Aims

An objective technological solution for tracking adherence to at-home shoulder physiotherapy is important for improving patient engagement and rehabilitation outcomes, but remains a significant challenge. The aim of this research was to evaluate performance of machine-learning (ML) methodologies for detecting and classifying inertial data collected during in-clinic and at-home shoulder physiotherapy exercise.

Recent studies on animal models focused on the effect of preserving tendon remnant of rotator cuff on tendon healing. A positive effect by combining tendon remnant preservation and small bone vents on the greater tuberosity in comparison with standard tendon-to-bone repair has been shown. The purpose of the present clinical study was to evaluate the efficacy of biologic augmentation of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair by maintaining tendon remnant on rotator cuff footprint combined with small bone vents of the greater tuberosity. A retrospective study was conducted. All patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair associated with small bone vents (nanofractures) and tendon footprint preservation were considered eligible for the study. Inclusion criteria were: diagnosis of full-thickness rotator cuff tear as diagnosed at preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and confirmed at the time of surgery; minimum 24-month of follow-up and availability of post-operative MRI performed not earlier than 6 months after surgery. Exclusion criteria were: partial thickness tears, irreparable tears, capsulo-labral pathologies, calcific tendonitis, gleno-humeral osteoarthritis and/or previous surgery. Primary outcome was the ASES score. Secondary outcomes were: Quick-DASH and WORC scores, and structural integrity of repaired tendons by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed six months after surgery. A paired t-test was used to compare pre- and postoperative clinical outcomes. Subgroup analysis was performed according to tear size. Significance was set at p < 0.05. The study included 29 patients (M:F = 15:14). Mean age (+ SD) of patients was 61.7 + 8.9 years. Mean follow-up was 27.4 ± 2.3 months. Comparison between pre- and postoperative functional scores showed significant clinical improvement (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis for tear size showed significant differences in the QuickDASH score (0.04). Particularly, a significant difference in the QuickDASH score could be detected between medium and large tears (p=0.008) as well as medium and massive lesions (p=0.04). No differences could be detected between large and massive tears (p= 0.35). Postoperative imaging showed healed tendons in 21 out of 29 (72%) cases. Preservation of tendon remnant combined with small bone vents in the repair of medium-to-massive full-thickness rotator cuff tears provided significant improvement in clinical outcome compared to baseline conditions with complete structural integrity in 72% of the cases

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of the pathologies affecting the glenohumeral joint and the rotator cuff diseases. MRI allows to highlight anatomic discontinuities of both muscles and tendons. However, MRI diagnostic accuracy has not proven to be highly sensitive in distinguishing between a partial-thickness tear and a full-thickness rotator cuff tear. The purpose of this study was to determine if MRI under axial traction can be helpful in increasing MRI sensitivity to identify partial-thickness rotator cuff tears. The study included 10 patients (4 males and 6 females) who had clinical examination and MRI suggesting a partial-thickness rotator cuff tear. They were candidates for shoulder arthroscopy because of persistent symptoms after at least three months of conservative treatment. The patients underwent a new MRI (under axial traction: MRI-AT) with a 4-kg weight applied to the affected arm. Then the patients underwent arthroscopy to confirm the diagnosis. Patients with a suspected full-thickness rotator cuff tear were excluded from the study. Patients’ average age was 52.4 years, and the dominant side was affected in 77.7% of the cases. Preoperative Constant-Murley Score was 57. MRI-AT showed that 3 patients were affected by a complete tear of the rotator cuff, 3 patients by a partial-thickness rotator cuff tear and 4 patients had no lesion. The analysis of data showed that: under axial traction the subacromial space increased by 0,2 mm (P value = 0,001075), the superior glenohumeral space decreased by 2.4 mm (P value = 0,07414), the inferior glenohumeral space increased by 0.3 mm (P value = 0,02942), the acromial angle decreased by 1.9° (P value = 0,0002104) and the acromion-glenohumeral angle decreased by 0.3° (P-value = 0,01974). Two experienced evaluators analyzed previous standard MRI and MRI-AT scans in a double-blinded fashion, with inter-rater evaluation of all the images and measures. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) has been utilized to assess the reliability of the measures performed by different operators. ICC always resulted in more than 0.7, showing a high concordance among values in the same group. A comparative evaluation between standard MRI and MRI-AT has been conducted to highlight possible discrepancies and this has been compared to intraoperative findings. Concordance of the values was 89% between standard MRI and MRI-AT and 100% between MRI under axial traction and intraoperative findings. This study showed a high correlation between the diagnosis achieved with MRI-AT and the intraoperative arthroscopic findings. The use of MRI-AT in clinical practice may improve the diagnostic sensitivity of this method to detect a partial-thickness rotator cuff tear

Introduction. Differing levels of tendon retraction are found in full-thickness rotator cuff tears. The pathophysiology of tendon degeneration and retraction is unclear. Neoangiogenesis in tendon parenchyma indicates degeneration. Hypoxia inducible factor 1(HIF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are important inducers of neoangiogenesis. Rotator cuff tendons rupture leads to fatty muscle infiltration (FI) and muscle atrophy (MA). The aim of this study is to clarify the relationship between HIF and VEGF expression, neoangiogenesis, FI, and MA in tendon retraction found in full-thickness rotator cuff tears. Methods. Rotator cuff tendon samples of 33 patients with full-thickness medium-sized rotator cuff tears were harvested during reconstructive surgery. The samples were dehydrated and paraffin embedded. For immunohistological determination of VEGF and HIF expression, sample slices were strained with VEGF and HIF antibody dilution. Vessel density and vessel size were determined after Masson-Goldner staining of sample slices. The extent of tendon retraction was determined intraoperatively according to Patte's classification. Patients were assigned to 4 categories based upon Patte tendon retraction grade, including one control group. FI and MA were measured on standardized preoperative shoulder MRI. Results. HIF and VEGF expression, FI, and MA were significantly higher in torn cuff samples compared with healthy tissue (p<0.05). HIF and VEGF expression, and vessel density significantly increased with extent of tendon retraction (p<0.04). A correlation between HIF/VEGF expression and FI and MA could be found (p<0.04). There was no significant correlation between HIF/VEGF expression and neovascularity (p>0.05). Conclusion. Tendon retraction in full-thickness medium-sized rotator cuff tears is characterized by neovascularity, increased VEGF/HIF expression, FI, and MA. VEGF expression and neovascularity may be effective monitoring tools to assess tendon degeneration

Purpose: A major issue in the Canadian health care system are the extensive wait times for consultation with an orthopaedic surgeon. We identified that a high percentage of patients referred to shoulder surgery sub-specialists for chronic full thickness rotator cuff tears had not undergone appropriate non-operative treatment prior to being referred, and ultimately did not require surgery. In an effort to improve the referral process and to optimize patient care, we sought to identify clinical predictors for outcome of non-operative treatment of chronic full-thickness rotator cuff tears. This would allow general practitioners to clearly identify patients who are most likely to fail non-operative treatment and actually require surgical consultation. The primary purpose of this study was to determine if the outcome of non-operative treatment in chronic, symptomatic, full-thickness rotator cuff tears could be predicted based upon presenting clinical characteristics, including: age, dominant extremity involvement, gender, duration of symptoms, onset (acute or chronic), forward elevation range of motion, external rotation strength, size of tear, smoking status, and the Rotator Cuff Quality of Life Questionnaire score (RCQOL). Method: Fifty patients, between the ages of 40 and 85 years, with a documented full-thickness tear on ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), were recruited prospectively. They underwent a three month home-based program of non-operative treatment under the supervision of an experienced physiotherapist and sport medicine physician. At the conclusion of the three month program, patients were evaluated by an orthopaedic surgeon and were defined as having been successful or as having failed non-operative treatment. Successful patients declined surgical treatment after consulting with the surgeon, whereas failed patients elected to undergo surgery, or, if avoiding surgery for other health or “life” reasons, had not experienced adequate improvement with the non-operative program to have been considered successful. The patient’s baseline clinical characteristics were analyzed using logistic regression to determine which characteristics were predictive of outcome. Results: Thirty-eight of 50 (76%) of patients were successful with the non-operative program. Univariate analysis showed that a patient’s Rotator Cuff Quality of Life questionnaire score was a significant predictor of outcome of non-operative treatment (p = 0.017). Patients who were successful with non-operative treatment had a mean baseline RCQOL score of 49/100, whereas patients who failed non-operative treatment had a mean baseline RCQOL score of 31/100. The two factors of patient age and dominant extremity involvement also trended toward significance. Conclusion: Baseline RCQOL score can predict which patients will be successful with non-operative treatment and which patients will fail non-operative treatment for a chronic, full-thickness rotator cuff tear

The purpose of this study was to examine five-year outcomes of patients previously enrolled in a non-operative rotator cuff study. Patients with chronic, full-thickness rotator cuff tears (demonstrated on imaging) who were referred to one of two senior shoulder surgeons were enrolled in the study between October 2008 and September 2010. Patients participated in a comprehensive non-operative, home-based treatment program. After three months patients were defined as “successful” or “failed”. “Successful” patients were essentially asymptomatic and did not require surgery. “Failed” patients were symptomatic and consented to surgical repair. All patients were followed up at one year, two years, and five-plus years. Original results of our study showed that 75% of patients were treated successfully with non-operative treatment, while 25% went on to surgery. These numbers were maintained at two-year follow-up (previously reported) and five-year follow-up. At five+ years, 88 patients were contacted for follow-up. Fifty-eight (66%) responded. The non-operative success group had a mean RC-QOL score of 80 (SD 18) at previously reported two-year follow-up. At five-year follow-up this score did not decrease (RCQOL = 82 (SD 16)). Furthermore, between two and five years, only two patients who had previously been defined as “successful” became more symptomatic and underwent surgical rotator cuff repair. From the original cohort of patients, those who failed non-operative treatment and underwent surgical repair had a mean RC-QOL score of 89 (SD 12) at five-year follow-up. The operative and non-operative groups at five-year follow-up were not significantly different (p = 0.07). Non-operative treatment is an effective and lasting option for many patients with a chronic, full-thickness rotator cuff tear. While some may argue that non-operative treatment delays inevitable surgical fixation, our study shows that patients can do extremely well over time

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the level of pre- and 6 months post-operative objective and subjective measures of disability between patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears and those with impingement syndrome/low grade partial thickness rotator cuff tears. Impact of age, gender, and job demands was taken into consideration. Methods. Standardised pre- and post-operative data were collected on consecutive patients who had undergone surgery related to rotator cuff pathology. A disease-specific disability measure, the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff (WORC) Index which explores five domains of physical symptoms – life style, work, sports, and emotions – was the primary outcome. Paired and independent non-parametric statistics and multivariable regression analysis were performed. Results. Three hundred and thirty patients (140 women and 190 men) with a mean age of 58 years (range, 21-82) met the inclusion criteria. Two hundred and fifteen (65%) patients had full-thickness rotator cuff tears and 115 (35%) had impingement or partial thickness rotator cuff tears. Patients with full-thickness tears complained of greater weakness and had a higher prevalence of a fall on an outstretched hand. They were significantly weaker in elevation both pre- (p=0.0002) and post-operatively (< 0.0001). Patients with impingement syndrome expressed more emotional disability both prior to (0.007) and after surgery (0.004). Both groups showed a statistically significant improvement in overall pain, disability and strength 6 months following surgery (p< 0.0001). Factors that affected emotional disability at both time points were job demands and age. Females were more emotionally disabled before surgery. Conclusion. Patients with impingement syndrome and less extensive tears tend to be more emotionally disabled due to their gender, age and work status/job demands. This needs to be considered when planning for return to work and other activities and when assessing treatment outcomes

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess long-term functional outcome after arthroscopic acromioplasty for full-thickness rotator cuff tears, to evaluate the efficacy of complementary procedures (biceps tenotomy, extended acromioclavicular resection), and to examine the course of anatomic lesions. Material and methods: From 1988 to 1994, 141 full-thickness rotator cuff tears were treated by arthroscopic acromioplasty. Ninety-eight patients, mean age 60 years, were reviewed clinically, radiographically, and sonographically at more than eight years. The mean preoperative Constant score was 48.5 points. The tear involved the supraspinatus in 18 cases, the supraspinatus and infraspinatus in 40, the supraspinatus and the subscapularis in ten, and all three tendons in 20. Coronal extension showed a distal tear in four, an intermediate tear in 52, and a retracted stump in 32. Systemic acromioplasty was associated in 36 patients with tenotomy of the long head of the brachial biceps and in 44 with acromioclavicular extension. Results: At mean follow-up of 10.7 years (8–13.5), the mean Constant score was 60 points. The clinical outcome was excellent or good in 39.7%, fair in 45.5%, and poor in 14.8. 62.5% of the patients were satisfied or very satisfied. The height of the subacromial space was 5.19 mm at last follow-up compared with 4.3 mm preoperatively. The antalgesic effect of biceps tenotomy was significant when the initial acromiohumeral space was less than 5 mm. This procedure did not produce any significant change in the subacromial height or development of osteoarthritis at last follow-up. Sonography showed stability of the size of the tear in 83.8% of the cases. The results were significantly less satisfactory when the initial tear involved the subscapularis or all three tendons. Conclusion: The clinical results of arthroscopic acropmioplasty for full-thickness tears show long-term stability. Biceps tenotomy improves the antalgesic effect significantly, particularly if the subachromial space measures less than 5 mm preoperatively, without causing significant radiological degradation. Extension to the acromioclavicular level should be systematic in patients with acromioclavicular pain preoperatively and/or radiological anomalies

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the level of pre and 6 months post operative objective and subjective measures of disability between patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears and those with impingement syndrome/partial thickness rotator cuff tears. Method: This study involved a review of prospectively collected data from a consecutive series of patients who had undergone surgery related to rotator cuff pathology (acromioplasty with or without resection of clavicle for impingement syndrome/partial thickness rotator cuff tears or repair for full-thickness rotator cuff tears). Exclusion criteria included previous surgery, concomitant pathologies, and work-related injuries with an active compensation claim related to the shoulder. Standardized pre and post-operative data (history and clinical examination, including strength assessment) were collected. To measure symptoms and functional levels, all patients completed a disease-specific outcome measure, the Western Ontario Rotator Cuff (WORC) Index which explores five domains of physical symptoms, life style, work, sports, and emotions. Paired and independent non-parametric (Wilcoxon two sample tests, and Wilcoxon signed rank tests) statistics were used where normality of data were violated. Results: Three hundred and five patients (130 women and 175 men) with a mean age of 58 years (range, 21–82) met inclusion criteria. One hundred and ninety eight (65%) patients had full-thickness rotator cuff tears and 107(35%) had impingement [59 (55%)] or partial thickness rotator cuff tears [48 (45%)]. Patients with full-thickness tears complained of greater weakness, had a higher prevalence of a specific injury such as fall on an outstretched hand, and reported a higher frequency of insidious onset of pain. The full-thickness tear group was significantly weaker in elevation both pre and post-operatively. Patients with impingement syndrome expressed more severe symptoms and more emotional disability prior to surgery and had more physical disability related to lifting and performing activities of daily living and more emotional disability 6 months after surgery. Both groups showed a statistically significant improvement in overall pain, WORC score, and strength 6 months following surgery. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the extent of rotator cuff pathology and level of physical and emotional disability do not necessarily correlate positively in the early phase of recovery. Patients with less severe rotator cuff pathology tend to be more disabled both before and after surgery. This needs to be considered when planning for return to work and other activities and when assessing treatment outcomes

When compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US) performed by experienced users is an inexpensive tool that has good sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing rotator cuff (RC) tears. However, many practitioners are now utilizing in-office US with little to no formal training as an adjunct to clinical evaluation in the management of RC pathology. The purpose of our study was to determine if US without formal training is effective in managing patients with a suspected RC tear. This was a single centre prospective observational study. Five fellowship-trained surgeons each examined 50 participants referred for a suspected RC tear (n= 250). Patients were screened prior to the consultation and were included if ≥ 40 years old, had an MRI of their affected shoulder, had failed conservative treatment of at least 6 months, and had ongoing pain and disability. Patients were excluded if they had glenohumeral instability, evidence of major joint trauma, or osteonecrosis. After routine clinical exam, surgeons recorded their treatment plan (“No Surgery”, “Uncertain”, or “Surgery”). Surgeons then performed an in-office diagnostic US followed by an MRI and documented their treatment plan after each imaging study. Interrater reliability was analyzed using a kappa statistic to compare clinical to ultrasound findings and ultrasound findings to MRI, normal and abnormal categorization of biceps, supraspinatus, and subscapularis. Following clinical assessment, the treatment plan was recorded as “No Surgery” in 90 (36%), “Uncertain” in 96 (39%) of cases, “Surgery” in 61 (25%) cases, and incomplete in 3 (2%). In-office US allowed resolution of 68 (71%) of uncertain cases with 227 (88%) of patients having a definitive treatment plan. No patients in the “No Surgery” group had a change in treatment plan. After MRI, 16 (6%) patients in the “No Surgery” crossed-over to the “Surgery” group after identification of full-thickness tears, larger than expected tears or alternate pathology (e.g., labral tear). The combination of clinical examination and in-office US may be an effective method in the initial management of patients with suspected rotator cuff pathology. Using this method, a definitive diagnosis and treatment plan was established in 88% of patients with the remaining 12% requiring an MRI. A small percentage (6%) of patients with larger than expected full-thickness rotator cuff tears and/or alternate glenohumeral pathology (e.g., labral tear) would be missed at initial evaluation

The use of high resolution ultrasonography for the detection of rotator cuff tears has achieved only limited acceptance by orthopaedic surgeons. Uncertainty about the accuracy of ultrasonography may be a contributing factor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of high-resolution ultrasonography compared to shoulder arthroscopy in the detection of rotator cuff tears. 100 consecutive patients with shoulder pain in whom arthroscopic surgery was planned underwent standardized preoperative ultrasonography. The ultrasound examinations were done by a single experienced musculoskeletal radiologist using a standard protocol. The findings at ultrasound were classified into intact cuff, tendinopathy, partial-thickness tear, and full-thickness rotator cuff tears. The size of the tear was measured in centimetres. The location was designated as subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, or a combination. All of the subsequent shoulder arthroscopies were done by a single surgeon. The presence or absence of a rotator cuff tear and the size and extent of the tear when present were recorded. We then compared the ultrasonographic findings with the definitive operative findings. For the detection of rotator cuff tears, ultrasound had a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 94%; accuracy 95%. There was 100% sensitivity for full thickness tears (specificity 91% and accuracy 95%), while for partial-thickness tears there was a sensitivity of 80%, (specificity 98% and accuracy 95%). In experienced hands, ultrasound is a highly accurate diagnostic method for detecting rotator cuff tears. The results of this study compare favourably with the published results of magnetic resonance imaging for the investigation of this condition. Furthermore, dynamic imaging and comparison with the opposite shoulder is possible with ultrasonography

The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of pericardium patch as a tendon augmentation graft in the repair of massive rotator cuff tear. This is prospective study analysis of a consecutive series of 60 patients who underwent open repair of a massive rotator cuff tear with patch between 1999 and 2007. The inclusion criteria were: symptomatic with pain, deficit of elevation, not responsive to the physiotherapy, tear size (massive: 2 or more tendons), minimum follow-up of 2 years since surgery, active and motivated patients. All were assessed preoperatively with plain radiographs (anteroposterior and axillary views), ultrasound and NMR of the shoulder. The study group consistent of 60 patients (39 men and 21 women) with the mean age of was 66 years (range, 46–81). The mean duration of symptoms before repair was 18 months (range 3–48). Patients were assessed with UCLA score, visual analog scale (Vas scale) and ultrasound preoperatively, at 1 year, and at 3 years. The change in UCLA scores, Vas scale were analyzed with the paired Student's test, assuming a normal distribution of the total score. Satisfactory results were achieved in 49 patients: mean preoperative UCLA score improved from 9.3 to 16.9 at final follow-up. For pain, the mean preoperative value of Vas scale was 9,1, postoperative mean value was 4.9. Range of motion and abduction power improved not significantly after surgery, although patients satisfaction levels were high. Imaging studies identified intact patch in 15 patients and patch detachment in 45. No adverse side effects (infection, rejection, allergy) were reported during the study period. The results of our study suggest that patients (appropriately selected) with a massive full-thickness rotator cuff tear can be expected to have a pain relief after repair, but not a significantly improved of functional outcome

Introduction. Rotator cuff healing after an arthroscopic repair is discussible because of the high incidence of failures. Among biologic augmentations currently used, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is one of the most applied, supposed to enhance and accelerate the healing process in different musculoskeletal disorders. However, the evidence supporting its successful administration is still lacking, especially in the field of the rotator cuff repair. Our purpose is to clarify if the recovery is accelerated and the integrity of repaired construct is increased in patients undergoing PRP injections after arthroscopic repair of the rotator cuff. Patients & Methods. Thirty-eight patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears have been enrolled after they had been informed about the use of PRP and the timing of its application postoperatively. Seventeen patients underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair and PRP injections (3 injections at 10 days each other), 21 underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair without PRP injections. Outcomes were assessed preoperatively, at 3, 6, 12, and minimum 16 months after surgery (average 17.7 +/− 1.7 months). Constant system, the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) system and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scale were used; range of motion and strength in all planes were also assessed. The healing of the repair was assessed at magnetic resonance imaging at a minimum follow up of 6 months from surgery. All patients had the same rehabilitation protocol. Results. Platelet-rich plasma gel application after to arthroscopic rotator cuff tear repairs did not accelerate recovery with respect to pain, range of motion, strength, functional scores, or overall satisfaction as compared with conventional repair at any time point. There was no difference between the 2 groups after 3, 6, 12, months and at final follow up. The follow-up MRI showed no significant difference in the healing rate of the rotator cuff tear. In addition, magnetic resonance imaging, at a minimum of 6 months after surgery, demonstrated a retear rate of 23.5 % in the PRP group and 19% in the conventional group, there was no statistical significance between the groups (P = .658). Discussion/Conclusion. Although PRP application after arthroscopic repair of the rotator cuff has no effects on clinical recovery and structural integrity, it reduces the postoperative occurrence of shoulder stiffness. Further studies should support these findings

This study was designed to evaluate the results of arthroscopic rotator cuff repair at a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Only isolated full-thickness rotator cuff tears were included in the study. Of 63 cases that met the criteria, 51 were followed up. Results were measured with pre-operative and postoperative UCLA shoulder scores, Western Ontario Rotator Cuff (WORC)© scores, range of motion, strength and radiographs. The time to recovery and return to work, complications and patient satisfaction were also recorded. Data from various tear sizes were analysed to determine significant differences. At the most recent follow-up, all patients had less pain and better function. Patients rated 48 shoulders (94%) satisfactory. Mean forward flexion was 170.4° and mean manual strength was 4.8/5. Significant strength differences in flexion and external rotation were found between various sizes of tear (p < 0.01). Mean UCLA scores for all tear sizes significantly improved from a preoperative 10.3 (±2.4) to a postoperative 32.1 (±4.3). The mean for small tears was 35, for medium tears 33.3 and for large tears 30. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Excellent postoperative UCLA scores were achieved in 26 shoulders (51%) and good results in 17 (33%), with seven shoulders (14%) fair and one (2%) poor. The mean overall WORC© score was 86.8% (±17.1) of normal. The mean time to recovery was 5.1 months. Arthroscopic rotator cuff repair has good results and can be done on an outpatient basis with few complications. The results appear to depend on the tear size

This randomized clinical trial utilizing the validated rotator cuff disease specific quality of life outcome measure (RC-QOL) and adequate power demonstrates no difference in outcome for full thickness rotator cuff tears comparing open to mini-open surgical techniques. The purpose of the study was to compare standard open rotator cuff repair versus mini-open rotator cuff repair by measuring the disease specific quality of life in patients with rotator cuff injury. This randomized clinical trial utilizing a validated disease specific outcome measure and adequate power demonstrates no difference in outcome for full thickness rotator cuff tears comparing open to mini-open surgical techniques. The miniopen approach utilizing an arthroscoic acromioplasty provides no additional beneifit to the patient undergoing a rotator cuff repair. The mean one year RC-QOL score for the open and mini-open groups were 85.3 (SD = 15.6) and 87.4 (SD = 12.0) out of a maximum of one hundred, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.572). Seventy-two patients (forty-eight males/twenty-four females) with an average age of 56.4 years (thirty-three to eighty-two years) consented to participate in the study. Inclusion criteria involved: unremitting pain, failed conservative treatment of at least three months, weakness of rotator cuff, and positive diagnostic imaging indicating a full-thickness rotator cuff tear. Massive rotator cuff tears were excluded. Prior to surgery, patients were randomized to either open or mini-open rotator cuff repair. Patients were assessed and outcomes were collected at three, six and twelve months after surgery. Primary Outcome Measure: Patient quality of life was quantified using the validated disease specific, reliable and responsive Rotator Cuff Quality of Life Questionnaire (RC-QOL) measured on a one hundred point visual analogue scale format. Secondary Outcomes: Range of motion, strength, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Score, and the Shoulder Rating Questionnaire

Introduction: The Constant Score Functional Assessment (CS) is now the standard method of assessing shoulder disability in Europe. Previous studies have indicated that the CS values associated with a full-thickness rotator cuff tear (RCT) are lower than for normal shoulders. This study was designed to investigate which parameters of the CS were most influenced by the presence of a RCT. As ultrasonograpy has now been shown to have a high accuracy for diagnosing full-thickness RCTs it was used to establish the diagnosis. Methods: 28 patients attending the Shoulder Clinic were invited to take part in this study for which Local Ethics Committee approval had been obtained. The majority of patients had a painful shoulder on at least one side. All patients had a CS carried out with the “Strength” measurement made in 3 ways – 1) maximum force using a fixed spring balance – FSB(max); 2) maximum force using a commercial myometer – M(max); 3) mean force from 2 to 4 seconds using a commcercial Myometer – M(mean). The CS was measured with no knowledge of the patient’s history or diagnosis and blinded to the state of the rotator cuff. The patients were then assessed using ultrasonograpy of the shoulder (Diasus with an 8–16MHz head) to establish the presence of a full-thickness RCT. Results: The CS Values for the left and right shoulders have been analysed separately. The results have also been analysed for each part of the Constant Score – Pain, Activities of Daily Living, Range of Movement and Strength and these will be presented. Discussion: It was anticipated that subjects with a RCT would be found to be weaker and have a reduced CS in an affected shoulder. This was found to be the case for the left shoulder but not for the right. The reasons for this will be discussed. The abnormally low CS for the normal right shoulders (Group 1) will also be explored. Conclusion: The CS may be a valuable method of identifying those patients with a RCT. This study indicates that a more careful evaluation of “Strength” measurements still needs to be undertaken

The rotator cuff tendinopathy is one of the most common shoulder problems leading to full-thickness rotator cuff tendon tear and, eventually, to degenerative arthritis. Recent research on rotator cuff tendon degeneration has focused on its relationship to cell death. The types of cell death known to be associated with rotator cuff tendon degeneration are apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagic cell death. The increased incidence of cell death in degenerative tendon tissue may affect the rates of collagen synthesis and repair, possibly weakening tendon tissue and increasing the risk of tendon rupture. The biomolecular mechanisms of the degenerative changes leading to apoptotic cell death in rotator cuff tenofibroblasts have been identified as oxidative-stress-related cascade mechanisms. Furthermore, apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagic cell death are all known to be mediated by oxidative stress, a condition in which ROS (reactive oxygen species) are overproduced. Lower levels of oxidative stress trigger apoptosis; higher levels mediate necrosis. Although the signaltransduction pathway leading to autophagy has not yet been fully established, ROS are known to be essential to autophagy. A neuronal theory regarding rotator cuff degeneration has been developed from the findings that glutamate, a neural transmitter, is present in increased concentrations in tendon tissues with tendinopathy and that it induces rat supraspinatus tendon cell death. Recent studies have reported that hypoxia involved in rotator cuff tendon degeneration. Because antioxidants are known to scavenge for intracellular ROS, some studies have been conducted to determine whether antioxidants can reduce cell death in rotator cuff tendon-origin fibroblasts. The first study reported that an antioxidant has the ability to reduce apoptosis in oxidative-stressed rotator cuff tenofibroblasts. The second study reported that antioxidants have both antiapoptotic effects and antinecrotic effects on rotator cuff tendon-origin fibroblasts exposed to an oxidative stimulus. The third study reported that an antioxidant has antiautophagic-cell-death effects on rotator cuff tendon-origin fibroblasts exposed to an oxidative stimulus. The fourth study reported that glutamate markedly increases cell death in rotator cuff tendonorigin fibroblasts. The glutamate-induced cytotoxic effects were reduced by an antioxidant, demonstrating its cytoprotective effects against glutamate-induced tenofibroblast cell death. The fifth study reported that hypoxia significantly increases intracellular ROS and apoptosis. The hypoxia-induced cytotoxic effects were markedly attenuated by antioxidants, demonstrating their cytoprotective effects against hypoxia-induced tenofibroblast cell death. In conclusion, antioxidants have cytoprotective effects on tenofibroblasts exposed in vitro to an oxidative stressor, a neurotransmitter, or hypoxia. These cytoprotective effects result from antiapoptotic, antinecrotic, and antiautophagic actions involving the inhibition of ROS formation. These findings suggest that antioxidants may have therapeutic potential for rotator cuff tendinopathy. Further studies must be conducted in order to apply these in vitro findings to clinical situations

Purpose: We conducted a prospective preliminary study of ten cases of surgical repair of massive rotator cuff tears using a free quadriceps bone-tendon transplant. All procedures were performed between May 1998 and May 2000. Material and methods: The series included seven men and three women (mean age 51 years 9 months). The dominant limb was involved in nine cases. Six of the patients were working. Mean duration of symptoms was 15 months (6–36 months). Mean preoperative Constant score was 49.1/100 points. The three most frequent signs were daily pain, limited amplitude, and loss of force. A MRI was obtained in nine cases and an arthroscan in one. There was a full-thickness tear of the rotator cuff with proximal retraction in eight cases and intermediary retraction in two. Fatty degneration (Goutallier-Bernageau) was basically grade II for the supraspinatus, and grade III for the infraspinatus. At MRI the tear measured more than 16 cm. 2. Acromioplasty was performed in all cases, tenotomy and long-biceps tenodesis in seven. Sutures were made with Mersuture n° 2 using the Mason-Allen technique along the tear contour. The superficial portion of the quatriceps tendon was harvested via a longitudinal prepatellar incision. The quadriceps tendon was harvested with the trapezoidal patellar bony attachement. The free quadriceps tendon flap was sutured to the borders of the cuff and a bony tunnel was made to impact the bony attachment. Postoperative immobilisation was achieved with an abduction sling and a removable flexion brace for the knee. All patients participated in the centre’s rehabilitation programme and were reviewed at consultation. An MRI was obtained for five patients with the longest follow-up. Results: Mean follow-up was 18 months. Mean Constant score at last follow-up was greater than 70 points. Mean force was less than 5 kg. The MRI obtained in five cases demonstrated a normal tendon with no signs of necrosis. There was one tear of the quadriceps tendon at the knee. This patient experienced persistent fatigability at 12 months. Discussion: Treatment of full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff remains problematic, particularly in young active patients. Acromioplasty and bursectomy only provide pain relief. There is an ascension of the humeral head with an excentrated scapula. Classical transosseous reinsertion is not possible when there is major retraction. Certain teams advance the supraspinatus and the infraspinatus. Deltoid flaps only provide pain relief by their interposition in the subacromial space. Tendon transfer using the rectus is highly invasive and difficult to perform. The quadriceps tendon transplant is resistant and integrates perfectly in this reconstruction. Conclusion: Repair of massive full-thickness rotator cuff tears in young patients with limited fatty degeneration remains a difficult challenge. For these patients, we propose repair using a free quadriceps bone-tendon transplant

Aims

Frozen shoulder is a common, painful condition that results in impairment of function. Corticosteroid injections are commonly used for frozen shoulder and can be given as glenohumeral joint (GHJ) injection or suprascapular nerve block (SSNB). Both injection types have been shown to significantly improve shoulder pain and range of motion. It is not currently known which is superior in terms of relieving patients’ symptoms. This is the protocol for a randomized clinical trial to investigate the clinical effectiveness of corticosteroid injection given as either a GHJ injection or SSNB.

Aims

The aim of this study was to describe a quantitative 3D CT method to measure rotator cuff muscle volume, atrophy, and balance in healthy controls and in three pathological shoulder cohorts.