We report bone bruises on Anterior Cruciate Ligament (hereinafter referred to as ACL) injury. We also investigated the relationship among the presence or absence of bone bruises, localization, and the presence or absence of meniscal injury according to the period of MRI scan from injury. We underwent the study used a total of 76 knees who underwent ACL reconstruction at our hospital and related hospitals from January 2014 to December 2017. We investigated on MRI images taken after injury. Meniscal injuries were evaluated by intraoperative findings. The average age at injury was 25.8 years old (13–48 years old) in 44 males and 32 females. Bone bruises were found in 54 of 76 knees (71%). Among them, the ratio of non-contact type was much higher in the group with bone bruises than in the contact group (83% in the group with bone bruises, 64% in the group without bone bruises), resulting in a shorter period from injury to MRI (bone bruises group: 12.4 days, non-bone bruises group: 23 days). Looking at the appearance frequency of bone bruises according to the period from injury to MRI imaging, the appearance frequency of bone bruises decreased as the time to imaging became longer (within 2 weeks of injury: 76%, injury from 2 weeks to 1 month: 65%, injury 1–3 months: 53%). With regard to the localization of bone bruises, in the coronal section, both femurs and tibiae frequently had bone bruises on the outside. In the sagittal section, it occurred in front of the femur, in particular. On the tibial side, many cases of bone bruises occurred in the rear. In addition, the association between bone bruises and meniscal injuries were significantly complicated with lateral meniscal injury in the group without femoroconstriction in the group with lateral femoral bone bruises and in the group with posterior tibia bone bruises. There was no significant association between bone bruises and meniscal injury among the other groups. Bone bruises were found in 54 of 76 knees (71%). Regarding the occurrence of many lateral developments, it is thought that the tibia is sub-dislocated anteriorly due to mild flexion, valgus force, and external rotation injury, and injury is caused by axial pressure applied to the outside of the femur and posterior of the tibia It was done. As a result, it was considered that the external meniscal injury was injured. The medial unilateral development of bone contusion was observed in 3 knees on the medial femur and 1 knee on the medial tibia. All internal single-cased cases are contact-type injuries, the result of which may be different in the mechanism of bone contusion development

Background. Osteophytes in the posterior compartment of the knee pose a challenge in achieving soft tissue balance during total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Previous investigations have demonstrated the importance of various factors involved in obtaining flexion and extension gap balance, including the precision of femoral and tibial bone cuts as well as tensioning of the supporting pericapsular soft tissue structures (ligaments, capsule, etc.). However, the role of posterior compartment osteophytes has not been well studied. We hypothesize that space-occupying posterior structures affect soft tissue balance, especially in lesser degrees of flexion, in a cadaveric TKA model. Methods. Five cadaveric limbs were acquired. CT scans were obtained of each specimen to define the osseous contours. 3D printed specimen-specific synthetic osteophytes were fabricated in two sizes (10mm and 15mm). Posterior-stabilized TKAs were performed. Medial and lateral contact forces were measured during a passive range of motion using OrthoSensor ® (Dania Beach, FL) technology. For each specimen, trials were completed without osteophytes, and with 10mm and 15mm osteophytes applied to the posterior medial femur, with iterations at 0°, 10°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° of flexion. These were recorded across each specimen in each condition for three trials. Tukey post hoc tests were used with a repeated measures ANOVA for statistical data analysis. Results. The presence of posterior medial osteophytes increased asymmetric loading from 0°– 45° of flexion. The 25–75% bounds of variability in the contact force was less than 3.5lbs. Conclusions. In this cadaveric TKA model, posterior femoral osteophytes caused an asymmetric increase in contact forces from full extension continuing into mid-flexion. To avoid unnecessary soft tissue releases, we recommend early removal of posterior femoral osteophytes prior to performing ligament releases to obtain desired soft tissue balance during TKA

Aims

This study was designed to develop a model for predicting bone mineral density (BMD) loss of the femur after total hip arthroplasty (THA) using artificial intelligence (AI), and to identify factors that influence the prediction. Additionally, we virtually examined the efficacy of administration of bisphosphonate for cases with severe BMD loss based on the predictive model.

Aims

To explore the clinical relevance of joint space width (JSW) narrowing on standardized-flexion (SF) radiographs in the assessment of cartilage degeneration in specific subregions seen on MRI sequences in knee osteoarthritis (OA) with neutral, valgus, and varus alignments, and potential planning of partial knee arthroplasty.

Aims

We wanted to evaluate the effects of a bone anabolic agent (bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)) on an anti-catabolic background (systemic or local zoledronate) on fixation of allografted revision implants.

Introduction:. Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty has been shown to have lower morbidity, quicker rehabilitation and more normal kinematics compared to conventional TKA, but subchondral defects, or severe osteoarthritic changes, of the medial compartment may complicate component positioning. Successful UKA in these patients requires proper planning and exact placement of the components to ensure adequate and stable fixation and proper postoperative kinematics. This study presents a series of three patients with spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee receiving a UKA with CT-based haptic robotic guidance. Methods:. This series includes two females and one male with spontaneous osteonecrosis of the medial femoral condyle who underwent outpatient mini-incision medial UKA using the MAKO Surgical Rio Robotic Arm System. Pre-operatively all patients were found to have pain with weight bearing that would not improve despite non-arthroplasty treatment. Results:. The first patient was a 69 year old female (BMI of 22.85) with a left medial femur size 3, tibia size 4, bearing size 4×8 mm. The patient improved her ROM from 3–112° pre-operatively to 0–130° at 18 months post-operatively. The second patient was a 69 year old female (BMI of 25.68) with a right medial size 2 femur and 3 tibia and a 3×9 mm bearing. ROM increased from 0–120° pre-operatively to 0–145° at 2 year follow-up. The third patient was a 74 year old male (BMI of 26.5) who underwent previous knee arthroscopy with subsequent SPONK. Conclusion:. The difficulty in treatment of SPONK with UKA solutions includes planning for the full coverage of the ON lesions while also addressing alignment, tracking and balancing needs simultaneously. Using the advanced planning tools of the MAKO Rio software, full coverage of ON lesions can be safely planned and verified preoperatively. The intraoperative flexibility of the system allows surgeon to map out the lesions intraoperatively, where visible, and aid in the proper implant positioning and size adjustment as necessary

In this 2-year randomised clinical trial we examined whether cemented femoral prosthesis geometry affects the pattern of strain-adaptive bone remodelling in the proximal femur after THA. 128 patients undergoing primary THA were randomised to receive a Charnley (shape-closed, no taper), Exeter (force-closed, double-tapered) or C-stem (forced-closed, triple-tapered) prosthesis. All received a cemented Charnley cup. Proximal femoral BMD change over 2 years was measured by DXA. Urine and serum samples were collected at pre-operative baseline and over 1 year post-operatively. N-telopeptides of type-I-collagen (NTX) was measured in urine as a marker of osteoclast activity and Osteocalcin (OC) in serum as a maker of osteoblast activity. Clinical outcome using the Harris and Oxford hip scores, and prosthesis migration measured using digitised radiographs (EBRA-Digital) were measured over 2 years. The baseline characteristics of the subjects in each group were similar (P> 0.05). Decreases in femoral BMD were observed over the first year for all prosthesis designs. Bone loss was greatest (14%) in the proximal medial femur (region 7). The pattern and amount of bone loss observed was similar between all prosthesis designs (P> 0.05). Transient rises in both osteoclast (NTX) and osteoblast (OC) activity also occurred over year 1, and were similar in pattern in the 3 prosthesis groups (p> 0.05). All prostheses showed migration patterns that were true to their design type and similar improvements in clinical hip scores were observed over the 2 year study. Differences in the proposed mechanism of load transfer between prosthesis and host bone in force-closed versus shape-closed femoral prosthesis designs in THA are not major determinants of prosthesis-related remodelling

Introduction and Aims: Hip arthroplasty alters stress patterns in the proximal femur, thereby influencing femoral bone remodelling. The purpose of our study was to determine long-term skeletal response to wellfixed total hip arthroplasty. Method: Seventy-two hips in 66 patients (mean age 57, range 25–72; 29 male, 37 female) were evaluated with standardised measurement protocol after arthroplasty with cemented Charnley (32 hips) or uncemented 5/8 coated AML stem (40 hips). Inclusion criteria: stable implants and complete radiographic record with minimum follow-up 15–20 years. 3159 measurements were made with power calipers and normalised for magnification. Results: There was time dependent loss of proximal cortical thickness around both stems (AML greater than Charnley; proximal medial greater than proximal lateral cortex, (p< 0.05, all parameters). At 15–20 years, median proximal medial cortical thickness decreased by 12% for Charnley and 70% for AML stems. Median proximal lateral cortical thickness decreased by 9% for Charnley and 21% for AML stems. Median cortical thickness changes around the mid and distal prosthesis for both stems was mild, with a non-statistically significant trend (p> 0.05) towards more cortical loss (2–9%) around Charnley than AML stems (0–8%). The median intramedullary width increased by 1–10%, depending on level (no difference by prosthesis type, p> 0.05). Changes continued progressively over the entire observation period. Conclusion: This paper provides the first detailed long-term information on the effect of well-functioning hip arthroplasty on femoral morphology in a large patient group. Morphologic changes are most pronounced in the proximal medial femur and vary by implant type. Also, the medullary canal widens around a replaced hip as the patient ages

Purpose. It is well known that meniscus extrusion is associated with structural progression of knee OA. However, it is unknown whether medial meniscus extrusion promotes cartilage loss in specific femorotibial subregions, or whether it is associated with a increase in cartilage thickness loss throughout the entire femorotibial compartment. We applied quantitative MRI-based measurements of subregional cartilage thickness (change) and meniscus position, to address the above question in knees with and without radiographic joint space narrowing (JSN). Methods. 60 participants with unilateral medial OARSI JSN grade 1–3, and contralateral knee OARSI JSN grade 0 were drawn from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Manual segmentation of the medial tibial and weight-bearing medial femoral cartilage was performed, using baseline and 1-year follow-up sagittal double echo steady-state (DESS) MRI, and proprietary software (Chondrometrics GmbH, Ainring, Germany). Segmentation of the entire medial meniscus was performed with the same software, using baseline coronal DESS images. Longitudinal cartilage loss was computed for 5 tibial (central, external, internal, anterior, posterior) and 3 femoral (central, external, internal) subregions. Meniscus position was determined as the % area of the entire meniscus extruding the tibial plateau medially and the distance between the external meniscus border and the tibial cartilage in an image located 4mm posterior to the central image (a location commonly used for semi-quantitative meniscus scoring). The relationship between meniscus position and cartilage loss was assessed using Pearson (r) correlation coefficients, for knees with JSN and without JSN. Results. The percentage of knees showing a quantitative value of >3mm medial meniscus extrusion was 50% in JSN knees, and only 12% in noJSN knees. The 1-year cartilage loss in the medial femorotibial compartment was 74±182µm (2.0%) in JSN knees, and 26±120µm (0.8%) in noJSN knees. There was a significant correlation between cartilage loss throughout the entire femorotibial compartment (MFTC) and extrusion area in JSN knees but not for noJSN knees. Also, the extrusion distance measured 4mm posterior to the central slice was not significantly correlated with MFTC cartilage loss. The strongest (negative) correlation between meniscus position and subregional femorotibial cartilage loss (r=−0.36) was observed for the external medial tibia. In contrast, no significant relationship was seen in the central tibia. No significant relationship was found in other tibial subregions, except for the anterior medial tibia, but only in JSN knees (r=−0.27). Correlation coefficients for the femoral subregions were generally smaller than those for tibial subregions, with only the internal medial weight-bearing femur attaining statistical significance (r =−0.26). Conclusions. The current results show that the relationship between meniscus extrusion and cartilage loss differs substantially between femorotibial subregions. The correlation was strongest for the external medial tibia, a region that is physiologically covered by the medial meniscus. It was less for other tibial and femoral subregions, including the central medial tibia, a region that exhibited similar rates of cartilage loss as the external subregion. The findings suggest that external tibia may be particularly vulnerable to cartilage tissue loss once the meniscus extrudes and the surface is “exposed” to direct, non-physiological, cartilage-cartilage contact

Introduction. Biological fixation through bone ingrowth and ongrowth to implants can be achieved with a variety of surface treatments and technologies. This study evaluated the effect of two different three dimensional surface coatings for CoCr where porosity was controlled through the use of different geometry of CoCr beads in the sintering process. Methods. Test specimens in Group A were coated with conventional spherical porous-bead technology. The porous coating technology used on Group B was a variation of the conventional porous-bead technology. Instead of spherical beads, cobalt-chromium particles in irregular shapes were sieved for a particular size range, and were sintered onto the specimen substrate using similar process as Group A. The geometry and the size variation of the particles resulted in a unique 3D porous structure with widely interconnected pores. Three implants were placed bicortically in the tibia. Two implants were placed in the cancellous bone of the medial distal femur and proximal tibia bilaterally with 4 implantation conditions (2 mm gap, 1 mm gap line-to-line, and press fit). Animals were euthanized at 4 or 12 weeks for standard mechanical, histological and histomorphometric endpoints. Results. Shear strength increased with time for both groups (P<0.001). While no difference was detected between groups at the 4 week time point, the difference was statistically significant at 12 weeks with the irregular shaped beads using in the coating in group B providing a shear strength that outperformed the standard spherical beads. Histomorphometry revealed new bone ingrowth into the porous domains of both implant groups improved with time (P<0.001). Significantly greater (P<0.05) new bone integration was observed with the irregular shaped beads in the cortical as well as cancellous sites at 4 and 12 weeks (Figure 1). Discussion. Significant improvements can be made in the fixation strength of three dimensional CoCr coatings. This holds true in cortical implantation as well as different cancellous implantation scenarios. Material chemical composition of both coating and substrate conforms to ASTM F75 standard. The conventional sintered porous-bead technology in Group A provided a multi-layer porous structure at the bone implant interface has been well-established for the clinical use on TKA implants for over 15 years. This type of coating usually produces an average porosity of 30% to 40%, and an average pore size of 150 µm to 250 µm. The porous coating technology used on Group B was a variation of the conventional porous-bead technology. Instead of spherical beads, cobalt-chromium particles in irregular shapes were sieved for a particular size range, and were sintered onto the specimen substrate using similar process as Group A. Due to the geometry and the size variation of the particles, a true 3D porous structure with widely interconnected pores can be formed. Microstructure analysis on femoral implants showed that this coating technology is able to provide an average porosity of 50% to 70%, and an average pore size of 200 µm to 450 µm. This technology also produces a rougher coating surface appearance which could also play a potential role in the overall performance

Introduction. Patient specific instrumentation (PSI) generates customized guides from an MRI- or CT-based preoperative plan for use in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). PSI software executes the preoperative planning process. Several manufacturers have developed proprietary PSI software for preoperative planning. It is possible that each proprietary software has a unique preoperative planning process, which may lead to variation in preoperative plans among manufactures and thus variation in the overall PSI technology. The purpose of this study was to determine whether different PSI software generate similar preoperative plans when applied to a single implant system and given identical MR images. Methods. In this prospective comparative study, we evaluated PSI preoperative plans generated by Materialise software and Zimmer Patient Specific Instruments software for 37 consecutive knees. All plans utilized the Zimmer Persona™ CR implant system and were approved by a single experienced surgeon blinded to the other software-generated preoperative plan. For each knee, the MRI reconstructions for both software programs were evaluated to qualitatively determine differences in bony landmark identification. The software-generated preoperative plans were assessed to determine differences in preoperative alignment, component sizes, and resection depth. PSI planned bone resection was compared to actual bone resection to assess the accuracy of intraoperative execution. Results. Materialise and Zimmer PSI software displayed differences in identification of bony landmarks in the femur and tibia. Zimmer software determined preoperative alignment to be 0.5° more varus (p=0.008) compared to Materialise software. Discordance in femoral component size prediction occurred in 37.8% of cases (p<0.001) with 11 cases differing by one size and 3 cases differing by two sizes. Tibial component size prediction was 32.4% discordant (p<0.001) with 12 cases differing by 1 size. In cases in which both software planned identical femoral component sizes, Zimmer software planned significantly more bone resection compared to Materialise in the medial posterior femur (1.5 mm, p<0.001) and lateral posterior femur (1.4 mm, p<0.001). Discussion. The present study suggests that there is notable variation in the PSI preoperative planning process of generating a preoperative plan from MR images. We found clinically significant differences with regard to bony landmark identification, component size selection, and predicted bone resection in the posterior femur between preoperative plans generated by two PSI software programs using identical MR images and a single implant system. Surgeons should be prepared to intraoperatively deviate from PSI selected size by 1 size. They should be aware that the inherent magnitude of error for PSI bone resection with regard to both planning and execution is within 2–3 mm. Users of PSI should acknowledge the variation in the preoperative planning process when using PSI software from different manufacturers. Manufacturers should continue to improve three-dimensional MRI reconstruction, bony landmark identification, preoperative alignment assessment, component size selection, and algorithms for bone resection in order to improve PSI preoperative planning process

Over the last two decades, design modifications in cementless total hip arthoplasty have led to longer lasting implants and an increased success rate. However, there remains limitations to the cementless femoral stem implant. Traditional cementless femoral components require large amounts of bone to be broached prior to stem insertion (. 1. ). This leads to a decrease in host bone stock, which can become problematic in a young patient who may eventually require a revision operation during his or her lifetime. Osteopenia, only second to distal stress shielding can lead to aseptic loosening of the implant and stem subsidence, which also accelerates the need for a revision operation (. 2. –. 4. ). Recent literature suggests that thigh pain due to distal canal fixation, micro-motion, uneven stress patterns or cortex impingement by the femoral stem is directly correlated to increased stem sizes and often very disabling to a patient (. 5. –. 8. ). In this study, we sought to determine whether reducing stem length in the femoral implant would produce more physiologic loading characteristics in the proximal femur and thus eliminate any remaining stress shielding that is present in the current design. We analyzed the surface strains in 13 femurs implanted with. no implants,. stemless,. ultra short and. short stem proximal fill implants in a test rig designed to assimilate muscle forces across the hip joints, including the ilio-tibial band and the hip abductors. Analysis of the resulting surface strains was performed using the photoelastic method. For each femur, intact and with the different stem length components in place, the fringe patterns were compared at the same applied loads. The highest fringe orders observed for all tests were located on the lateral proximal femur and medial proximal femur. The fringes decreased as they approached the neutral axis of bending (posterior and anterior). Distal fringe patterns were more prominent as the stem length increased. The results demonstrate that the stemless design most closely replicated normal strain patterns seen in a native femur during simulated gait. The presence of a stemless, ultra short and short stem reduced proximal strain and increased distal strain linearly, thereby increasing the potential for stress shielding. The stemless design most closely replicated normal strain patterns observed in a native femur and for this reason has the potential to address the shortcomings of the traditional cementless femoral implant

Aim: To study the complications of an extended lateral femoral osteotomy (after Paprosky) of the femur utilised for exposure in revision total hip replacement. Method: A retrospective audit was performed of the senior author’s revision hip patients who had, at the time of surgery, an extended lateral femoral osteotomy for both deformity correction and to facilitate cement removal. No attempt was made to correlate the use of an osteotomy and operating time or overall results as no unbiased control group was available. The time to radiological union and complications of the procedure was reviewed to assess the safety of an osteotomy in one surgeon’s practice. Results: Thirty patients with 31 osteotomies were reviewed, all with long-stem fully porous coated femoral stems. It was the senior author’s anecdotal opinion that osteotomy facilitated cement removal without canal perforation and was necessary for varus deformity correction in many patients. All osteotomies united without further procedures after an average of 22 weeks (range: 12 to 38 weeks). There was one fatigue fracture of the osteotomised fragment, one non-union of the greater trochanter and two cable failures; all without significant sequelae. There was one fracture of the medial proximal femur that required a period of four weeks of bed-rest; otherwise all patients were mobilised full weight bearing as tolerated. One patient had deep infection and a loose femoral component. Two patients had instability of the hip in the post-operative period. Conclusion: We have shown that the osteotomy reliably united and was safe even with early full weight bearing, with few complications. Extended femoral osteotomy for deformity correction and cement removal in revision hip replacement is a safe and easy technique that reliably facilitates revision

Introduction: The importance of soft tissue balance in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been documented, and several authors have documented operative procedure of soft tissue release for soft tissue balancing. However, the quantity of change of soft tissue balance in each procedure has not been reported in detail, and the importance of each procedure of soft tissue release has not been well argued. This study is a quantitative evaluation of the effect of soft tissue release on soft tissue balance in TKA. Materials and methods: Forty-five varus knees in 42 patients with a preoperative femorotibial angle (FTA) of more than 180°underwent TKAs from 1996 to 2000, and these knees were evaluated in this study. The mean age of the subject was 70.1 years (from 33 to 87 years), including 5 knees in male and 40 knees in female. The extension and flexion gap of the knee joint was measured by the instrument applying the force of the moment of 50kg& #65381;cm to each medial and lateral joints. We decided the procedure of soft tissue balancing as follows and the extension and flexion gap were measured in each steps. The procedure were 1) exposure of posterior medial aspects of the tibia with release of the attachment of semimembranosis, 2) removal of osteophytes from the medial distal femur and proximal tibia, 3) resection of the posterior cruciate ligament (if necessary), 4) release of the superficial medial collateral ligament (MCL), 5) resection of the superficial MCL (if necessary). Results: The results of the change of the extension and flexion gap in each procedure were shown as below. Final gap was calculated as the difference against medial extension gaps. Procedure: The change of extension gap The change of flexion gap medial lateral medial lateral 1) (n=45) 1.2 ± 1.4 1.2 ± 1.2 1.9 ± 2.2 1.7 ± 2.6 2) (n=36) 1.9 ± 2.5 0.7 ± 1.2 1.7 ± 1.6 1.3 ± 2.0 3) (n=19) 1.8 ± 1.5 1.9 ± 1.8 2.7 ± 2.0 2.9 ± 2.2 4) (n=18) 2.0 ± 1.9 0.3 ± 0.5 2.4 ± 1.7 0.9 ± 1.1 5) (n=4) 2.8 ± 2.3 0.4 ± 0.8 4.1 ± 1.5 1.5 ± 1.4 Final gap 0 3.4 ± 2.6 0.5 ± 3.1 3.1 ± 3.4. Discussion: The change of soft tissue balance in each soft tissue procedure in TKA was evaluated quantitatively in this study. The amount of the changes in each steps were few and differed with cases. The procedure for medial osteophytes and MCL had a tendency of efficacy to medial tightness against lateral in knees with varus deformity

Objectives. Our objective in this article is to test the hypothesis that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a factor in the onset and progression of osteoarthritis, and to characterise the quality of the articular cartilage in an appropriate rat model. Methods. T2DM rats were obtained from the UC Davis group and compared with control Lewis rats. The diabetic rats were sacrificed at ages from six to 12 months, while control rats were sacrificed at six months only. Osteoarthritis severity was determined via histology in four knee quadrants using the OARSI scoring guide. Immunohistochemical staining was also performed as a secondary form of osteoarthritic analysis. Results. T2DM rats had higher mean osteoarthritis scores than the control rats in each of the four areas that were analysed. However, only the results at the medial and lateral femur and medial tibia were significant. Cysts were also found in T2DM rats at the junction of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Immunohistochemical analysis does not show an increase in collagen II between control and T2DM rats. Mass comparisons also showed a significant relationship between mass and osteoarthritis score. Conclusions. T2DM was found to cause global degeneration in the UCD rat knee joints, suggesting that diabetes itself is a factor in the onset and progression of osteoarthritis. The immunohistochemistry stains showed little to no change in collagen II degeneration between T2DM and control rats. Overall, it seems that the animal model used is pertinent to future studies of T2DM in the development and progression of osteoarthritis. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2014;3:203–11

Objectives

We have observed clinical cases where bone is formed in the overlaying muscle covering surgically created bone defects treated with a hydroxyapatite/calcium sulphate biomaterial. Our objective was to investigate the osteoinductive potential of the biomaterial and to determine if growth factors secreted from local bone cells induce osteoblastic differentiation of muscle cells.