Aims. Hip fractures are associated with high morbidity, mortality, and costs. One strategy for improving outcomes is to incentivize hospitals to provide better quality of care. We aimed to determine whether a pay-for-performance initiative affected hip fracture outcomes in England by using Scotland, which did not participate in the scheme, as a control. Materials and Methods. We undertook an interrupted time series study with data from all patients aged more than 60 years with a hip fracture in England (2000 to 2018) using the Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care (HES APC) data set linked to national death registrations. Difference-in-differences (DID) analysis incorporating equivalent data from the Scottish Morbidity Record was used to control for secular trends. The outcomes were 30-day and 365-day mortality, 30-day re-admission, time to operation, and acute length of stay. Results. There were 1 037 860 patients with a hip fracture in England and 116 594 in Scotland. Both 30-day (DID -1.7%; 95% confidence interval (CI) -2.0 to -1.2) and 365-day (-1.9%; 95% CI -2.5 to -1.3) mortality fell in England post-intervention when compared with outcomes in Scotland. There were 7600 fewer deaths between 2010 and 2016 that could be attributed to interventions driven by pay-for-performance. A pre-existing annual trend towards increased 30-day re-admissions in England was halted post-intervention. Significant reductions were observed in the time to operation and length of stay. Conclusion. This study provides evidence that a pay-for-performance programme improved the outcomes after a hip fracture in England. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:1015–1023

Introduction: Compromised by pre-existing medical co-morbidities, weakened by the second hit of surgery, elderly patients with hip fractures are amongst the most challenging cases to manage appropriately in the acute hospital setting.

Aim: To document the frequency and outcome of post operative medical complications in elderly patients following surgery for hip and proximal femoral fractures.

Methods: Retrospective analysis of acute admissions to a University teaching hospital with hip and pertrochanteric fractures over an 18 month period. Medical records and radiographs were reviewed for details relating to location of fracture, in-patient morbidity, mortality and length of stay. In-patient fracture referrals and patients under 65 years of age were excluded.

Results: From a total of 438 fracture fixation procedures or prosthetic replacements, 368 patients were eligible for analysis. The mean age of patients was 83.6 years. The mean length of stay was 14.2 days.

142 patients experienced significant postoperative morbidity consisting of 24 myocardial infarctions, 46 respiratory tract infections, 33 urinary tract infections, 3 cerebral vascular accidents and 36 exacerbations of congestive cardiac failure. There was no correlation between morbidity and location or type of fracture. The mean age (86.1 yrs) and length of stay (26 days) was greater in the morbidity group (p< 0.05). The overall post operative in-patient mortality rate was 9%, rising to 50% in those who suffered a myocardial infarction and 33% in those with exacerbations of congestive cardiac failure.

Conclusion: This study reinforces the poor prognosis conferred by a hip fracture on the elderly patient both in terms of morbidity and mortality. As the population ages and life expectancy increases, health services will come under ever more pressure to cater for the expansion in numbers of hip fracture patients. Greater resources and dedicated professional medical staff are required in order that the best possible care and outcome may be achieved for these patients

Background: Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is an accepted predictor of poor outcome in hip fracture patients. There is no universally accepted definition of PEM. Admission screening for PEM is not routinely performed for hip fracture patients. The reported incidence in elderly hip fracture patients varies widely between 9.0% and 88.6%.

Aims: To determine the prognostic relevance of admission serum albumin and total lymphocyte count (TLC), as clinical markers of PEM and predictors of outcome for hip fracture patients.

Methods: Retrospective review of 415 patients with operatively managed hip fracture. Protein-energy malnutrition was defined as albumin < 3.5g/dl and TLC < 1,500cells/mm3. Delay to operation, duration of in-patient stay, readmission (< 3 months) and in-patient, 3- and 12-month mortality were assessed as outcome variables.

Results: Survival data was available for 377 patients at 12 months. Of 377 patients, 53% (n=200) had both a serum albumin and TLC levels taken at admission (study), while 47% (n=177) had not (control). Incidence of PEM was 51%. Older patients were more likely to have lower albumin (p=0.03) and TLC (p=0.012). Nursing home patients were also more likely to have lower albumin (p=0.049). In-hospital mortality for PEM patients was 9.8%, compared with 0% for patients with normal values of both laboratory parameters. Patients with PEM had a higher 12-month mortality compared to patients who had normal values of both laboratory parameters (Odds Ratio=4.52; p=0.049).

Conclusion: Serum albumin and TLC in combination are accurate predictors of 12-month mortality in hip fracture patients. These results underscore the clinical relevance of assessing the nutritional status of patients with hip fractures at the time of admission and emphasises the relationship between nutrition and outcome in these patients.

Background: Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is an accepted predictor of poor outcome in hip fracture patients. There is no universally accepted definition of PEM. Admission screening for PEM is not routinely performed for hip fracture patients. The reported incidence in elderly hip fracture patients varies widely between 9.0% and 88.6%.

Aims: To determine the prognostic relevance of admission serum albumin and total lymphocyte count (TLC), as clinical markers of PEM and predictors of outcome for hip fracture patients.

Methods: Retrospective review of 415 patients with operatively managed hip fracture. Protein-energy malnutrition was defined as albumin < 3.5g/dl and TLC < 1,500 cells/ mm3. Delay to operation, duration of in-patient stay, readmission (< 3 months) and in-patient, 3- and 12-month mortality were assessed as outcome variables.

Results: Survival data was available for 377 patients at 12 months. Of 377 patients, 53% (n=200) had both a serum albumin and TLC levels taken at admission (study), while 47% (n=177) had not (control). Incidence of PEM was 51%. Older patients were more likely to have lower albumin (p=0.03) and TLC (p=0.012). Nursing home patients were also more likely to have lower albumin (p=0.049). In-hospital mortality for PEM patients was 9.8%, compared with 0% for patients with normal values of both laboratory parameters. Patients with PEM had a higher 12-month mortality compared to patients who had normal values of both laboratory parameters (Odds Ratio=4.52; p=0.049).

Conclusion: Serum albumin and TLC in combination are accurate predictors of 12-month mortality in hip fracture patients. These results underscore the clinical relevance of assessing the nutritional status of patients with hip fractures at the time of admission and emphasises the relationship between nutrition and outcome in these patients.

This paper compares over an 18-month period anterior and posterior procedures in 40 patients treated surgically for dislocations and fracture dislocations of the cervical spine. Patients were followed up for a minimum of 12 months. Fifteen patients were neurologically intact, 13 were severely neurologically compromised and 12 presented with radicular symptoms. There were unifacet dislocations in 33 patients and bifacet dislocations in seven. In 23 patients there were associated fractures of the posterior elements. There was a high incidence (35%) of non-spinal injuries.

Posterior fusion (interspinous wiring) was done in 20 patients, anterior surgery (plating) in 18 and combined approaches used in two. Owing to posterior column fractures, four patients undergoing posterior surgery required two-level fusion.

Two of 13 patients with quadriplegia had useful return of function. There were no postoperative neurological complications. Reduction was successful in two of six patients who presented late (after more than 30 days) and the remaining four patients underwent an in situ fusion. In the anterior and posterior approaches operation time, blood loss, hospital stay and time to fusion were comparable. Anterior surgery without instrumentation was inadequate, but patients treated by anterior surgery had less neck and graft site pain, a lower rate of instrument failure and did not require multisegment fusion.

The anterior approach with instrumentation was safe and useful, obviating the need for two-level fusions and reducing the need for orthotic support, especially in the quadriplegic patients.

Numerous sequelae are reported after treatment, conservative or surgical, for proximal humerus fractures, which may result in shoulder pain and disability. The treatment of these conditions is still controversial. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the results achieved with the use of non-constrained shoulder prostheses.

Twelve patients (seven men, five women) were included in the study. The indications for prosthetic shoulder replacement were pain and loss of function that did not respond to medical and physical therapy. All the patients were clinically evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively with the Constant scoring system and by X-ray.

Fracture sequelae were grouped in type A, humeral head collapse (n=5); type B, locked fracture/dislocation (n=3); type C non-union of the surgical neck (n=2); and type D malunion of the tuberosity (n=2). In all the patients the same prosthetic implant (Aequalis, Tornier, France), and the same post-operative rehabilitation programme were employed. The mean follow-up was 4 years.

The best results were observed in the sequelae grouped as type A and B with an impressive reduction in pain and good recovery of activity. At the last follow-up no radiological signs of implant mobilisation were registered.

In our small series shoulder replacement seems to be the treatment of choice, in particular for sequelae of intracapsular impacted fractures of the proximal humerus. A larger series and a longer follow-up are still required to clarify these results.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of an ulnar styloid fracture (USF) associated with a nonsurgically or surgically treated distal radius fracture (DRF) in adult Patients under 65 years of age.

Method: This was a cohort study involving 170 DRF patients aged 18 to 64 years old that presented to a single tertiary care center from 2004 to 2008. At initial presentation, three, six, 12 and 24 months follow up, patients were asked to complete a standardized pain and disability self-report measure, Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE). All participants had posterior-anterior and lateral wrist radiographs performed at initial presentation and at each visit. Radiographs were reviewed at initial presentation, post treatment and at final follow up for DRF alignment as well as USF information. USFs were classified by size into tip, middle and base.

Results: There were 170 DRF patients with two patients having bilateral injuries giving a total of 172 DRFs. Age ranged from 20 to 64 years old with a mean age of 50. There were 113 females and 57 males. Eighty-four of the DRFs were not associated with an USF and 88 were. Of these 88, 42 were tip, 18 were middle and 28 were base USFs. Thirty-two of these USFs (36%) were united at final follow up. One-hundred and one patients were treated nonoperatively and 69 treated operatively for their DRFs. The PRWE scores of DRF patients with an associated USF of any size was significantly better than those without an associated USF only at 24 month follow up (10 vs. 23, p=0.04). Patients with an USF in the middle or at the base had better PRWE scores at both 12 and 24 months (17 vs. 23, p=0.05 at 12 months & 10 vs. 20, p=0.01 at 24 months). An ulnar head fracture had no influence on PRWE scores. There was no difference in PRWE scores between united and nonunited ulnar styloid fractures at all follow up time points.

Conclusion: We found that an USF was associated with better PRWE scores at 24 months and that the larger USFs, middle and base fractures, were associated with better scores at as early as 12 months. A fall onto the outstretched hand includes a component of force transmission through the ulnar side of the wrist. Without a bony ulnar styloid injury, we hypothesize that this force is transmitted through the soft tissues, creating an associated occult ligamentous, TFCC or other undetected soft tissue injuries resulting in higher pain and disability among those without a fracture. This hypothesis will require further attention in future studies. Union of the USFs also did not show an effect on outcome.

This study aimed to assess the outcomes of patients with complex rib fractures undergoing operative or non-operative management at our center over a six-year time period. Retrospective analysis was performed to identify all patients with complex rib fractures at our center from May 2016 to September 2022. Outcome measures included mechanical ventilation, tracheostomy, pneumonia, and mortality at one year. 388 patients with complex rib fractures were identified. 37 (10%) patients fulfilled criteria for surgical management and underwent rib fracture fixation; 351 patients were managed non-operatively with anaesthetic block or analgesia alone. The fixation group had a significantly higher proportion of patients with flail chest (30 (81%) vs 94 (27%), p<0.001) and were significantly more likely to require ICU admission (30 (81%) vs. 16 (5%), p<0.001) than the non-operative group. At one year follow-up, no significant differences were seen for mortality between these groups (1 (3%) vs. 27 (7%), p=0.276). Of the surgical management group, those that underwent fixation <72 hours post injury were significantly less likely to develop pneumonia than those who were delayed >72 hours (2 (18%) vs 15 (58%), p=0.038), with downward trends noted for ICU length of stay (6 vs 10 days, p=0.140) and duration of mechanical ventilation (5 vs 8 days, p=0.177); no significant differences were seen for tracheostomy (3 vs. 5, p=0.588) or mortality (0 vs 1, p=0.856). Surgical fixation of complex rib fractures improves outcomes in selected patient groups. Early surgical fixation led to reduced rates of pneumonia and may improve other outcome measures

Ceramic bearing fractures are rare events, but mandate revision and implantation of new bearings. Revisions using metal heads have been reported to lead to gross volumetric head wear (due to abrasive retained ceramic micro-debris), cobalt toxicity, multi-organ failure and death. Such complications are widely published (50+ reports), yet we know that patients continue to be put at risk. Using data from the NJR and AOANJRR, this study seeks to compare the risk of re-revision and death by revision bearing combination following a ceramic bearing fracture. Data were extracted from the NJR and AOANJRR, identifying revisions for ceramic bearing fracture. Subsequent outcomes of survival, re-revision and death were compared between revision bearing combinations (ceramic-on-ceramic, ceramic-on-polyethylene, and metal-on-polyethylene). 366 cases were available for analysis from the NJR dataset (MoP=34, CoP=112, CoC=221) and 174 from the AOANJRR dataset (MoP=17, CoP=44, CoC=113). The overall incidence rate of adverse outcome (revision or death) was 0.65 for metal heads and 0.23 for ceramic head articulations (p=0.0012) across the whole time period (NJR). Kaplan-Meir survival estimates demonstrate an increased risk of both re-revision and death where a metal head has been used vs a ceramic head following revision for ceramic fracture. There are few decisions in arthroplasty surgery that can lead to serious harm or death for our patients, but revision using a metal head following ceramic bearing fracture is one of them. This study enhances the signal of what is already known but previously only reported as inherently low-level evidence (case reports and small series) due to event rarity. Use of a metal head in revision for ceramic fracture represents an avoidable patient safety issue, which revision guidelines should seek to address

Fragility ankles fractures in the geriatric population are challenging to manage, due to fracture instability, soft tissue compromise, patient co-morbidities. Traditional management options include open reduction internal fixation, or conservative treatment, both of which are fraught with high complication rates. We aimed to present functional outcomes of elderly patients with fragility ankle fractures treated with tibiotalocalcaneal nails. 171 patients received a tibiotalocalcaneal nail over a six-year period, but only twenty met the inclusion criteria of being over sixty and having poor bone stock, verified by radiological evidence of osteopenia or history of fragility fractures. Primary outcome was mortality risk from co-morbidities, according to the Charlson co-morbidity index (CCI), and patients’ post-operative mobility status compared to pre-operative mobility. Secondary outcomes include intra-operative and post-operative complications, six-month mortality rate, time to mobilisation and union. The mean age was 77.82 years old, five of whom are type 2 diabetics. The average CCI was 5.05. Thirteen patients returned to their pre-operative mobility state. Patients with low CCI are more likely to return to pre-operative mobility status (p=0.16; OR=4.00). Average time to bone union and mobilisation were 92.5 days and 7.63 days, respectively. Mean post-operative AOFAS ankle-hindfoot and Olerud-Molander scores were 53.0 (range 17-88) and 50.9 (range 20-85), respectively. There were four cases of broken distal locking screws, and four cases of superficial infection. Patients with high CCI were more likely to acquire superficial infections (p=0.264, OR=3.857). There were no deep infections, periprosthetic fractures, nail breakages, non-unions. TTC nailing is an effective treatment methodology for low-demand geriatric patients with fragility ankle fractures. This technique leads to low complication rates and early mobilisation. It is not a life-changing procedure, with many able to return to their pre-operative mobility status, which is important for preventing the loss of socioeconomic independence

Metacarpal fractures represent up to 33% of all hand fractures; of which the majority can be treated non-operatively. Previous research has shown excellent putcomes with non-operative treatment yet surgical stabilisation is recommended to avoid malrotation and symptomatic shortening. It is unknown whether operative is superior to non-operative treatment in oblique or spiral metacarpal shaft fractures. The aim of the study was to compare non-operative treatment of mobilisation with open surgical stabilisation. 42 adults (≥ 18 years) with a single displaced oblique or spiral metacarpal shaft fractures were randomly assigned in a 1:1 pattern to either non-operative treatment with free mobilisation or operative treatment with open reduction and fixation with lag screws in a prospective study. The primary outcome measure was grip-strength in the injured hand in comparison to the uninjured hand at 1-year follow-up. The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Score, ranges of motion, metacarpal shortening, complications, time off work, patient satisfaction and costs were secondary outcomes. All 42 patients attended final follow-up after 1 year. The mean grip strength in the non-operative group was 104% (range 73–250%) of the contralateral hand and 96% (range 58–121%) in the operatively treated patients. Mean metacarpal shortening was 5.0 (range 0–9) mm in the non-operative group and 0.6 (range 0–7) mm in the operative group. There were five minor complications and three revision operations, all in the operative group. The costs for non-operative treatment were estimated at 1,347 USD compared to 3,834USD for operative treatment; sick leave was significantly longer in the operative group (35 days, range 0–147) than in the non-operative group (12 days, range 0–62) (p=0.008). When treated with immediate free mobilization single, patients with displaced spiral or oblique metacarpal shaft fractures have outcomes that are comparable to those after operative treatment, despite some metacarpal shortening. Complication rates, costs and sick leave are higher with operative treatment. Early mobilisation of spiral or long oblique single metacarpal fractures is the preferred treatment. Trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03067454

Aims

Ankle fracture is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries sustained in the UK. Many patients experience pain and physical impairment, with the consequences of the fracture and its management lasting for several months or even years. The broad aim of ankle fracture treatment is to maintain the alignment of the joint while the fracture heals, and to reduce the risks of problems, such as stiffness. More severe injuries to the ankle are routinely treated surgically. However, even with advances in surgery, there remains a risk of complications; for patients experiencing these, the associated loss of function and quality of life (Qol) is considerable. Non-surgical treatment is an alternative to surgery and involves applying a cast carefully shaped to the patient’s ankle to correct and maintain alignment of the joint with the key benefit being a reduction in the frequency of common complications of surgery. The main potential risk of non-surgical treatment is a loss of alignment with a consequent reduction in ankle function. This study aims to determine whether ankle function, four months after treatment, in patients with unstable ankle fractures treated with close contact casting is not worse than in those treated with surgical intervention, which is the current standard of care.

Aims. Hip fracture is a common condition of the older, frailer person. This population is also at risk from SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is important to understand the impact of coexistent hip fracture and SARS-CoV-2 for informed decision-making at patient and service levels. Methods. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies of older (> 60 years) people with fragility hip fractures and outcomes with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary outcome was early (30-day or in-hospital) mortality. Secondary outcomes included length of hospital stay and key clinical characteristics known to be associated with outcomes after hip fracture. Results. A total of 14 cohort and five case series studies were included (692 SARS-CoV-2 positive, 2,585 SARS-CoV-2 negative). SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with an overall risk ratio (RR) for early mortality of 4.42 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.42 to 5.82). Early mortality was 34% (95% CI 30% to 38%) and 9% (95% CI 8% to 10%) in the infected and noninfected groups respectively. Length of stay was increased in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients (mean difference (MD) 5.2 days (3.2 to 7.2)). Age (MD 1.6 years (0.3 to 2.9)); female sex (RR 0.83 (95% CI 0.65 to 1.05)); admission from home (RR 0.51 (95% CI 0.26 to 1.00)); presence of dementia (RR 1.13 (95% CI 0.94 to 1.43)); and intracapsular fracture (RR 0.89 (95% CI 0.71 to 1.11)) were not associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. There were statistically, but not clinically, significantly greater Nottingham Hip Fracture Scores in infected compared with non-infected patients (MD 0.7 (0.4 to 0.9)). Conclusion. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with worse outcomes after hip fracture. This is not explained by differences in patient characteristics. These data can be used to support informed decision-making and may help track the impact of widespread adoption of system-level and therapeutic changes in management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(5):314–322

Aims

National hip fracture registries audit similar aspects of care but there is variation in the actual data collected; these differences restrict international comparison, benchmarking, and research. The Fragility Fracture Network (FFN) published a revised minimum common dataset (MCD) in 2022 to improve consistency and interoperability. Our aim was to assess compatibility of existing registries with the MCD.

Aims

To describe outcome reporting variation and trends in non-pharmacological randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of distal tibia and/or ankle fractures.

Salter-Harris II fractures of the distal tibia affect children frequently, and when they are displaced present a treatment dilemma. Treatment primarily aims to restore alignment and prevent premature physeal closure, as this can lead to angular deformity, limb length difference, or both. Current literature is of poor methodological quality and is contradictory as to whether conservative or surgical management is superior in avoiding complications and adverse outcomes. A state of clinical equipoise exists regarding whether displaced distal tibial Salter-Harris II fractures in children should be treated with surgery to achieve anatomical reduction, or whether cast treatment alone will lead to a satisfactory outcome. Systematic review and meta-analysis has concluded that high-quality prospective multicentre research is needed to answer this question. The Outcomes of Displaced Distal tibial fractures: Surgery Or Casts in KidS (ODD SOCKS) trial, funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research, aims to provide this high-quality research in order to answer this question, which has been identified as a top-five research priority by the British Society for Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(5):471–473.

Classification systems for the reporting of surgical complications have been developed and adapted for many surgical subspecialties. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the variability and frequency of reporting terms used to describe complications in ankle fracture fixation. We hypothesized that the terminology used would be highly variable and inconsistent, corroborating previous results that have suggested a need for standardized reporting terminology in orthopaedics. Ankle fracture outcome studies meeting predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for analysis by two independent observers. Terms used to define adverse events were identified and recorded. If a difference occurred between the two observers, a third observer was enlisted. Results of both observers were compared. All terms were then compiled and assessed for variability and frequency of use throughout the studies involved. Reporting terminology was subsequently grouped into 10 categories. In the 48 studies analyzed, 301 unique terms were utilized to describe adverse events. Of these terms, 74.4% (224/301) were found in a single study each. Only one term, “infection”, was present in 50% of studies, and only 19 of 301 terms (6.3%) were used in at least 10% of papers. The category that was most frequently reported was infection, with 89.6% of studies reporting on this type of adverse event using 25 distinct terms. Other categories were “wound healing complications” (72.9% of papers, 38 terms), “bone/joint complications” (66.7% of papers, 35 terms), “hardware/implant complications” (56.3% of papers, 47 terms), “revision” (56.3% of papers, 35 terms), “cartilage/soft tissue injuries” (45.8% of papers, 31 terms), “reduction/alignment issues” (45.8% of papers, 29 terms),“medical complications” (43.8% of papers, 32 terms), “pain” (29.2% of papers, 16 terms) and “other complications” (20.8% of papers, 13 terms). There was a 78.6% interobserver agreement in the identification of adverse terms across the 48 studies included. The reporting terminology utilized to describe adverse events in ankle fracture fixation was found to be highly variable and inconsistent. This variability prevents accurate reporting of adverse events and makes the analysis of potential outcomes difficult. The development of standardized reporting terminology in orthopaedics would be instrumental in addressing these challenges and allow for more accurate and consistent outcomes reporting

Aims

The aim of this study was to establish a reliable method for producing 3D reconstruction of sonographic callus.

Aims

This study assessed the impact of COVID-19 on hip and distal femur fracture patient outcomes across three successive UK lockdown periods over one year.

Aims

The aim of this study is to develop a core set of outcome domains that should be considered and reported in all future trials of childhood limb fractures.