Tibial pilon fractures are typically the result of high-energy axial loads, with complex intra- articular fractures that are often difficult to reconstruct anatomically. Only nine simultaneous pilon and talus fractures have been published previously, but we hypothesised the chondral surface of the dome is affected more frequently. Data was acquired prospectively from 154 acute distal tibial pilon fractures (AO/OTA 43B/C) in adults. Radiographs, photographs, and intra-operative drawings of each case were utilised to document the presence of any macroscopic injuries of the talus. Detailed 1x1mm maps were created of the injuries in each case and transposed onto a statistical shape model of a talus; this enables the cumulative data to be analysed in Excel. Data was analysed using a Chi-squared test. From 154 cases, 104 were considered at risk and their talar domes were inspected; of these, macroscopic injuries were identified in 55 (52.4%). The prevalence of talar dome injury was greater with B-type fractures (53.5%) than C-type fractures (31.5%) (ρ = .01). Injuries were more common in men than women and presented with different distribution of injuries (ρ = .032). A significant difference in the distribution of injuries was also identified when comparing falls and motor vehicle accidents (ρ = .007). Concomitant injuries to the articular surface of the dome of the talus are relatively common, and this perhaps explains the discordance between the post-operative appearance following internal fixation and the clinical outcomes observed. These injuries were focused on the lateral third of the dome in men and MVAs, whereas women and fall mechanism were more evenly distributed. Surgeons who operatively manage high-energy pilon fractures should consider routine inspection of the talar dome to assess the possibility of associated macroscopic osteochondral injuries

Surfing has rapidly grown in popularity as the sport made its debut at the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games. Surfing injuries are becoming more relevant with the globalisation and increasing risks of the sport, but despite this, little is known about surfing injuries or prevention strategies in either the competitive or recreational surfer. We reviewed the literature for the incidence, anatomical distribution, type and underlying mechanism of acute and overuse injuries, and discuss current preventative measures. Four online databases, including MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to March 2020. This review finds that skin injuries represent the highest proportion of total injuries. Acute injuries most frequently affect the head, neck and face, followed by the lower limbs. Being struck by one's own board is the most common mechanism of injury. Surfers are injured at a frequency of 0.30–6.60 injuries per 1000 hours of surfing. Most prior studies are limited by small sample sizes, poor data collection methodology and geographical constraints. The scientific literature on surfing injuries under-represents overuse musculoskeletal injuries and the efficacy of prevention strategies for surfing-related overuse musculoskeletal injuries has not been studied. Injuries to the head and neck pose greater risks to a surfer's morbidity and mortality, yet there is no consensus on the management protocol of spinal injuries that occur in open water. Non-contact acute ligament injuries have increased as surfing manoeuvres have become more acrobatic, and overuse musculoskeletal injuries are highly correlated with paddling. Further research is needed to establish preventative measures for both acute and overuse surfing injuries and to ensure the increasing popularity of surfing is met with an improved understanding of sport risks and safety. Specifically, we recommend research be prioritised regarding the efficacy of training programmes to prevent surfing-related overuse musculoskeletal injuries

Traumatic rotator cuff injuries can be a leading cause of prolonged shoulder pain and disability, and contribute to significant morbidity and healthcare costs. Previous studies have shown evidence of socio-demographic disparities with these injuries. The purpose of this nationwide study was to better understand these disparities based on ethnicity, sex, and socio-economic status, in order to inform future healthcare strategies. Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) is a no-fault comprehensive compensation scheme encompassing all of Aotearoa/New Zealand (population in 2018, 4.7 million). Using the ACC database, traumatic rotator cuff injuries were identified between January 2010 and December 2018. Injuries were categorized by sex, ethnicity, age and socioeconomic deprivation index of the claimant. During the 9-year study period, there were 351,554 claims accepted for traumatic rotator cuff injury, which totalled over $960 million New Zealand Dollars. The greatest proportion of costs was spent on vocational support (49.8%), then surgery (26.3%), rehabilitation (13.1%), radiology (8.1%), general practitioner (1.6%) and “Other” (1.1%). Asian, Māori (Indigenous New Zealanders), and Pacific peoples were under-represented in the age-standardized proportion of total claims and had lower rates of surgery than Europeans. Māori had higher proportion of costs spent on vocational support and lower proportions spent on radiology, rehabilitation and surgery than Europeans. Males had higher number and costs of claims and were more likely to have surgery than females. There were considerably fewer claims from areas of high socio-economic deprivation. This large nation-wide study demonstrates the important and growing economic burden of rotator cuff injuries. Indirect costs, such as vocational supports, are a major contributor to the cost suggesting improving treatment and rehabilitation protocols would have the greatest economic impact. This study has also identified socio-demographic disparities which need to be addressed in order to achieve equity in health outcomes

Purpose: Description of the types of injuries occurring in ‘’semi-professional’’ soccer players, analysis some factors influencing the occurrence and registration of treatment’s options. Material & Method: Between 1999–2003, 112 males semi-professional soccer players of different levels of skill, aged 16–38 (average: 28,4yrs) sustained 128 injuries during games or practice. Previous injuries, frequency of playing soccer weekly and options of treatment were also registered. Results: 89% of injuries caused by trauma and 11% by overuse. 68% of injuries involved the lower extremity, 21% the upper extremity, 7% both upper & lower extremity and 4% the spine. Joints sprains predominated (36%), followed by fractures (25%), menisci tears (12%), ligaments injuries (10%), e.t.c. More than 15 different injuries were treated. Injuries to the ankle were most prevalent (42%), followed by the knee (26%) and the wrist (17%). The 2/3 of the injured players were playing soccer ‘’occasionally’’ (no more than 1–2 times per week, usually without any previous training), while the 1/3 had suffered previous injury in the same area of their body. 45% of injured players were > 30yrs old. Most injuries occurred during games. The treatment was surgically or conservatively (in ratio 1:1), depending on the type of injury. Conclusions: Soccer players sustained a variety of injuries. Poor physical condition (occasionally playing & practicing), and ‘’personal’’ factors (previous injuries, level of skill) seemed to be related with the frequency and the severity of the occurred injuries. The treatment is based on the type of injury

Aims

The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to gather epidemiological information on selected musculoskeletal injuries and to provide pooled injury-specific incidence rates.

The Mater Hospital is Ireland’s primary referral centre for spinal injuries receiving 80–90% of all spinal cases annually. In today’s society the number of people competing at more competitive and professional levels is also increasing. Over the years, a lot of work has gone into safety precautions in sport. However despite those improvements our impression was that the incidence of both minor and serious sporting injuries is increasing. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence, pattern and mechanism of sports-related spinal injuries in Ireland over the last decade. Data was collected by performing an audit of the National Spinal Injuries Database from 1994–2001. This database is a prospective computerized database. Data entered relates to the initial presentation, mechanism, level of injury and their acute in-hospital management. On average 200–220 patients are admitted annually to the National Injuries Spinal Unit. 173 of these were related to sport, which represented 13% of total spinal injuries. 80% are male under 40 years. 29% sustained neurological deficit. The sports responsible for most spinal injuries in Ireland were equestrian (43.8%), followed by rugby (16.4%), diving (15%), GAA (13.6%) and skiing (3%). Rugby injuries were most likely to cause neurological damage. Equestrian accidents commonly caused thoracolumbar fractures while injuries sustained in diving, rugby and GAA were mostly to the cervical spine. Sport is an important cause of spinal injuries in Ire-land. Coaches and team doctors must be educated about safe practices and emergency management of these terrible injuries and for those unfortunately affected in the prime of their lives adequate rehabilitation resources need to be implemented so as to lessen their economic burden

Introduction: Injuries to the bony pelvis are a significant group of injuries with often serious implications. The close proximity of the bony pelvis to vital organs, it’s involvement in weight bearing and ambulation, and the high energy mechanisms usually required to produce these injuries produces a variety of injury patterns, associated injuries and possible outcomes. Aims: To determine the long-term functional outcomes of displaced pelvic ring injuries treated surgically in the United Kingdom. Methods: All patients with pelvic ring fractures treated surgically were contacted by postal questionnaire. Outcomes were measured using the SF-36, as well as ad-hoc tools including return to work and sporting activities. Injuries were classified using the Young and Burgess (YB) classification system. Results: There was a response rate of 70% (145 of 209 patients). Average age at injury was 40 yrs (16–74 yrs). Average follow up was 5.3yrs (1–12 yrs). There were 45 Antero-Posterior Compression (APC) injuries, 51 Lateral Compression (LC) injuries and 49 Vertical Shear (VS) injuries. 69% of the LC injuries had returned to some form of employment, compared with 58% of the APC injuries and 51% of the VS. 39% of the LC injuries had returned to their pre-injury sporting activities, compared with 27% of the APC and 33% of the VS. The average Physical Functioning Score of the SF-36 outcome tool was 73.2 for the LC injuries, 61.7 for the APC injuries and 63.3 for the VS injuries (scale 0–100, 100 representing best status). These trends were mirrored in the other outcome domains of the SF-36 tool. Conclusions: These results illustrate the long-term morbidity associated with pelvic ring injuries and relationship with injury subtypes. LC injuries appeared to perform better than APC and VS injuries in all outcome measures utilized. These findings may aid in determining the prognosis and provision of services for patients with pelvic ring injuries

Introduction:. During the Christmas period a number of patients are admitted to the Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (CHBAH) Hand Unit with explosive injuries to their hands caused by firecrackers. South African legislation restricts the sale and use of fireworks to adults, with a limitation being placed on the size of explosive and type of commercial outlet. Despite this an inordinate amount of explosive hand injuries are admitted over the festive season. Aim:. To evaluate the epidemiological pattern of firecracker injuries to the hand during the Christmas festive period and assess contributing factors. Comparison to a previous study in 2008 will also be evaluated. Method:. Patients with firecracker injuries to the hand were interviewed. Demographic information, events surrounding the incident including alcohol use, and origin of the explosive were recorded. Injuries were classified into minor, moderate and severe based on the amount of soft tissue and bony damage. Treatment and complications was recorded. The data is also compared to previous data obtained in 2008. Results:. 26 patients were admitted. 2 patients were injured with explosives from a legal source. Alcohol use was implicated in 10 of the injuries. 17 amputations were performed at various levels, 9 fractures and 2 dislocations were stabilised with K-wires. Sepsis was more common in severe injuries. The majority of patients were injured from mis-use with several patients suffering injuries following removal of explosives from children or from other people throwing explosives at them or their family. These results are similar to those obtained in 2008. Conclusion:. A large number of patients are injured by firecrackers during the festive period. Injuries are severe. Lack of law enforcement, alcohol and misuse are contributing factors in these injuries. No significant change has occurred in the pattern of injury between 2008 and 2011

Injuries to the spinal cord are rarely isolated problems. Multiple trauma patients with spinal injuries can face significant long-term disability. In this retrospective, descriptive study we investigated the relationship between the level of spinal trauma and the injuries associated with this. We aimed to define the populations at risk and highlight trends identified. METHODS: Analysis of 1500 trauma patients admitted to the Royal London Hospital by the Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) over 6 years was undertaken. 265 patients of these patients had spinal cord injuries (SCI). Data was obtained from the HEMS trauma registry, patient records and interviews with patients. RESULTS: 265 patients sustained SCI (mean age: 38 25% female). The most common mechanisms of injury were motor vehicle accidents (46%) and falls (29%) Attempted suicide was a common cause of SCI in our study group (mean age 32. M:F ratio 2:1) The most common associated injuries were limb and head trauma. C-spine injuries were the most common spinal injury and were associated with the highest mortality rates (37%). C-injuries presented with a bimodal age distribution, 84% had head trauma and 30% had significant chest injuries. In patients who sustained thoracic spinal injuries 71% had severe chest injuries and 34% had head injuries. The most common associated injury in lumbar spine trauma was injuries to the limbs or pelvis (68%). Injuries to the lumbar spine occurred more frequently in the 20–40 year old age groups. Discussion: Mortality rate in our study was 26%. Mortality rates were highest in patients with cervical spine injuries (37%). The causes of mortality were from suicide attempts, falls and RTA. The mortality rates in these groups were 20%, 22% and 32% respectfully. Our review highlights significantly higher mortality in the over 60-age group. Our population had high numbers of suicide attempts. We highlight suicide attempts as a significant aetiology for SCI. All the deaths in the suicide group were as a result of jumping from high buildings. In patients over 60, c-spine injuries are by far the common level of SCI. Subdural haematomas occurred in almost 10% of patients with c- spine injuries. Any injury to the cervical spine should therefore prompt investigation for intracranial trauma. The GCS should be closely monitored and a low threshold for performing a CT scan is advisable. Thoracic spine injuries are strongly associated with severe chest injuries. Lumbar spine and sacral injuries are strongly associated with severe pelvic and lower limb injuries. Understanding the demographics and etiology is essential to allow effective planning for spinal services. Appreciating the injuries associated with SCI should ensure better care for patients, by recognizing problems earlier and using a multidisciplinary approach to optimize treatment and reduce morbidity and mortality

Introduction

Missile injuries are very serious injuries particularly in the cervical region. They are classified into high and low missile injuries when it involves the cervical spine. In modern guerrilla warfare, one must be aware of ballistic pathology with bullets as well as from explosives. In particular, improvised explosive devices commonly known as IED's play a new and important pathophysiology whether they are suicided vests or roadside bombs. They usually produce severe or lethal injuries and serious neurovascular deficit is frequent. We present the details of 40 patients with local experience on how to handle serious penetrating cervical missile injuries.

Aims: Rugby is a popular sport in Ireland, with over 100,000 players registered with the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) at all levels. We report a 10 year series of spinal injuries presenting to the National Spinal Injuries Unit (NSIU) at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital. Methods: A large series of spinal injuries in rugby players was isolated utilizing the NSIU database, HIPE and data from the IRFU. An extensive chart review and telephone interview was performed in all cases to determine age, mechanism of injury, possible aetiological factors, anatomic location of injury, American Spinal Injuries Association (ASIA) scores, current level of activity and response to rehabilitation. Results: From 1994 to 2004, 22 rugby players with spinal injuries necessitated admission to the NSIU. Twelve patients (54%) presented with neurology. The average age at time of injury was 21.1 years (range 14 – 44 years) and all patients were male. The average length of hospital stay was 10.1 days (range 1 – 45 days). Twenty patients had cervical spine injuries. The most common mechanism of injury was hyperflexion of the cervical spine, with C5/C6 most commonly injured. Fifteen injuries occurred at adult level, the remainder at schoolboy level. Seventeen (77%) players were injured whilst playing First Team rugby. Eleven (50%) players were injured in the Backs, the remainder in the Forwards. 68% of injuries occurred in the tackle situation and 32% in the scrums, rucks and mauls. Winger, Full Back and Hooker were the playing positions at greatest risk. Nine (41%) patients underwent surgery and 11 (50%) required rehabilitation in the National Rehabilitation Centre, Dun Laoghaire, with an average length of inpatient stay of 9.22 months (range 5 – 14 months). Eight (36%) patients felt that their injury was preventable. Of those patients without neurology, 60% have returned to playing rugby. Conclusion: Rugby as a sporting pastime is not without risk. During the ten year period under review, 8 players suffered permanent disability as a direct result of participation in competitive rugby. Serious spinal injuries continue to occur and recent rule changes have had little effect in reducing their incidence

Aims: Rugby is a popular sport in Ireland, with over 90,000 players registered with the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) at all levels. We report a 10 year series of spinal injuries presenting to the National Spinal Injuries Unit (NSIU) at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital. Methods: A large series of spinal injuries in rugby players was isolated utilizing the NSIU database, HIPE and data from the IRFU. An extensive chart review and telephone interview was performed in all cases to determine age, mechanism of injury, possible aetiological factors, anatomic location of injury, American Spinal Injuries Association (ASIA) scores, current level of activity and response to rehabilitation. Results: From 1994 to 2004, 22 rugby players with spinal injuries necessitated admission to the NSIU. Twelve patients (54%) presented with neurology. The average age at time of injury was 21.1 years (range 14 – 44 years) and all patients were male. The average length of hospital stay was 10.1 days (range 1 – 45 days). Twenty patients had cervical spine injuries. The most common mechanism of injury was hyperflexion of the cervical spine, with C5/C6 most commonly injured. Fifteen injuries occurred at adult level, the remainder at schoolboy level. Seventeen (77%) players were injured whilst playing First Team rugby. Eleven (50%) players were injured in the Backs, the remainder in the Forwards. 68% of injuries occurred in the tackle situation and 32% in the scrums, rucks and mauls. Winger, Full Back and Hooker were the playing positions at greatest risk. Nine (41%) patients underwent surgery and 11 (50%) required rehabilitation in the National Rehabilitation Centre, Dun Laoghaire, with an average length of inpatient stay of 9.22 months (range 5 – 14 months). Eight (36%) patients felt that their injury was preventable. Of those patients without neurology, 60% have returned to playing rugby. Conclusion: Rugby as a sporting pastime is not without risk. During the ten year period under review, 8 players suffered permanent disability as a direct result of participation in competitive rugby. Serious spinal injuries continue to occur and recent rule changes have had little effect in reducing their incidence

The e-scooter trial was part of a wider initiative from the Department for Transport in response to COVID pandemic. New emergency legislation was introduced in 2020 to make e-scooters legal in the UK for the first time. This scheme was launched in our county from September 2020. The aim of this case series was to identify the types of Orthopedic injuries resultant from electric scooter transport that presented to our District General Hospital over a 16-month period between September 2020 and December 2021.

This study involved retrospective collection of data from electronic hospital records. Data on demographics, laterality, date of injury, type of injury, treatment, HDU/ITU admissions, mortality, and operating time were collected to characterize the types of e-scooter-related injuries and to investigate the frequency of such injuries over the duration of our search.

A total of 79 orthopedic patients identified with electric scooter injuries between September 2020 and December 2021. 78.5% were males and the mean age was 30.1 years. Summer months accounted for most of the injuries. 17 patients required inpatient care. 23 patients required surgical intervention and a total of 29 surgeries were performed in our hospital. This accounted for a total surgical time of 2088 minutes. One patient admitted with shaft of femur fracture developed pulmonary embolism after the definitive operation and died in HDU.

Electric scooters provide a space efficient, affordable, environmentally friendly mode of transportation which reduce the urban congestion and parking issues. This study demonstrates an increasing frequency of significant orthopedic injury associated with e-scooter use treated at our centre over the course of 16 months. This small series underlines an important problem given that this increase has occurred after the start of the electric scooter trial. Legalization might result in further increase in the incidence of injury.

Study design: Retrospective, descriptive study. Objectives: To describe the characteristics and outcomes of patients with spinal canal stenosis who suffer significant spinal cord injury (SCI) due to hyperextension injury of the cervical spine. To compare their characteristics and outcomes with all patients suffering traumatic cervical SCI and with the total cohort of patients admitted to a Spinal Injuries Unit for rehabilitation. Setting: Spinal Injuries Unit (SIU), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane. Methods: Demographic, injury and outcome data were obtained from an existing database and by review of the medical records of 575 patients admitted to and discharged from the SIU between July 1st, 1995 and July 1st 2002. Main outcome measures were: change in American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scale category, change in ASIA motor score, discharge Functional Independence Measure (FIM) score and change in FIM score, length of stay (LOS), primary means of mobility at discharge and discharge destination. Standard statistical methods were used to compare groups. Results: A total of 18 (3%) of the 575 patients were found to have cervical canal stenosis and hyperextension injury (the CCS/HI group). This represents 8% of the total group suffering traumatic injury to the cervical spinal cord (the total cervical trauma: TCT group, n = 225). This CCS/HI group was found to have a mean age at injury of 55.1 years compared to 37.1 and 37.8 years respectively for the TCT and total groups. Ninety-four percent of patients were found to have a neurological level at admission at C1–3 or C4–5 compared to 75.6% of the TCT group and only 5.6% of patients had an ASIA Impairment Category A lesion at admission compared to 38.7% of the TCT group. Falls (55.6%) was the most common cause of injury in the CCS/HI group with motor vehicle accidents (33.8%) most common in the TCT group. The mean change in ASIA motor score between admission and discharge was 34.7 compared to 20.4 for the TCT group. Degree of impairment (measured by a change in ASIA Category) improved in 28% of patients and mean change in total FIM score was 41.3. There was no difference seen with the TCT group. LOS was shorter for these patients (111.1 days vs. 161.6 days). The primary means of mobility at discharge was “walking” for 50% of this group (compared to 28.4% for the TCT group) while the next most common means of mobility was “power wheelchair” at 28% (17% of TCT group). Most patients (55.4%) were discharged to their previous home following rehabilitation and 22.3% were discharged to another rehabilitation unit or acute hospital. Conclusions: Patients with cervical spinal canal stenosis who suffer hyperextension injury constitute a distinct subgroup with the total group of traumatic cervical spinal cord injuries. This study suggests that they are older at the time of injury, have more rostral cervical injuries, are more likely to have incomplete injuries and that falls is the most common cause of injury. They have greater improvement in motor function but this does not appear to result in greater function at discharge as measured by the FIM. There appears to be a dichotomy with results for mobility at discharge with patients either being able to walk or requiring a power wheelchair. LOS in the SIU is shorter but a higher percentage are discharged to another hospital or rehabilitation unit

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, descriptive study. OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics and outcomes of patients with spinal canal stenosis who suffer significant spinal cord injury (SCI) due to hyperextension injury of the cervical spine. To compare their characteristics and outcomes with all patients suffering traumatic cervical SCI and with the total cohort of patients admitted to a Spinal Injuries Unit for rehabilitation. SETTING: Spinal Injuries Unit (SIU), Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane. METHODS: Demographic, injury and outcome data were obtained from an existing database and by review of the medical records of 575 patients admitted to and discharged from the SIU between July 1st, 1995 and July 1st 2002. Main outcome measures were: change in American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scale category, change in ASIA motor score, discharge Functional Independence Measure (FIM) score and change in FIM score, length of stay (LOS), primary means of mobility at discharge and discharge destination. Standard statistical methods were used to compare groups. RESULTS: A total of 18 (3%) of the 575 patients were found to have cervical canal stenosis and hyperextension injury (the CCS/HI group). This represents 8% of the total group suffering traumatic injury to the cervical spinal cord (the total cervical trauma: TCT group, n = 225). This CCS/HI group was found to have a mean age at injury of 55.1 years compared to 37.1 and 37.8 years respectively for the TCT and total groups. Ninety-four percent of patients were found to have a neurological level at admission at C1-3 or C4-5 compared to 75.6% of the TCT group and only 5.6% of patients had an ASIA Impairment Category A lesion at admission compared to 38.7% of the TCT group. Falls (55.6%) was the most common cause of injury in the CCS/HI group with motor vehicle accidents (33.8%) most common in the TCT group. The mean change in ASIA motor score between admission and discharge was 34.7 compared to 20.4 for the TCT group. Degree of impairment (measured by a change in ASIA Category) improved in 28% of patients and mean change in total FIM score was 41.3. There was no difference seen with the TCT group. LOS was shorter for these patients (111.1 days vs. 161.6 days). The primary means of mobility at discharge was “walking” for 50% of this group (compared to 28.4% for the TCT group) while the next most common means of mobility was “power wheelchair” at 28% (17% of TCT group). Most patients (55.4%) were discharged to their previous home following rehabilitation and 22.3% were discharged to another rehabilitation unit or acute hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with cervical spinal canal stenosis who suffer hyperextension injury constitute a distinct subgroup with the total group of traumatic cervical spinal cord injuries. This study suggests that they are older at the time of injury, have more rostral cervical injuries, are more likely to have incomplete injuries and that falls is the most common cause of injury. They have greater improvement in motor function but this does not appear to result in greater function at discharge as measured by the FIM. There appears to be a dichotomy with results for mobility at discharge with patients either being able to walk or requiring a power wheelchair. LOS in the SIU is shorter but a higher percentage are discharged to another hospital or rehabilitation unit

The trampoline is a popular source of recreational and competitive sport. However, little is documented about the dangers associated with its use particularly in the paediatric population. We reviewed paediatric patients referred to our service from April to September 2005 inclusively, having been injured on a trampoline. This unit services a catchment area of approximately 400,000 patients. Eighty-eight patients were assessed (mean age: 8 years 6 months). There were 33 males and 55 females. Most injuries (53/88) occurred while bouncing on the trampoline, while 34 were secondary to falls off the trampoline. The injured child was supervised in only 40% cases. In 31 cases, the injury was attributable to the presence of others on the trampoline. Thirty-six children required surgery. Fracturesof the upper extremities occurred in 70% of cases. Injuries related to the recreational use of trampolines are an important and significant cause of paediatric injury. These results strongly suggest that there is a clear need for guidelines

Sledging related minor and major injuries represent a significant workload at ski-area medical centers across the world. Although safety rules exist, they are seldom obeyed or enforced. We set out to determine the incidence of sledging related injuries, identifying trends and causative factors at a busy New Zealand Ski resort. All sledging related injuries presenting during a 70-day period were prospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, mechanism, diagnosis, and treatment were recorded. Sixty patients were identified, mean age 10 years, range 4-30 years. Injuries comprised; collisions with sledgers (21), collision with wall (14) and falling from sledge (14). Site of injury included head (36), lower limb (18), spine (9), upper limb (7), and abdomen (2). Fractures included; femur (1), tibia (1), fibula (1), ankle (2), cuboid (1), clavicle (2), scaphoid (1). One 9-year-old patient sustained a serious intracranial haemorrhage, with subsequent permanent neurological sequelae. Sledging related injuries are mostly minor, however significant major injuries do occur requiring intervention at a secondary center. The potential for serious morbidity is evident. Recommendations supporting safety improvement measures does exist, however most were not implemented by the study cohort examined. The use of basic cycling helmets would seem an appropriate minimum level of protection, and greater sledging safety awareness should be encouraged

Injuries to the tarsometatarsal joint complex are uncommonly recognised. Many treatment modalities have been advocated. In recent years anatomic reduction and temporary rigid fixation with trans -articular screws has become popular. This is a study conducted over a period of at least two years. It reviews the management and subsequent outcome of a series of consecutive patients with an average age of 40.1 who suffered tarsometatarsal injury, or Lisfranc fracture. Anatomic or near anatomic reduction was achieved using temporary bridging plate fixation of the TMT joints and occasionally also with second metatarsal base medial cuneiform screw fixation. Two years post surgery a good or excellent functional result was generally achieved; however midfoot stiffness was a common problem

Spinal cord injury is an inevitable but rare occurrence in sports. Identifying trends and working to minimise risk is an integral part of sports management. All patients suffering a spinal cord injury in Scotland will be transferred to the Queen Elizabeth National Spinal Injuries Unit (QENSIU). Our records give an accurate account of trends in spinal cord injury. This study details the number of spinal cord injuries caused by sports and leisure pursuits in Scotland since 1992. 1451 patients have suffered a spinal cord injury in Scotland from 1992-2008. 142 (9.8%) arose from injuries during sport. The average age at injury was 32, and patients were predominantly male (91%). The commonest cause was diving (40, 28%) followed by cycling (29, 20%) climbing and hillwalking (15, 11%) and rugby union (12, 8%). Smaller numbers were seen in horse-riding (11), aerial sports (6), motor sports (6), snow sports (5), and football (5). Overall, there was evidence of an increasing trend in the number and severity of injuries in rugby and cycling. The number of spinal injuries, caused by diving, rugby and cycling remains disproportionally high and the increasing trends identified merit further investigation

Background: Injuries to ankle joint consist 12% of visits to emergency departments. In spite of the common occurrence of ankle sprain, syndesmosis injuries are rare, but very debilitating and frequently misdiagnosed. Methods: Among 100 patients with ankle sprain we evaluated the incidence of syndesmosis sprain by MRI of the ankle. Adults who had acute ankle sprain with no fracture and examined on the same day that injury had took place were being included in the survey. Results: Out of 100 patients with ankle injury, four had syndesmosis sprain. Three patients had partial tear of syndesmotic complex and one had complete tear. All injuries occurred in sports except one which had happened in an accident, and two of the patients were athletes. Anterior inferior tibiofibular ligament was the most common ruptured ligament. Conclusions: We reported a four-percent incidence of this injury. Our high rate of this injury emphasized on the fact that all suspicious cases should go under more accurate investigation not to miss this diagnosis