Myerson and Shereff described an anatomical basis for the correction of hammertoe deformity. Based on this model we added a metatarsophalangeal soft tissue release to a proximal interphalangeal arthroplasty as our routine method of correction of hammertoes with fixed PIP joint flexion and flexible MTP joint hyperextension. Patients operated between March 1995 and January 2000 were retrospectively reviewed using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Scores (AOFAS) by independent assessors. There were 84 patients with 99 feet and 179 hammertoes with a median follow-up of 28 months. The median AOFAS score was 83. Eighty-three percent of patients were satisfied while 19% were dissatisfied with the procedure. Pain at the metatarsophalangeal joint was the commonest cause of dissatisfaction with 14% having moderate or severe pain. Nine percent had callus formation and 4% of toes were over-corrected. There was no statistical difference in results related to the age and sex of the patient, number of toes operated on, associated hallux valgus surgery and follow-up of less than or greater than two years. This study is based on an anatomical model and shows results comparable with other series with no recurrence of hammertoe deformity

Introduction

Lesser toe proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis is a common forefoot procedure for correction of claw toe deformities. The most common method of fixation is with k-wires. Although this is a very cost-effective method of fixation, well-known disadvantages include pin site infection, non union, wire migration and the inconvenience to the patients of percutaneous wires for up to six weeks. For these reasons, intramedullary devices for joint fixation without crossing the distal IP joint have been developed. Many different designs are currently available. The Smart Toe prosthesis which has appeared as a type I and II, is one such implant. In two recent studies using type I, the use of this implant is advocated. We wish to present our experience with the use of the Smart Toe II.

Introduction

Patients suffering from finger joint pain or dysfunction due to arthritis and traumatic injury may require arthroplasty and joint replacement. Single-part silicone-based implants remain the material of choice and most widely used option, although reports on their long-term clinical performance are variable. For trauma indications, patients have a high expectation of functionality necessitating the use of materials with high wear resistance and mechanical performance. A new proximal inter phalangeal (PIP) joint designed by Zrinski AG (Wurmlingen, Germany), comprising a self-mating carbon fibre reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFR-PEEK) coupling, may provide a suitable alternative. Here we describe the wear performance of the CFR-PEEK components in a PIP joint wear simulator and subsequent characterisation of the wear particles.

Study. This is a prospective double blind, placebo controlled trial. Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum was effective and well tolerated used in well palpable cords of Dupuytren's Contracture. Concurrent fingers treatment with early complications have been reported. Patients reported outcome measures have been obtained. Materials & Method. 143 fingers were treated in 125 patients. Deformity of more than 30° at metacarpo phalangeal joints and more than 20° at proximal interphalangeal joints with well palpable cord were selected in this study. Finger straightening procedure was undertaken at 24–72 hours post injection. Prospectively evaluated for early complications, extent of correction, residual deformity and recurrence rate at 3 years and 6 months follow up. Concurrent fingers were treated without serious side effects. Results. Full correction was achieved in 130 fingers (91%). Residual flexion deformity noted in mainly in PIPJ with flexion 80° or more. At four years follow up, the recurrence rate was noted in Metacarpophalangeal Joints in 4(3%)fingers and Proximal Inter Phalangeal Joints in 12(9%) fingers. Patient reported outcome measures have been collected and expressed high degree of satisfaction. Conclusion. Most local complications resolved within two weeks of the injection. Isolated MPJ deformity is more likely to be corrected fully. Isolated Proximal Interphalangeal Joints and combined Proximal Interphalangeal Joints and Metacarpo Phalangeal Joints contractures are mostly end up in residual flexion. Concurrent finger treatment was uneventful

Introduction and Objective. Zone 2 flexor tendon injuries are still one of the challenges for hand surgeons. It is not always possible to achieve perfect results in hand functions after these injuries. There is no consensus in the literature regarding the treatment of zone 2 flexor tendon injuries, tendon repair and surgical technique to be applied to the A2 pulley. The narrow fibro-osseous canal structure in zone 2 can cause adhesions and loss of motion due to the increase in tendon volume due to surgical repair. Different surgical techniques have been defined to prevent this situation. In our study, in the treatment of zone 2 flexor tendon injuries; Among the surgical techniques to be performed in addition to FDP tendon repair; We aimed to compare the biomechanical results of single FDS slip repair, A2 pulley release and two different pulley plasty methods (Kapandji and V-Y pulley plasty). Materials and Methods. In our study, 12 human upper extremity cadavers preserved with modified Larssen solution (MLS) and amputated at the mid ½ level of the arm were used. A total of 36 fingers (second, third and the fourth fingers were used for each cadaver) were divided into four groups and 9 fingers were used for each group. With the finger fully flexed, the FDS and FDP tendons were cut right in the middle of the A2 pulley and repaired with the cruciate four-strand technique. The surgical techniques described above were applied to the groups. Photographs of fingers with different loads (50 – 700 gr) were taken before and after the application. Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint angle, PIP joint maximum flexion angle and bowstring distance were measured. The gliding coefficient was calculated by applying the PIP joint angle to the single-phase exponential association equation. Results. Gliding coefficient after repair increased by %21.46 ± 44.41, %62.71 ± 116.9, %26.8 ± 35.35 and %20.39 ± 28.78 in single FDS slip repair, A2 pulley release, V-Y pulley plasty and Kapandji plasty respectively. The gliding coefficient increased significantly in all groups after surgical applications (p<0.05). PIP joint maximum flexion angle decreased by %3.17 ± 7.92, %12.82 ± 10.94, %8.33 ± 3.29 and %7.35 ± 5.02 in single FDS slip repair, A2 pulley release, V-Y pulley plasty and Kapandji plasty respectively. PIP joint maximum flexion angle decreased significantly after surgery in all groups (p<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between surgical techniques for gliding coefficient and PIP joint maximum flexion angle. Bowstring distance between single FDS slip repair, kapandji pulley plasty and V-Y pulley plasty showed no significant difference in most loads (p>0.05). Bowstring distance was significantly increased in the A2 pulley release group compared to the other three groups (p<0.05). Conclusion. Digital motion was negatively affected after flexor tendon repair. Similar results were found in terms of gliding coefficient and maximum flexion angle among different surgical methods. As single FDS slipe repair preserves the anatomical structure of the A2 pulley therefore we prefer it as an ideal method for zone 2 flexor tendon repair. However, resection of FDS slip may jeopardizes nutrition to the flexor digitorum profundus tendon which weakens the repair site. Therefore the results must be confirmed by an in vivo study before a clinical recommendation can be made. Keywords: Flexor tendon; injury; pulley plasty; cadaver;

Introduction and Aims: Severe Dupuytren’s contracture of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint is a difficult condition to treat; a two-stage technique has been advocated by some surgeons for such cases. The present study set out to determine the early results of this technique. Method: Thirteen patients (11 with primary and two with recurrent disease) with a severe Dupuytren’s contracture of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint were treated by geometric correction (in line distraction followed by angular correction) using the OrthofixTM mini external fixator followed by its removal and partial fasciectomy (without collateral ligament or volar plate release). The mean duration of distraction was 14 days. Results: In the PIP joint the mean true fixed flexion deformity pre-operatively was 75 degrees (range 45–90). At a mean follow-up of 21 months, the mean residual flexion deformity was 35 degrees (range 10–90). The mean arc of motion increased from 26 (range 10–55) to 51 degrees (range 0–90). At follow-up, the mean arc of motion was 33 degrees (range 0–70) and 73 degrees (range 45–110) at the distal interphalangeal and meta-carpophalangeal joints respectively. There were no cases of reflex sympathetic dystrophy or neurovascular damage. One patient had a fracture of the proximal phalanx and a second patient had an early recurrence, which led to a poor clinical outcome. The rest had an excellent clinical outcome according to the Michigan Hand Questionnaire. Conclusion: Although the technique is challenging, the early results are promising and we recommend it for the management of this difficult problem

Extensor tendon attachment to the dorsum of the proximal phalanx may fully extend the finger metacarpal phalangeal joint (MPJ). 15 fresh-frozen cadaveric hands were axially loaded in the line of pull to the extensor digitorum comunis of the index, middle, ring and small finger at the level just proximal to the MPJ. We measured force of extension at the MP joint in 3 groups: 1) native specimen, 2) extensor tendon release at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint with release of lumbricals/lateral bands, 3) extensor tendon release at the PIP joint and dorsal proximal phalanx and lumbrical/lateral band release. Degree change of extension was calculated using arctan function with height change of the distal aspect of the proximal phalanx, and the length of the proximal phalanx. We used Student T-test to determine significant decrease in the extension of the phalanges. Extension of all fingers decreased slightly when the extensor tendon were severed at the PIP joint with release of the lateral bands/lumbricals (8deg+/−2deg). After this release, the finger no longer extended. Slight loss of extension was not statistically significant (p >.05) between group 1 and group 2. Groups 1 and 2 were significantly different compared to group 3. In summary, distal extensor tendon transection and release of lateral bands/lumbricals resulted in little change in force and degree of finger extension. The distal insertion of the extensor, released when exposing the PIP joint dorsally, may not need to be repaired to the base of the middle phalanx

Used routinely in maxillofacial reconstructive surgery, the chondrocostal graft is also applied to hand surgery in traumatic or pathologic indications. The purpose of this overview was to analyze at long-term follow-up the radiological and histological evolution of this autograft, in hand and wrist surgery. We extrapolated this autograft technique to the elbow by using perichondrium. Since 1992, 148 patients have undergone chondrocostal autograft: 116 osteoarthritis of the thumb carpometacarpal joint, 18 radioscaphoid arthritis, 6 articular malunions of the distal radius, 4 kienbock's disease, and 4 traumatic loss of cartilage of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint. Perichondrium autografts were used in 3 patients with elbow osteoarthritis. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) was performed in 19 patients with a mean follow-up of 68 months (4–159). Histological studies were performed on: i) perioperative chondrocostal grafts (n=3), ii) chondrocostal grafts explanted between 2 and 48 months after surgery (n=10), and iii) perioperative perichondrium grafts (n=2). Whatever the indication, the reconstruction by a chondrocostal/ostochondrocostal or perichondrium graft yielded satisfactory clinical results at long-term follow-up. The main question was the viability of the graft. -. For rib cartilage grafting: The radiological study indicated the non-wear of the graft and a certain degree of ossification. The MRI and histology confirmed a very small degree of osseous metaplasia and graft viability. The biopsies showed neo-vascularization of the cartilage that had undergone morphological, constitutional and architectural changes. Comparison of these structural modifications with perioperative chondrocostal graft histology is in progress. -. For perichondrium grafting: The first cases gave satisfactory clinical results but must be confirmed on a larger number of patients. Histological results highlighted a tissue composed of one fibrous layer and one cartilage-like layer, a common composition of supporting tissue. Despite the strong mechanical strain in the hand and wrist, chondrocostal graft is a biological arthroplasty that is trustworthy and secure over the long term, although it can cause infrequent complications inherent to this type of surgery. Despite the inevitable histological modification, the cartilage remains alive and is of satisfactory quality at long term follow-up and fulfills the requirements for interposition and reconstruction of an articular surface. The perichondrium graft constitutes a new arsenal to cure cartilage resurfacing. The importance of perichondrium for the survival of the grafted cartilage, as previously reported, as well as its role in resurfacing, is being investigated

Dupuytren's disease is often disabling and traditionally has been managed with various surgical methods, with recurrence rates up to 50 %. Recently clostridial collagenase injection has been licensed for use in the NHS. We prospectively analysed the results of clostridial collagenase injection in 62 patients with varying degrees of Metacarpo phalangeal (MCP) and Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint contractures. There were 48 males and 14 females with an average age of 66 years. The average MCPJ and PIPJ deformities were 33 and 17 degrees respectively. Following the infiltration and subsequent manipulation under local anaesthetic and night splinting for 3 months, patients were followed up at 4 weeks and 6 months. Deformities persisted in 5 patients and later required surgical correction. MCPJ deformities were more amenable for correction than PIPJ and in those with recurrence. The average residual deformity was 7 degrees. Common complications include bruising, swelling, pain not responding to routine analgesia, lymphangitis and skin break in some but none required any additional interventions. 14 patients had completed 6 month follow up and there was no recurrence. Subjective assessment through questionnaires revealed high patient satisfaction rate with early return to work within 1 week in most patients. Patients with previous operations preferred injections over operative correction. Collagenase injections are effective in deformity correction with higher satisfaction rate and low morbidity. Early results are encouraging but long term follow up is required to assess recurrence rates

Treatment for the comminuted intra-articular fractures of base of phalanxes remains a challenging problem in hand surgery. The outcomes are commonly associated with pain, stiffness, chronic instability and degenerative arthritis of proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints. We present our short term results in 12 consecutive patients suffering from these complex fractures treated by closed reduction and application of a dynamic external fixator (Giddins’s frame). The average range of movement achieved was 11–86 degrees and there were no serious complications. We used the construct with slight modification and in our experience this may be helpful to reduce the pin site infection. It is relatively simple, uses widely available equipment (K-wire), and compact thus allows more than one finger to be treated. Early return to work, good pain relief and high level of patient’s satisfaction was achieved. Our short term results were comparable to best previously published results. Based on our experience we recommend this easy technique to treat these complex fractures of IP joints

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review the outcomes of percutaneous flexor tenotomies of diabetic claw toes with ulcers or pending ulcers. A retrospective chart review between January 1999 and June 2005 was performed to identify those patients that had undergone a percutaneous flexor tenotomy for diabetic claw toe deformities. Thirty-four toes in fourteen patients were identified. Twenty-four toes had ulcerations at the terminal aspect and three of these had radiographic evidence of osteomyelitis of the terminal phalange. All patients had palpable pulses and good capillary refill. A percutaneous flexor tenotomy was performed in an outpatient clinic on all toes, patients with a rigid flexor contracture at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint underwent an osteoclaysis to correct a portion of the deformity. The average follow-up was thrirteen months, all patients with ulcers healed and there were no significant complications. Those without osteomyelitis healed within an average of three weeks and those with osteomyelitis healed within an average of eight weeks. A Percutaneous flexor tenotomy with osteoclasis of the PIP joint performed in an outpatient clinic is a safe and effective method to off-load the tip of the toe such that ulcer healing can occur. The presence of osteomyelitis is not a contraindication for this technique; however, an increased healing time can be expected

Aim: Myerson and Sheriff described an anatomical basis for the correction of hammertoe deformity. Based on this model we performed a metatarsophalangeal soft tissue release and proximal interphalangeal arthroplasty. Method: Patients operated between March 1995 and January 2000 were retrospectively reviewed using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Scores (AOFAS) by independent assessors. Results: There were 84 patients with 99 feet and 179 hammertoes with a median follow-up of 28 months. The median AOFAS score was 83 and 87% of patients had a score of more than 60 points. Eighty-three percent of patients were satisþed while 17% were dissatisþed with the procedure. Pain at the metatarsophalangeal joint was the commonest cause of dissatisfaction with 14% having moderate or severe pain. Only 2.5% had metatarsophalangeal joint instability and 9% had callus formation. There was no statistical difference regarding the age and sex of the patient, number of toes operated on, associated hallux valgus surgery and follow-up of less than or greater than 2 years. Conclusions: This study is based on an anatomical model and shows a good result with no recurrence of hammertoe correction

Finger arthroplasty lacks the success seen with hip and knee joint replacements. The Van Straten Leuwen Poeschmann Metal (LPM) prosthesis was intended for the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints. However revision rates of 30% after 19 months were reported alongside massive osteolysis. Three failed LPM titanium niobium (TiNb) coated cobalt chrome (CoCr) components were obtained- two distal and one proximal. All three components were analysed using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). This gave the chemical composition of the surface to determine if the TiNb surface coating was still intact. The distal components were analysed using a ZYGO non-contact profilometer (1nm resolution) with the proximal component unable to be analysed due to its shape. ZYGO analysis gave the roughness average (Ra) of the surface and determined the presence of scratches, pitting and other damage. Images obtained from both the ZYGO and the ESEM indicated that the surfaces of all components were heavily worn. On the articulating surfaces of both distal components unidirectional scratching was dominant, while the non-articulating surface showed multidirectional scratching. The presence of unidirectional scratching suggested two-body wear, whilst the multidirectional scratching on the non-articulating surface of the distal component suggested that trapped debris may have caused three-body wear. The ESEM chemical analysis showed that in some regions on the distal component the TiNb coating had been removed completely and in other areas it had been scratched or penetrated. On the proximal component the TiNb coating had been almost completely removed from the articulating surfaces and was only present in small amounts on the non-articulating surfaces. There was little evidence of bone attachment to the titanium coating which was intended to help provide fixation. ESEM images showed the coating had been removed in some sections where there was minimal scratching, suggesting this scratching did not impact significantly in the coating removal. Therefore here the main cause of coating removal may have been corrosion, although scratching may have also have played a part. The osteolysis reported clinically may have been linked to the wear debris from the failed coating

Introduction: Mitchell’s operation is a double step-cut osteotomy through the neck of first metatarsal (MT) which displaces laterally and plantar flexes the metatarsal head and minimally shortens the first MT. In coexisted further forefoot abnormalities this osteotomy can be combined by additional corrective osteotomies of the rest metatarsals and straightening of toes. Material and Methods: A prospective study was carried out in our Department, on 42 patients (51feet) operated with this osteotomy alone or combined. The mean follow-up time was 10 years (range, 3–15 years). The average age of patients was 58 years. The average angle of HV deformity was 38 degrees (in nine feet this angle was more than 40 degrees). Mean inter-metatarsal (IM) angulation was 15 degrees. The procedure was always followed by Y or V capsuloplasty of first metatarsophallangeal (MTP) joint. Moderate arthritis of first MTP joint was not considered by us as a contraindication for this operation. The osteotomy was secured by two crossed K-wires. In 20 feet (15 patients) with coexisted forefoot abnormalities oblique osteotomies of the rest metatarsals, arthrodeses of proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints and elongation of extensor tendons were carried out. Results: In examination, we checked the correction of the deformities; we assessed pain and comfortability in wearing shoes and the joints motion, hi early postoperative examination the mean correction in HV angle was 18 degrees and in IM angle was 5 degrees, but in last examination there was a loss of 5 degrees in the HV angle correction. One hallux was overcorrected. 90% of the results were satisfactory including all feet with osteoarmritis of first MTP joint. 10% of the results considered as poor including all feet with preoperative HV deformity of more than 40 degrees. Ten feet (eight patients) suffered from metatarsalgia established because of fall of MT arch. We feel that Mitchell’s osteotomy is not suitable for HV deformity exceeding the 40 degrees

Apoptosis of articular chondrocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of chondrocyte apoptosis in equine articular cartilage (AC) specimens and examine the relationship between the process of cell death and the degree of cartilage degradation. The study comprised 2 populations of equine cartilage taken from the left forelimb. Population 1 (n=10) consisted of full depth cartilage from weight-bearing regions of equine metacarpophalangeal (MCP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints. Population 2 (n=9) comprised cartilage from 6 different regions of the MCP joint: dorsomedial, dorsolateral, centromedial, centrolateral, palmarome-dial and palmarolateral areas. Cartilage from each horse for each of the joints and joint regions was not always available. Seven micrometre cryostat sections were obtained. Haematoxylin and Eosin with Safranin-O stained sections were used to score structural differences between samples for features of cartilage pathology using a ‘modified’ Mankin scoring system. Two methods were used to quantify apoptotic chondrocytes: a direct method in which chondrocytes were assessed for morphological features of apoptosis using a light microscope and an immunohistochemical staining technique to detect the expression of active caspase-3 using a commercially available monoclonal antibody. Apoptosis assessed by the direct method did not show any association with increasing severity of OA (r=0.11, p=0.7205). Overall there was a positive correlation between caspase-3 expression and cartilage damage (r= 0.44, p=0.0043). Caspase-3 expression was found to increase linearly with increasing severity of OA in the superficial, middle and deep zones of AC (r=0.36, p=0.0198; r=0.49, p=0.0011 and r=0.37, p=0.0237 respectively). Moreover, caspase-3 expression was higher in the superficial and middle zones than in the deep zone (p< 0.001). In the superficial, middle and deep zones the expression of caspase-3 was higher in the MCP joint than the PIP joint (p< 0.05, p< 0.01 and p< 0.05 respectively). The significant positive correlation between disease severity and chondrocyte apoptosis, suggests that this process plays an important role in the pathogenesis of OA. The differences in the extent of apoptosis observed in different joints could be explained by the biomechanical environment of the joints

Allogeneic bone is one of the most commonly used tissue grafts, with a variety of applications in orthopaedic surgery. The aim of this work is to analyze the initial results obtained using allografts in reconstructive surgery of the hand. In the period between January 2000 and August 2003, eight patients between 16 and 52 years of age (average age: 36 years) were treated using an allograft to replace the metacarpal bone and/or phalangeal bone of the hand. In three cases the initial cause was a recurring neoplasm (aneurysm, cyst, osteoma, osteoid, and TGC); in the other patients the aetiology was traumatic. The site of reconstruction was a metacarpal bone in three patients; in two of these it was associated with reconstruction of MPj (in one patient there was double bone loss at the third and fourth metacarpal bone); in one patient the lesion affected only the MPj. In the other five patients the reconstruction was performed at the phalanx, transferring the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint as well (except in one case). Different synthesis procedures were performed to obtain a good stability: miniplates, micro-screw, K-wires, and staples. A bone allograft (two cases) was used with platelet gel and a compound of stem cells to promote better recovery of the bone. The patients were followed for a period of between 6 and 40 months after surgery. The time needed to obtain a good healing was on average 6 months (in one case without the proximal recovery of the bone). The total range of movement in fingers that were reconstructed was between 0° and 270°, with an average of 121°. No patient reported any persisting pain. In reconstructive surgery of the hand allografts have only been used occasionally up to now. We believe that this preliminary study provides some useful findings. The waiting time for perfect recovery of a bone before the start of rehabilitation treatment can cause severe stiffness to joints: the osteosynthesis must be as stable as possible to allow for early mobilisation of the joint, especially in post-traumatic cases. Some questions about the future of joint capsules, articular cartilage, and extensor tendons of allograft still remain unanswered. In conclusion, we believe that the results obtained in this preliminary report are encouraging and point towards obtaining a reconstruction of bone loss that is as “biological” as possible