Introduction. Accurate alignment and sizing of the femoral component in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is important for stability and functional outcomes. In relation to the shape of the distal femur, it has been reported that the medial-lateral (ML) femur width in women is narrower than that in men for the same antero-posterior (AP) length. In addition, it has been noted that the elevation of the anterior condyle in women is lower than that in men. Therefore, in TKA for women, it is suggested that a medial or lateral overhanging femoral component can cause pain or limit the range of motion (ROM). As a result, a gender-specific implant for women has been developed. However, there are few studies addressing the morphological dimensions of the distal shape of the femur in the Japanese population. The objective of this study was to reveal the appropriateness of using gender-specific implant for Japanese women. Methods. This study was based on 40 women (40 knees) and 40 men (40 knees) who had primary preoperative osteoarthritis of the knee. The average height was 161.2 cm for men and 149.4 cm for women. The average weight was 68.0 kg for men and 58.5 kg for women. These are significantly different. Resection of the distal femur for TKA was simulated with preoperative computed tomography (CT) data. The ML width on the anterior and distal cut surface, the ML width at the surgical epicondylar axis (SEA) level, the maximum AP length at the medial and lateral condyle, and the AP length after resection were measured. These values were compared between men and women, and compatibility with NexGen LPS-Flex and Gender Solution Femur (GSF) (Zimmer, Warsow, Ind) was evaluated. Results. On the anterior cut surface, the average ML width was 54.0 mm for men and 47.0 mm for women. There was a significant difference between them (P<0.01). The aspect ratio (AP/ML) at the SEA level and the resected distal surface was 0.74 and 0.65 for men and 0.76 and 0.70 for women, respectively. There were significant differences between them (P<0.01). Discussion and Conclusion. In general, the aspect ratio of the distal femur in the Japanese population was smaller than that in the Caucasian population. However, the femoral distal shape in women was narrower than that in men for the same AP length in the Japanese population. As the AP size increased, the femoral component in women tended to overhang the ML width. Therefore, the use of a gender-specific implant for women was suggested. In contrast, there were some cases in which the femoral component tended to be undersized compared with the ML width in men. [Fig. 1] For Japanese women, the use of a gender-specific component should be considered. Additionally, there is a need for further investigation of gender-specific components in men

Purpose: Medical research has classically been based on the male model, this is no different in the design of arthroplasty implants. Focus has recently shifted to gender-specific implant design but evidence is just developing in the literature as to gender specific outcomes. We hypothesised that outcomes in arthroplasty patients are affected by gender. Methods: Patients were retrospectively identified from a prospectively collected database of total joint arthroplasties performed at one center. Six surgeons performed 1123 primary unilateral cemented TKA’s, and 989 primary unilateral cementless THA’s over a period of seven years. General demographic data was collected along with preoperative and 1-year clinical outcomes including the Harris Hip/Knee Society Score and Oxford Hip/Knee scores. These were compared to determine differences, if any, between males and females using independent samples t-test. Results: The TKA sample was comprised of 540 (55%) females and 449 (45%) males. The THA sample included 744 (66%) females and 379 (34%) males. In the TKA group, females were significantly younger, had higher BMI and had differing rates of comorbidities and complications. Female KSS, Oxford and ROM outcomes were significantly inferior to male scores preoperatively and at 1 year follow up. Significantly more females reported higher pain scores than males from pre-op to 1 year. Interestingly, females showed significantly more improvement from pre-op to 1 year in both scores. In the THR group there were varying rates of complications and comorbidities by gender. Females did significantly worse in the HHS and Oxford hip score from pre-op until one year when results equalized. Similarly pain scores were higher for females preop and at 6 weeks but became equivalent thereafter. Females showed significantly greater improvements from pre-op to 1 year in both outcome scores. Conclusion: As reported in the literature, results of this study indicate that women choose TJR at a later stage of disease than men do, presenting with inferior functional status. The effect of waiting seems most marked in the knee arthroplasty population with inferior outcomes and pain relief persisting out to 1 year. Surgeons must counsel females differently about expectations and recovery in joint arthroplasty

Purpose: Medical research has classically been based on the male model, this is no different in the design of arthroplasty implants. Focus has recently shifted to gender-specific implant design but little evidence exists in the literature as to gender specific outcomes. We hypothesized that outcomes in arthroplasty patients are affected by gender. Method: Patients were retrospectively identified from a prospectively collected database of total joint arthroplasties performed at one center. Six surgeons performed 1123 primary unilateral cemented TKA’s, and 989 primary unilateral cementless THA’s over a period of seven years. General demographic data was collected along with preoperative and 1-year clinical outcomes including the Knee Society (KSS)/Harris Hip Scores (HHS) and Oxford Knee/Hip scores. These were compared to determine differences, if any, between genders using independent samples t-test and chi-square test for proportions. Results: The TKA sample was comprised of 540 (55%) females and 449 (45%) males. The THA sample included 744 (66%) females and 379 (34%) males. In the TKA group, females were significantly younger, had higher BMI and differing rates of comorbidities and complications. Female KSS, Oxford and flexion outcomes were significantly inferior to male scores pre-operatively and at 1-year follow-up. Significantly more females reported higher pain scores than males from pre-op to one year. Interestingly, females showed significantly more improvement from pre-op to one year in both scores. In the THR group there were varying rates of complications and comorbidities by gender. Females did significantly worse in the HHS and Oxford hip score from pre-op until one year when results equalized. Similarly pain scores were higher for females preop and at 6 weeks but became equivalent thereafter. Females showed significantly greater improvement from pre-op to 1 year for both outcome scores. Conclusion: As reported in the literature, results of this study indicate that women choose arthroplasty at a later stage of disease than men do, presenting with inferior functional status. The effect of waiting seems most marked in the knee arthroplasty population with inferior outcomes and pain relief persisting out to one year. Surgeons must counsel females differently about expectations and recovery in joint arthroplasty

Purpose. There has been recent interest in gender-specific arthroplasty implant design but little evidence to support their use. We hypothesised that outcomes among arthroplasty patients are affected by gender. Methods. Patients were retrospectively identified from a prospective database of TJRs performed at one centre among six surgeons over a ten-year period (1998-2008). Demographics, pre-operative and 1-year clinical Knee Society (KSS), Harris Hip (HHS), and Oxford scores were collected. Gender differences were analysed using independent samples t-test and chi-square. Results. The study sample was comprised of 4780 primary unilateral TJRs performed for osteoarthritis, including 3186 cemented TKAs (63% females, 37% males), and 1594 cementless THAs (55% females, and 45% males). Among TKAs, females had higher BMIs, and differing rates of comorbidities and complications. Female KSS, Oxford and flexion scores were significantly inferior to male scores pre-operatively and at 1-year follow-up. Significantly more females reported higher pain scores and inferior stair climbing ability compared to males at all intervals. Females showed significantly more improvement in clinical outcomes, including flexion from pre-operative to one-year. Among THAs, females were significantly younger with higher BMIs. There were varying rates of complications and comorbidities by gender. Females had significantly worse HHS and Oxford scores, and inferior stair climbing ability at all intervals. Pain scores were higher for females pre-operatively and at 6 weeks, but became equivalent thereafter. Females showed significantly greater outcomes improvement pre-operative to one-year. Conclusion. As reported in the literature, results of this study indicate that women choose arthroplasty at a later stage of disease, presenting with inferior functional status. The effect of waiting seems most marked among the TKA population with inferior outcomes and pain relief persisting to one year. Although women do have inferior outcomes, their overall level of improvement is superior. Surgeons must counsel females differently about expectations and TJR recovery