Background. Back pain is a common orthopaedic problem which results in hospital admissions in severe cases. The aim of our study was to identify the reasons for back pain admissions and role of further investigations in the treatment of severe back pain. Methods. We collected data prospectively for all admissions between January and March 2011. Demographic details were recorded along with the reasons for admissions, time of admission, further investigations and treatment offered. Results. Total admissions were 850 and 58 (6.8%) had severe back pain.13 patients (22%) had fractures (Group-A); 16 patients (27%) did not require MRI scan (Group-B); 27 patients (50%) needed MRI scan of the lumbosacral spine (Group-C). The mean age of Group-A was 67 years (15–93). 3 were male and 10 females. 10 patients had lumbar and 3 had thoracic spine fractures. The mean age of Group-B was 59 years (32–87). 8 were male and 8 females. The mean age of Group-C was 47 years (23–79). 9 were male and 18 females. The mean hospital stay for Group-C was 5days (0–29). 16 patients (59%) were referred by GP, 5(18%) by emergency department and 3(11%) by physiotherapist. 9(43%) were admitted for pain control, 8(38%) with suspected Cauda Equina syndrome and 2(9%) for further investigations. 20 patients (83%) were admitted during the day, 3(12%) in the evening and 1(4%) during the night. No patient had Cauda equina syndrome on clinical and radiological examination. 12 patients(44%) had nerve root compression on the MRI scan and 7(58%) were offered surgery. Conclusions. Patients were older in group-A with a mean age of 67 years. 27% did not require MRI scan. 67% females admitted with back pain required an MRI scan. No patient had Cauda Equina Syndrome. 55% patients had no nerve root compression. MRI scan was performed to reassure the patients and clinicians with negative results in the presence of severe back pain and unclear neurological signs. Conflicts of interest. None. Sources of funding. None

Abstract. Introduction. MRI scanning is the establish method of defining intra- and extra-articular diagnoses of patients with non-arthritic knee problems. Discrepancies in reporting have been noted in previous historic studies and anecdotally. The aim of this study was to analyse the reporting of intra-articular pathology and discrepancies in knee MRI reports by two clinician groups, consultant radiologists and consultant knee surgeons in a district hospital setting. Methods. A retrospective case-controlled cohort study was conducted using data collected from an outpatient physiotherapy-led knee clinic. Seventy-four patients in the cohort were referred for an MRI scan of their knee(s) following a clinical examination and history. MRI reports from both the consultant knee surgeon and the radiologist were entered into a database with other clinical details. Reports were analysed to determine number of diagnoses and degree of agreement. Each report was deemed to either completely agree, completely disagree or partially agree. Results. 87 knees were scanned in total. Of the 87 reports, 14% (n=12) completely agreed. 45% of the reports (n=39) partially agreed and 41% (n=36) completely disagreed. Of the reports which partially agreed 79% (n=31) had a percentage agreement of ≤ 50%. Conclusions. This study reveals major discrepancies in knee MRI reporting by two clinician groups. This has greatest clinical impact on non-surgical clinicians and those with limited MRI reviewing experience who are reliant on reports to describe diagnoses to patients and determining management plans. More research is required to determine the reasons for these differences and measures to mitigate them

MRI scan for the knee joint has often been regarded to be the non invasive alternative to a diagnostic arthroscopy. MRI scan is routinely used to support the diagnosis for meniscal or ACL injuries prior to recommending arthroscopic examination and surgery. Identification of meniscal tears can be difficult to interpret and can be observer dependent as well as dependent upon the sensitivity of the scanner. Similar difficulties may exists in clinical examination as well. Our aim was to compare and correlate clinical, MRI and arthroscopic findings in the diagnosis of meniscal and Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries. This was an observational study of 131 patients over 36 months who had both MRI and arthroscopic surgery. Our study showed clinical examination had better sensitivity (0.86 vs 0.76)and specificity(0.73 v/s 0.52) in comparing to MRI in diagnosis of medial menisceal injuries. similarly +predictive value and −predictive value were higher for clinical examination. whereas for lateral menisceal and ACL injuries there were marginal differences in sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. We conclude that carefully performed clinically examination can give equally or better diagnosis of meniscal and ACL injuries in comparison to MRI scan. MRI scan may be used to rule out such injuries rather than to diagnose them. MRI scan has much better negative predictive value than positive predictive value in both meniscal and ACL injuries diagnosis. When clinical signs and symptoms are inconclusive, performing MRI scan is likely to be more beneficial in avoiding unnecessary arthroscopic surgery. When clinical diagnosis is in favour of either meniscal or ACL injuries, performing MRI scan prior to Arthroscopic examination is unlikely to be of significance. MRI scan should not be used as a primary diagnostic tool in meniscal and ACL injuries

Purpose and background. Whether to order an MRI scan or not for patients with low back and leg pain (LBP). Resources are limited. Waiting for diagnostic imaging impacts time to treatment and may be critical to the “18 week target”. We have looked into devising a system in which we can ordered MRI scans for patients with LBP pre-clinical assessment based on questionnaire and accessing their referral letter. Methods and results. 49 patient's referrals were looked into (randomly picked). 23 had a questionnaire filled by either themselves or their GPs. the rests had MRI scans ordered based on their referral letters. MRI scans were requested pre-clinical assessment for patients with symptoms spreading beyond their knees and willing to consider interventional treatments (injections or operations). We considered MRI positive if the report mentioned stenosis or disc prolapse causing nerve root or cauda compression. 7 out of the 23 fitted the criteria for MRI. 6 (85%) of them had positive results. 26 of the GP referrals letters had MRI out of those 16 (61%) had positive results. In total out of 33 MRI, 22 (66.7%) were positive. Conclusion. Our study showed that pre-clinic MRI scanning for patients with LBP is an effective method to find surgically treatable pathology. Using the questionnaire was more advantageous than the referral letter in order to identify patients who would benefit from pre-clinic MRI scanning. With the small numbers this is not statistically significant. We propose that rather than a blanket scanning, it would be reasonable to scan patients based on their referral letter. No Conflict of interest. No funding obtained. This abstract has not been previously published in whole or substantial part nor has it been presented previously at a national meeting

Introduction. MRI imaging is carried out to identify levels of degenerative disc disease, and in some cases to identify a definite surgical target at which decompression should take place. We wanted to see if repeat MRI scans due to a prolonged time between the initial diagnostic MRI scan of the lumbar sacral spine, and the MRI scan immediately pre-operatively, due for the desire for a ‘fresh’ MRI scan pre-operatively, altered the level or type of procedure that they would have. Methods. This was a retrospective observational cohort study. Inclusion criteria- all patients with more than one MRI scan before their surgical procedure on the lumbar sacral spine, these were limited to patients that had either, discectomy, microdiscectomy, laminotomy decompression, laminectomy decompression and fusion, and posterior lumbar interbody fusion. Exclusion criteria- all patients with anterior approaches, all patients without decompression and all non lumbar sacral patients. Outcome measures were if there was a change between the pre-operative MRI scans, which would have changed the operative level of decompression, added other levels of decompression or type of surgery than primarily decided. Results. 84 patients were identified with our inclusion criteria with two or more pre-operative MRI scans. The repeat MRI did not change the surgical target for all 84 patients. Conclusion. Repeat MRI scanning does not alter the surgical target level, and therefore does not change management. It can delay the initial primary procedure which can lead to progressive neurology, which may be irreversible and should be avoided unless the distribution of neurology has changed

Objective: To determine whether extended scope physiotherapists (ESP’s) in spinal clinics are able to accurately assess and diagnose patient pathology as verified by MRI findings. Methods: This is a prospective study of 318 new spinal outpatients assessed and examined by one of two spinal ESP’s. 76 patients (24%) were referred for an MRI scan. At the time of request for MRI scan the likelihood of specific spinal pathology correlating with the MRI scan was noted on a four point scale dividing the patients into 4 groups:. Group 4 = Very high suspicion of pathology (n=41). Group 3 = Moderate suspicion of pathology (n=21). Group 2 = Some suspicion of pathology (n=10). Group 1 = Pathology unlikely but scan indicated eg thoracic pain (n=4). Results: Of the 76 patients referred for an MRI scan, 54 (71%) had an MRI scan result that would correlate with the clinical picture. Looking at the percentage of scans correlating with the clinical picture for each of the 4 groups:. Group 4: 88%. Group 3: 67%. Group 2: 40%. Group 1: 0%. Conclusion: Dividing the patients into groups by clinical suspicion is essential for evaluating a clinician’s ability in spinal assessment. Further evaluation of Consultants, Fellows and Specialist Registrars is on going. This type of study could form a basis for competency measures for staff development and training if they are undertaking extended roles

Introduction. Occult hip fractures occur in 3% of cases. Delay in treatment results in significantly increased morbidity and mortality. NICE guidelines recommend cross-sectional imaging within 24 hours and surgery on the day of, or day after, admission. MRI was the standard imaging modality for suspected occult hip fractures in our institution, but since January 2013, we have switched to multi-detector CT (MDCT) scan. Our aims were to investigate whether MDCT has improved the times to diagnosis and surgery; and whether it resulted in missed hip fractures. Patients/Materials & Methods. Retrospective review of a consecutive series of patients between 01/01/2013 and 31/08/2014 who had MDCT scan for suspected occult hip fracture. Missed fracture was defined as a patient re-presenting with hip fracture within six weeks of a negative scan. A comparative group of consecutive MRI scans from 01/01/2011 to 31/12/2012 was used. Results. Seventy-three MDCTs and 70 MRIs were included. MDCT identified nine hip fractures and other fractures in 27 patients. Mean time to scan for MDCT was 13 hours 37 minutes compared with 53 hours 36 minutes for MRI scan (p<0.001). 88.5% of MDCTs were performed within 24 hours compared with 33.3% of MRIs. Nine and 16 patients required surgery in the MDCT and MRI groups, respectively. Mean time to surgery for MDCT was 50 hours 41 minutes compared with 223 hours 21 minutes for MRI scan (p = 0.25). There were no missed hip fractures in the patients with negative MDCT scan. Discussion. MDCT scan has led to a significant reduction in time to diagnosis, and a large reduction in time to surgery. MDCT did not miss any hip fractures. Conclusion. We advocate the use of MDCT over MRI in suspected occult hip fractures as it is cheaper, quicker, and more readily available; and does not result in missed hip fractures

Purpose: To investigate the value of various clinical signs to identify occult hip fracture. Methodology: MRI register was searched to identify all patients who had MRI scan between July 2000–June 2006 for suspected occult hip fracture. 64 patients were identified. 33 patients had occult proximal femoral fractures. 27 patients had no fracture. Results: 19 patients with fracture were not independently mobile compared to 6 patients without fracture. 7 patients with fracture and 2 patients without fracture were able to weight bear. 13 patients with fracture and 10 patients without fracture had unrestricted straight leg raise ability. 7 patients with fracture and 16 patients without fracture had no pain on axial loading. Fisher exact and chi square analysis was performed; with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (10 tests) p< 0.005 was deemed significant. Pain on axial loading of limb and pre-fracture patient mobility were associated with fracture (p< 0.005). Both factors had positive predictive value = 0.76 and post-test probability of disease given a negative test = .30. Predictive values remained the same when both factors were considered together. Discussion: These data indicate that although patients who were independently mobile before the fall and who do not have pain on axial compression of the limb are less likely to have a fracture, these signs alone or in combination will not exclude a fracture. It is essential to perform MRI scanning of patients with severe hip pain but normal x rays after fall as it does not seem possible to clinically exclude fracture

Introduction: The possibility of occult hip fracture in older patients after a fall is a common problem. The value of various clinical signs to determine which patients require further investigation has not been reported. Methodology: MRI register was hand searched to identify all patients who had MRI scan between July 2000–June 2006 for suspected occult hip fracture. 64 patients were identified. 33 patients had occult proximal femoral fractures. 27 patients had no fracture. Results: More patients with fracture were living in their own home (20/26), were independent for daily living (20/26) and were not independently mobile(19/26) compared to patients without a fracture (14/22, 11/22 and 6/22 respectively). 7 patients with fracture and 2 patients without fracture were able to weight bear. 13 patients with fracture and 10 patients without fracture had unrestricted straight leg raise ability. 7 patients with fracture and 16 patients without fracture had no pain on axial loading. The value of individual tests was evaluated using Fisher exact and chi square analysis; with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (10 tests) p< 0.005 was deemed significant. Pain on axial loading of the limb and pre-fracture patient mobility were both associated with the presence of a fracture (p< 0.005). Discussion: These data indicate that although patients who were independently mobile before the fall and who do not have pain on axial compression of the limb are less likely to have a fracture, these signs alone or in combination will not exclude a fracture. Other widely used signs (eg ability to straight leg raise) appear of little predictive value. On the basis of our data, we believe it is essential to have a policy of MRI scanning of patients with severe hip pain but normal x rays after a fall as it does not seem possible to clinically exclude a fracture

The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanning compared to arthroscopic findings in patients presenting with chronic ankle pain and/or instability. We reviewed all patients who underwent arthroscopy of the ankle between December 2005 to July 2008 in our institution. A total of 105 patients underwent arthroscopy for chronic ankle pain and/or instability. Twenty-four patients underwent MRI prior to the procedure. We compared the MRI findings with arthroscopic findings. We specifically examined for the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), calcaneofibular cigament (CFL) and osteochondral lesions(OCD). Arthroscopic findings were considered as a gold standard. There were 12 female and 12 male patients with an average age 39 years (11–65). The time interval between the MRI scan and arthroscopy was 7 months (2–18). In our study MRI had 100% specificity for the diagnosis of ATFL and CFL tears and osteochondral lesions. However sensitivity was low particularly for CFL tears. The accuracy of MRI in detecting ATFL tear was 91.7%, CFL tear was 87.5% and osteochondral lesion was 83.3%. We conclude that MRI scanning has a very high specificity and positive predictive value in diagnosing tears of ATFT, CFL and osteochondral lesions. However sensitivity was low with MRI. In a symptomatic patient negative results on MRI must be viewed with caution and an arthroscopy is advisable for a definitive diagnosis and treatment

NHS Patients can wait up to 15 months for non-urgent spine surgery. The intended procedure is determined by the outpatient MRI scan. Do changes occur within the spine during the wait for surgery? Would the changes affect the operative decision?. In a prospective study, 105 patients listed for elective lumbar spine surgery at a district general hospital If the MRI scan is over 6 months old, a second scan is performed prior to surgery. Changes that alter the operative decision are noted. 44% Discectomy, 17% decompression, and 19% fusion plus decompression patients cancelled surgery due to improvement in symptoms. None of the spinal fusion patients cancelled. 14% discectomy; 12.5% decompression; 25% fusion; 19% fusion plus decompression and 65% fusion plus discectomy patients had different procedures after the second MRI. Changes seen include disc resolution, prolapse at a new level, progressive modic changes and compression at other levels. We do not support the fact that patients may have to wait upto 18 months before having elective spinal surgery. However, we found that significant numbers of discectomy and decompression patients found that their symptoms improved enough to decline surgery. No patient that had been listed for fusion alone got better. Due to changes seen on the second MRI scan, 1 in 6 operations were different to the initial planned procedure. Could a surgeon failing to request a further up to date scan prior to surgery therefore be considered negligent?

Objective: NHS Patients can wait up to 18 months for non-urgent spine surgery. The intended procedure is determined by the outpatient MRI scan. Do changes occur within the spine during the wait for surgery? Would the changes affect the operative decision?. Design: A Prospective study. Subjects: 105 patients listed for elective lumbar spine surgery at a district general hospital. Outcome Measures: If the MRI scan is over six months old, a second scan is performed prior to surgery. Changes that alter the operative decision are noted. Results: Forty-four percent discectomy, 17% decompression, and 19% fusion plus decompression patients cancelled surgery due to improvement in symptoms. None of the spinal fusion patients cancelled. Fourteen percent discectomy; 12.5% decompression; 25% fusion; 19% fusion plus decompression and 65% fusion plus discectomy patients had different procedures after the second MRI. Changes seen include disc resolution, pro-lapse at a new level, progressive modic changes and compression at different levels. Conclusions: We do not support the fact that patients may have to wait up to 18 months before having elective spinal surgery. However, a significant numbers of discectomy and decompression patients found that their symptoms improved enough to decline surgery. No patient who had been listed for fusion alone got better. Due to changes seen on the second MRI scan, one in six operations were different to the initial planned procedure. Could a surgeon failing to request a further up to date scan prior to surgery therefore be considered negligent?

The aim of this study is to assess the discrepancy between weight bearing long leg radiographs and supine MRI alignment. There is currently increasing interest in the use of MRI to assess knee alignment and develop custom made cutting blocks utilising this data. However in almost all units MRI scans are performed supine and it is recognised that knee alignment can alter with weight bearing. 46 patients underwent MRI scans as pre-operative planning for Biomet signature total knee replacement and the measure of varus or valgus deformity on MRI was obtained from the plan produced by Biomet Signature software system. 41 of these patients had long leg weight bearing radiographs performed. 33 of these radiographs were amenable to measuring the knee alignment on the picture archiving and communication system (PACS). These measurements were performed by two assessors and inter-observer reliability was satisfactory. There was a significant difference between the alignment as measured on supine MRI compared with weight bearing long leg films. In knee arthroplasty one of the aims is to correct the biomechanical axis of the knee and one of the appeals of custom made cutting blocks is that this can be achieved more easily. However it is important to realise that alignment is not a static value and thus correcting supine alignment may not necessarily result in correction of weight bearing alignment

Aims. The evidence demonstrating the superiority of early MRI has led to increased use of MRI in clinical pathways for acute wrist trauma. The aim of this study was to describe the radiological characteristics and the inter-observer reliability of a new MRI based classification system for scaphoid injuries in a consecutive series of patients. Methods. We identified 80 consecutive patients with acute scaphoid injuries at one centre who had presented within four weeks of injury. The radiographs and MRI scans were assessed by four observers, two radiologists, and two hand surgeons, using both pre-existing classifications and a new MRI based classification tool, the Oxford Scaphoid MRI Assessment Rating Tool (OxSMART). The OxSMART was used to categorize scaphoid injuries into three grades: contusion (grade 1); unicortical fracture (grade 2); and complete bicortical fracture (grade 3). Results. In total there were 13 grade 1 injuries, 11 grade 2 injuries, and 56 grade 3 injuries in the 80 consecutive patients. The inter-observer reliability of the OxSMART was substantial (Kappa = 0.711). The inter-observer reliability of detecting an obvious fracture was moderate for radiographs (Kappa = 0.436) and MRI (Kappa = 0.543). Only 52% (29 of 56) of the grade 3 injuries were detected on plain radiographs. There were two complications of delayed union, both of which occurred in patients with grade 3 injuries, who were promptly treated with cast immobilization. There were no complications in the patients with grade 1 and 2 injuries and the majority of these patients were treated with early mobilization as pain allowed. Conclusion. This MRI based classification tool, the OxSMART, is reliable and clinically useful in managing patients with acute scaphoid injuries. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(11):913–920

Aims. Arthroscopic microfracture is a conventional form of treatment for patients with osteochondritis of the talus, involving an area of < 1.5 cm. 2. However, some patients have persistent pain and limitation of movement in the early postoperative period. No studies have investigated the combined treatment of microfracture and shortwave treatment in these patients. The aim of this prospective single-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was to compare the outcome in patients treated with arthroscopic microfracture combined with radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (rESWT) and arthroscopic microfracture alone, in patients with ostechondritis of the talus. Methods. Patients were randomly enrolled into two groups. At three weeks postoperatively, the rESWT group was given shockwave treatment, once every other day, for five treatments. In the control group the head of the device which delivered the treatment had no energy output. The two groups were evaluated before surgery and at six weeks and three, six and 12 months postoperatively. The primary outcome measure was the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale. Secondary outcome measures included a visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain and the area of bone marrow oedema of the talus as identified on sagittal fat suppression sequence MRI scans. Results. A total of 40 patients were enrolled and randomly divided into the two groups, with 20 in each. There was no statistically significant difference in the baseline characteristics of the groups. No complications, such as wound infection or neurovascular injury, were found during follow-up of 12 months. The mean AOFAS scores in the rESWT group were significantly higher than those in the control group at three, six, and 12 months postoperatively (p < 0.05). The mean VAS pain scores in the rESWT group were also significantly lower than those in the control group at these times (p < 0.05). The mean area of bone marrow oedema in the rESWT group was significantly smaller at six and 12 months than in the control group at these times (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Local shockwave therapy was safe and effective in patients with osteochondiritis of the talus who were treated with a combination of arthroscopic surgery and rESWT. Preliminary results showed that, compared with arthroscopic microfracture alone, those treated with arthroscopic microfracture combined with rESWT had better relief of pain at three months postoperatively and improved weightbearing and motor function of the ankle. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(10):1108–1114

Background. Ultrasound and MRI are recommended tools in evaluating postoperative pain in metal-on-metal hip (MoM) arthroplasty. Aim. To retrospectively compare MRI and ultrasound results of the hip with histopathology results in failed (MoM) hip arthroplasty. Methods. 25 hips (16 patients) who underwent revision hip surgery for painful (MoM) hip replacement/resurfacing were included in this study (March 2011 to May 2012). Average age 50.4 yrs (37–69y). Blood test for cobalt and chromium levels, ultrasound and MRI were done prior to revision surgery. 23 hips had ultrasound scan. 21 of these hips also had MRI scan prior to surgery. Scans were done at an average of 50 months from primary metal-on-metal surgery. All the ultrasound & MRI were done and reported by a single musculo-skeletal radiologist. During surgery multiple tissue samples were taken from acetabulum, capsule as well as tissue surrounding the femoral neck and sent for histopathology. 21 hip histopathology results were positive for metalosis. 2 hip histopathology results were negative for metalosis. Metalosis as defined by our histopathologist as that which is showing the presence of sheets of macrophages with dark brown pigmentation in their cytoplasm under polarized light. Results. Ultrasound examination was positive for fluid collection in 18 (78.2%). MRI was positive in 16 (76.1%). 4 patients (19%) had negative ultrasound and MRI results but were revised due to pain and were found to have histopathology positive metalosis. One patient had ultrasound positive for fluid collection with negative MRI. One patient was MRI positive for fluid but normal ultrasound findings. Conclusion. Although ultrasound and MRI are useful in screening of MoM patients still there are a significant percentage of hips, which failed with negative radiology findings

The autologous osteochondral grafting represents a treatment option for osteochondral lesions of the weight bearing articular surfaces of femoral condyles and talus. The aim of our study was to evaluate the MRI findings and to determine the correlation between the radiological and the functional outcome in the early follow up. We performed a retrospective study and followed up 33 patients 1 to 4 years after osteochondral auto-grafting. The grafts were harvested from the anterolateral region on the lateral femoral condyle of the ipsilateral knee using an insider rinsing diamond bone-cutting instrument (DBCS). The grafts were implanted using press fit technique and mosaic plasty. Sixteen (48%) women and 17 men were included in our follow up with an average age of 38.4 years (age range-16 to 58 yrs). The Lysholm and Foot and Ankle Osteoarthritis Scores were used for the assessment of the functional outcome. MRI scans were performed by all patients. While the MRI results illustrated graft incorporation, the cartilage contour interruption, irregularity of the subchondral lamina, inhomogeneity and subchondral oedema are typical findings between host and graft tissues. The clinical outcome demonstrated pain relief and improved function. There was no statistically significant correlation between radiological and functional outcome (p>0.05). The MRI is a well-recognised non-invasive diagnostic tool to assess the integration of osteochondral grafts and to evaluate the articular surface but it has a reduced clinical significance on the early post operative stages. The long-term prognostic value of the unsatisfying MRI results is unknown

The average wait for a MRI Scan of the knee for an elective knee complaint is 12–18 months. This has a vast impact on family economy and quality of life considering the affected patients are young. We retrospectively reviewed 85 knee arthroscopies performed by a single surgeon during a one year period. We correlated the arthroscopy findings with the provisional diagnosis made in the clinic. There were 49 males and 36 females. The average wait for surgery was 4.6 months.The diagnosis was correct in 49 (60%), correct with additional findings in 18 (20%) and incorrect in 18 (20%). In a district general hospital setting where acces to MR Scan is difficult with a long waiting time, physical examination is reliable and arthroscopy can be performed after informed consent

Aims

Classifying trochlear dysplasia (TD) is useful to determine the treatment options for patients suffering from patellofemoral instability (PFI). There is no consensus on which classification system is more reliable and reproducible for the purpose of guiding clinicians’ management of PFI. There are also concerns about the validity of the Dejour Classification (DJC), which is the most widely used classification for TD, having only a fair reliability score. The Oswestry-Bristol Classification (OBC) is a recently proposed system of classification of TD, and the authors report a fair-to-good interobserver agreement and good-to-excellent intraobserver agreement in the assessment of TD. The aim of this study was to compare the reliability and reproducibility of these two classifications.