The aim of this study is to assess the biomechanical influence of the infero-medial locking screws on maintaining reduction of the fragments in a proximal humerus fracture. Materials & Methods. A standard 3-part proximal humerus fracture was created in fourth generation humerus saw bones. Each specimen was anatomically reduced and secured with a PHILOS locking plate. Eleven of the specimens had infero-medial locking screws inserted, and 11 specimens did not. Each humerus sawbone underwent cyclical loading at 532N, as previous studies showed this was the maximum force at the glenohumeral joint. The absolute inter-fragmentary motion was recorded using an infra-red motion analysis device. Each specimen was then loaded to failure. Results. The fixation of a 3-part proximal humerus fracture with the insertion of the infero-medial locking screws had significantly less inter-fragmentary motion at 250, 500, 750 and 1000 cycles, when compared to a similar fracture pattern without this strategically placed screw (P< 0.001). In both groups at each 250 cycle increment there was a significant increase in the overall fracture fragment movement (P< 0.01). The load to failure in the group with the infero-medial screws was also significantly more (P< 0.001). The median load of 1159N was required for construct failure compared to 1452N in the group without the inferomedial screws. Conclusion. This study supports the importance of anatomical reduction and adequate support of the medial column on maintaining fracture reduction of proximal humerus fractures. The key placement of the infero-medial locking screws is of significant importance in creating a solid construct for proximal humerus fracture healing. This may reduce implant complications such as screw perforations or the possible loss of reduction of fracture fragments

Introduction Current concepts in the treatment of degenerative disc disease include disc replacement. Disc replacement may restore height and lordosis while maintaining motion. This paper reviews the design criteria, biomechanical and biological (wear and safety) testing of the Maverick total disc arthroplasty. The surgical technique and early clinical results of the initial implantations were reviewed (Mathews HH, et al; Spine J. 2004). Methods The Maverick total disc arthroplasty is a semi-constrained, chrome cobalt metal-on-metal, ball and socket design prosthesis designed to resist shear forces. Various prosthetic sizes allow precise end plate coverage to help prevent subsidence and selective restoration of lordosis and disc height. The posterior location of the ball-and–socket articulation approximates the normal centre of rotation. The Maverick disc was subjected to axial compression, cadaveric motion, wear testing, and shock transmission studies. Early clinical outcomes were reviewed. Results Biomechanical testing resulted in no failures, cracks, loss of height or other mechanical damage after subjecting the components to 10 million loading cycles. Cadaveric testing showed maintenance of a range of motion in all planes with no statistically significant (p=.05) differences between the stiffness or range-of-motion measurements in any mode except for extension. Maverick tested at 10 million repetitions of significant bends, estimated to be equivalent to 31.5 years of clinical use, generated only 12 to 14 mm. 3. of debris. This represents approximately 9% of the anticipated debris of a metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty. No difference in shock transmission between metal-on-metal and metal-on-polyethylene prosthesis designs was demonstrated. Clinically at 2 years, at least three-quarters of patients obtained an Oswestry success of 15 points or more usually by 3 months after the procedure. Recovery and improvement was significantly quicker when compared to the historical arthrodesis controls. A few approach-related complications and technical failures have been reported. There have been no implant-related failures. Discussion The most clinically relevant concept in disc replacement may be restoration of spinal balance rather than preservation of motion. Laboratory testing confirms the design rationale of the Maverick disc. Early clinical results are encouraging. Longer term results and more careful study are needed to confirm its efficacy

Objectives. Initial stability of tibial trays is crucial for long-term success of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in both primary and revision settings. Rotating platform (RP) designs reduce torque transfer at the tibiofemoral interface. We asked if this reduced torque transfer in RP designs resulted in subsequently reduced micromotion at the cemented fixation interface between the prosthesis component and the adjacent bone. Methods. Composite tibias were implanted with fixed and RP primary and revision tibial trays and biomechanically tested under up to 2.5 kN of axial compression and 10° of external femoral component rotation. Relative micromotion between the implanted tibial tray and the neighbouring bone was quantified using high-precision digital image correlation techniques. Results. Rotational malalignment between femoral and tibial components generated 40% less overall tibial tray micromotion in RP designs than in standard fixed bearing tibial trays. RP trays reduced micromotion by up to 172 µm in axial compression and 84 µm in rotational malalignment models. Conclusions. Reduced torque transfer at the tibiofemoral interface in RP tibial trays reduces relative component micromotion and may aid long-term stability in cases of revision TKA or poor bone quality. Cite this article: Mr S. R. Small. Micromotion at the tibial plateau in primary and revision total knee arthroplasty: fixed versus rotating platform designs. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:122–129. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.54.2000481

Introduction. Lag screw cut-out following fixation of unstable intertrochanteric fractures in osteoporotic bone remains an unsolved challenge. A novel new device is the X-Bolt which is an expanding type bolt that may offer superior fixation in osteoporotic bone compared to the standard DHS screw type device. Aims. The aim of this study was to test if there was a difference in cut-out using the X-Bolt implant compared with the standard DHS system. Methods. Specimens of low density surrogate bone (5pcf) were inserted into a simplified biomechanical fracture model and had either an X-Bolt or DHS implant inserted. There were eight samples in each group. The fracture model was tested with an incremental cyclical loading programme in a Material Test System. Displacement, cycle count and force exerted were continuously recorded until cut-out of the implant. Results. All of the specimens failed by varus collapse with superior cut-out and resulted in an automatic stop of the MTS. Specimens with the X-Bolt implant inserted lasted longer on cyclical count and withstood a greater force at cut-out compared with DHS specimens. The mean number of cycles to cutout in the DHS specimens was 4345 and in specimens with the X-Bolt inserted was 6898. The mean force at which cutout occurred in the DHS group was 1.025kN and in specimens with the X-Bolt inserted was 1.275kN. A statistically significant difference was observed with a P-value of 0.005 and a power of 87.2% with respect to cycle count and a P-value of 0.008 and power 84.8% with respect to force exerted at failure when comparing between the two groups. Conclusion. This study shows that the X-Bolt device demonstrated superior cut-out resistance and withstood greater loads compared to the DHS in low density surrogate bone in an unstable fracture model under cyclical axial loading

Objectives

Cadaveric models of the shoulder evaluate discrete motion segments using the glenohumeral joint in isolation over a defined trajectory. The aim of this study was to design, manufacture and validate a robotic system to accurately create three-dimensional movement of the upper body and capture it using high-speed motion cameras.

In selected patients in-cement revision of the total hip arthroplasty components is an attractive option. Recommended roughening of the primary mantle surface remains controversial. Aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the cement surface roughening on the strength of bilaminar cement interface.

Flat, laboratory model of bilaminar cement interface was used. Prior to its creation, modeled primary mantle surface was machined to the roughness of either smooth surface observed after removal of a highly polished stem (Ra=200nm) or that following roughening (Ra=5μm). Two viscosities of interfering fluids (water and bone marrow) were also used. 6 variants (smooth or rough, both stained with water, bone marrow or with no fluid) with 7 repeats were exposed to single shear to failure.

No significant difference in resistance to shear was observed between the groups with dry smooth (16.82MPa) and rough surfaces (16.96MPa), and those stained with large volume of low viscosity fluid. In the presence of water, roughening did not significantly influence the interface (smooth – 17.04MPa and rough – 16.25MPa respectively).

In the smooth variant with large volume of viscous fluid, ultimate stress value dropped to 5.53MPa, and 9.87MPa in the roughened group with the same amount of viscous fluid (p< 0.05).

Extra roughening may offer some benefit when performing in-cement revision in the presence of large volume of viscous fluid only though in-cement revision would not be then recommended. In the presence of low viscosity fluids (blood, irrigation fluid) benefit of roughening is dubious.

For the treatment of the fractures of the proximal extremity of the femur two predominant systems exist: the intramedular nail and the sliding screw plate.

The variables at the moment, to be considered, are the weight, age and type of fracture. The principal aims are: To develop models of finite elements of both types of implants and of two types of fracture (stable and unstable), and to integrate the models of finite elements of the implants in the model of fractured femur, to obtain the mechanical behavior of both types of implants and them to fit to the model of finite elements.

The analyzed models have been the gamma-3 nail (Stryker, USA) and the PerCutaneus Compression Plate (PCCP), (Gotfried, Israel). The real geometry has been created in the program SolidWorks 11.0 to be treated later in the program of calculation by means of finite elements Ansys.

The assembly with nail is more rigid (11.51 mm) that with plate (11.95 mm) on having had a few minor displacements. The tensions that appear in the nail (446 MPa) are major that those of the plate (132.93 MPa), in the unstable fractures.

In the unstable fractures, the intramedular nail is more rigid than the system of plate. The tensions to which the nail meets submitted are superior to those of break for what the nail would not be capable of supporting the first cycles of load. It is for it, that the system to using in these cases would be the sliding screw plate.