We aimed to assess a simple radiological method of predicting redisplacement of paediatric forearm fractures. The Cast Index (CI) is the ratio of sagittal to coronal width from the inside edges of the cast at the fracture site. CI of 0.7 was used as the benchmark in predicting fracture redisplacement. Case records and radiographs of 1001 children who underwent a manipulation under general anaesthesia for a displaced fracture of the distal forearm were studied. Redisplacement was defined as more than 15 degrees of angulation and/or more than 80 percent of translational displacement on check radiographs at 2 weeks. Angulation (in degrees) and translation displacement (in percentage) were measured on the initial and check radiographs. The Cast index was measured on the check radiographs. Good intra and inter observer reproducibility was observed for both these measurements. The cast index has been previously validated in an experimental study. The adequacy of reduction after manipulation was estimated by the postreduction translation and angulation of the radius and ulna in anteroposterior and lateral plain film radiographs. The 1001 patients who qualified for the study, fracture redisplacement was seen in 107 cases at the all important two week follow up. Seven hundred and fifty-two patients had cast indices of 0.8 or less whilst 249 had casting indices of 0.81 or more. In patients with cast indices of 0.8 or less, the displacement rate was only 5.58%. However, in patients with cast indices of 0.81 or more, the displacement rate was 26%. Initial displacement, angulation and the post manipulation cast index were the three factors which were significantly higher in the redisplacement group. No statistically significant difference was seen for age, sex or ethnicity. Nor were statistical differences noted in initial angular deformity, initial displacement and seniority of the surgeon. There was no statistical difference in patients with cast indices between 0.7 and 0.8. Cast index is a simple reliable radiographic measurement to predict the redisplacement of forearm fractures in children. A plaster with a CI of > 0.81 is prone to redisplacement. A high cast index is associated with redisplacement of fractures and should therefore be considered when moulding casts is distal forearm fractures

Introduction: We aimed to assess a simple radiological method of predicting redisplacement of paediatric forearm fractures. The Cast Index (CI) is the ratio of sagittal to coronal width from the inside edges of the cast at the fracture site. A CI of > 0.7 was used as the standard in predicting fracture redisplacement. The cast index has previously been validated in an experimental study. Methods: Case records and radiographs of 1001 children who underwent a manipulation under general anaesthesia for a displaced fracture of the distal forearm were studied. Redisplacement was defined as more than 15 degrees of angulation and/or more than 80 percent of translational displacement on check radiographs at 2 weeks. Angulation (in degrees) and translation displacement (in percentage) were measured on the initial and check radiographs. The CI was measured on postoperative radiographs. Results: Fracture redisplacement was seen in 107 cases at 2 week follow up. Of the 752 patients (75%) with a CI of less than 0.7 the displacement rate was 5.58%. Of the 249 patients (25%) with a CI greater than 0.7 the redisplacement rate was 26%. The CI was significantly higher in the redisplacement group. No statistically significant difference was seen for age, sex or ethnicity. Nor were statistical differences noted in initial angular deformity, initial displacement and seniority of the surgeon. Good intra and inter observer reproducibility was observed. There was no statistical difference in patients with a cast index between 0.7 and 0.8. Conclusion: The cast index is a simple and reliable radiographic measurement to predict the redisplacement of forearm fractures in children. Previous studies have used a CI of > 0.7 as the predictor of redisplacement although this study suggests a plaster with a CI of < 0.81 is acceptable. A high cast index is associated with redisplacement of fractures and should therefore be considered when moulding casts in distal forearm fractures

The aim of operative treatment for ankle fractures is to allow early movement after internal fixation. The hypothesis of this study was that early mobilisation facilitated by a removable cast after internal fixation of ankle fractures would improve functional recovery of patients compared with that after conventional immobilisation in a cast. Sixty-two patients between the age of seventeen and sixty-five with ankle fractures that required operative treatment were randomly allocated to two groups: immobilisation in a non weight bearing below knee cast for six weeks or early movement in a removable cast (at two weeks after removal of sutures) for the following four weeks. The follow-up examinations which consisted of subjective (clinical, Olerud-Molander score, AOFAS score, SF 36) and objective (swelling measurement, x-ray) evaluations were performed at two, six, nine, twelve and twenty four weeks post-operatively. Time of return to work was recorded. There were two post-operative complications in the group treated with immobilisation in cast; two patients had deep vein thrombosis (DVT). There was one superficial wound infection treated with oral antibiotics and two deep wound infections requiring removal of metal in the group treated with early movement in a removable cast. Patients in group two (early movement) had higher functional scores at nine and twelve weeks follow-up. They also returned to work earlier (63.7 days) compared with the ones treated in cast (94.9 days). There was no statistical difference in Quality of Life (SF-36 Questionnaire) at six months between the two groups. Early movement with the use of removable cast after removal of sutures in operated ankle fractures decreases swelling, prevents calf muscle wasting, improves functional outcome and facilitates early return to work of patients. Our findings support the use of a removable cast and early exercises in selected, compliant patients after surgery of the ankle

Aims. The aim of this study was to compare the longer-term outcomes of operatively and nonoperatively managed patients treated with a removable brace (fixed-angle removable orthosis) or a plaster cast immobilization for an acute ankle fracture. Methods. This is a secondary analysis of a multicentre randomized controlled trial comparing adults with an acute ankle fracture, initially managed either by operative or nonoperative care. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either a cast immobilization or a fixed-angle removable orthosis (removable brace). Data were collected on baseline characteristics, ankle function, quality of life, and complications. The Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS) was the primary outcome which was used to measure the participant’s ankle function. The primary endpoint was at 16 weeks, with longer-term follow-up at 24 weeks and two years. Results. Overall, 436 patients (65%) completed the final two-year follow-up. The mean difference in OMAS at two years was -0.3 points favouring the plaster cast (95% confidence interval -3.9 to 3.4), indicating no statistically significant difference between the interventions. There was no evidence of differences in patient quality of life (measured using the EuroQol five-dimension five-level questionnaire) or Disability Rating Index. Conclusion. This study demonstrated that patients treated with a removable brace had similar outcomes to those treated with a plaster cast in the first two years after injury. A removable brace is an effective alternative to traditional immobilization in a plaster cast for patients with an ankle fracture. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2023;105-B(4):382–388

At-home softcast removal with no routine clinical follow-up has shown to be safe and effective following paediatric orthopaedic trauma. It minimises clinician contact time and reduces cost. However, there is limited data on the caregiver experience. Retrospective analysis of paediatric fractures requiring application of circumferential softcast that was later removed at home. Two time points were included: (1)July–September 2022, (2)February–April 2023. Demographics data included age, fracture classification, angulation, manipulation requirement, complications or unplanned re-attendance. Caregivers were given an information leaflet on cast removal. Caregivers completed a telephone Likert questionnaire reviewing time taken to remove cast, qualitative descriptors of cast removal and overall satisfaction. 77 families were contacted at mean 93 days post injury. Mean age was 7.5 years. 41(53%) were distal radius and 20(26%) both-bone forearm fractures. The remaining were hand, elbow or tibia injuries. 40(52%) injuries required manipulation under procedural sedation with mean sagittal angulation 24 degrees. 13(17%) patients re-attended with cast problems. Caregivers estimated a mean 13 minutes to remove cast. 83% found it ‘extremely’ or ‘somewhat’ easy. 75% were ‘extremely’ or ‘somewhat’ satisfied. 71% were ‘extremely’ or ‘somewhat’ likely to recommend at-home cast removal. Qualitative descriptors ranged from from ‘traumatising’ to ‘fun’ and ‘straightforward’. The experience at our tertiary centre confirms at-home softcast removal with no further orthopaedic follow-up is safe and feasible, even in those requiring manipulation under sedation. The majority of families reported a positive experience; this however is not universal. Adequate patient information resources are integral to a positive caregiver's experiences

Background. Venous Thrombo-Embolism is a recognized complication of lower limb immobilization. In the neuropathic patient total contact casting (TCC) is used in the management of acute charcot neuroathropathy and/or to off-load neuropathic ulcers, frequently for long time periods. To our knowledge there is no literature stating the prevalence of VTE in patients undergoing TCC. We perceive that neuropathic patients with active charcot have other risk factors for VTE which would predispose them to this condition and would mandate the use of prophylaxis. We report a retrospective case series assessing the prevalence of VTE in the patients being treated with TCCs. Methods. Patients undergoing TCC between 2006 and 2018 were identified using plaster room records. These patients subsequently had clinical letters and radiological reports assessed for details around the TCC episode, past medical history and any VTE events. Results. There were 143 TCC episodes in 104 patients. Average age at cast application was 55 years. Time in cast averaged 45 days (range 5 days – 8 months, median 35 days). 3 out of 4 patients had neuropathy as a consequence of diabetes. One TCC related VTE (0.7% of casting episodes) was documented. This was a proximal DVT confirmed on USS 9 days following cast removal. No patient received VTE prophylaxis while in TCC. Conclusion. Despite these complex patients having a multitude of co-morbidities the prevalence of VTE in the TCC setting remains similar to that of the general population. This may be due to the fact that TCCs permit weight bearing. This case series suggests that, while all patients should be individually VTE risk assessed as for any lower limb immobilization, chemical thromboprophylaxis is not routinely indicated in the context of TCCs

Background: The aim of operative treatment for ankle fractures is to allow early movement after internal fixation. The hypothesis of this study was that early mobilisation facilitated by a removable cast after internal fixation of ankle fractures would improve functional recovery of patients compared with that after conventional immobilisation in a cast. Material and Methods: Sixty two patients between the age of seventeen and sixty five with ankle fractures that required operative treatment were randomly allocated to two groups : immobilisation in a non weight bearing below knee cast for six weeks or early movement in a removable cast ( at two weeks after removal of sutures ) for the following four weeks. The follow up examinations which consisted of subjective (clinical, Olerud-Molander score, AOFAS score, SF 36 ) and objective ( swelling measurement, x-ray ) evaluations were performed at two, six, nine, twelve and twenty four weeks postoperatively. Time of return to work was recorded. Results: There were no postoperative complications in the group treated with immobilisation in cast. There was one superficial wound infection treated with oral antibiotics in a patient with a previous dermatological condition around the fractured ankle in the group treated with early movement in a removable cast. Patients in group two ( early movement ) had higher functional scores at nine and twelve weeks follow up but not of statistical significance. They also return to work earlier ( 55.5 days ) compared with the ones treated in cast ( 98.7 days ). Patients treated in removable cast had higher mean SF-36 scores, but this difference was significant only for two of the eight aspects investigated. Conclusions: Early movement with the use of removable cast after removal of sutures in operated ankle fractures decrease swelling, prevent calf muscle wasting, improve functional outcome and facilitate early return to work of patients. Our findings support the use of a removable cast and early exercises in selected, compliant patients after surgery of the ankle

Aims. It is not clear which type of casting provides the best initial treatment in adults with a distal radial fracture. Given that between 32% and 64% of adequately reduced fractures redisplace during immobilization in a cast, preventing redisplacement and a disabling malunion or secondary surgery is an aim of treatment. In this study, we investigated whether circumferential casting leads to fewer fracture redisplacements and better one-year outcomes compared to plaster splinting. Methods. In a pragmatic, open-label, multicentre, two-period cluster-randomized superiority trial, we compared these two types of casting. Recruitment took place in ten hospitals. Eligible patients aged ≥ 18 years with a displaced distal radial fracture, which was acceptably aligned after closed reduction, were included. The primary outcome measure was the rate of redisplacement within five weeks of immobilization. Secondary outcomes were the rate of complaints relating to the cast, clinical outcomes at three months, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) (using the numerical rating scale (NRS), the abbreviated version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH), and Patient-Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation (PRWHE) scores), and adverse events such as the development of compartment syndrome during one year of follow-up. We used multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression for the analysis of the primary outcome measure. Results. The study included 420 patients. There was no significant difference between the rate of redisplacement of the fracture between the groups: 47% (n = 88) for those treated with a plaster splint and 49% (n = 90) for those treated with a circumferential cast (odds ratio 1.05 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65 to 1.70); p = 0.854). Patients treated in a plaster splint reported significantly more pain than those treated with a circumferential cast, during the first week of treatment (estimated mean NRS 4.7 (95% CI 4.3 to 5.1) vs 4.1 (95% CI 3.7 to 4.4); p = 0.014). The rate of complaints relating to the cast, clinical outcomes and PROMs did not differ significantly between the groups (p > 0.05). Compartment syndrome did not occur. Conclusion. Circumferential casting did not result in a significantly different rate of redisplacement of the fracture compared with the use of a plaster splint. There were comparable outcomes in both groups. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2024;106-B(7):696–704

Introduction. Lower limb immobilisation with full casts is commonly used to manage fractures. There may be the need to split casts in an emergency, such as compartment syndrome, with no current consensus as to which technique is most effective in reducing pressure quickly. Our study aims to compare the reduction in pressure across lower leg compartments using three different cast splitting techniques. Methods. This study was done on a volunteer doctor. Pressure sensors were positioned at the anterior, posterior and lateral compartments. A single plaster technician applied below knee full casts with sequential layering and were allowed to dry as per manufacture instructions. Cast were split utilising three splitting methods; bivalve, tramline and single split and measurements taken when each layer was split. We compared results of ten repetitions for each splitting technique. Results. When the cast was initially cut there were significant reduction in pressure with the bivalve split (20.6 ± 0.76 N) when compared to both the single split (26.8 ± 1.13 N, P < 0.001) and tramline split (26.4 ± 0.90 N, P < 0.001). When the cast was spread there were significant reduction in pressure with the bivalve split (10.7 ± 0.83 units) when compared to both the single split (14.6 ± 0.85 N, P < 0.001) and tramline split (16.6 ± 0.77 N, P < 0.001). When the final layer of wool was released the pressure remained lower (statistically significant) in the bivalve split compared to both single split and tramline split. Conclusion. Our study demonstrates that bivalve cast splitting provided a more rapid reduction in pressure compared to other techniques across all three compartments. Our data shows that once down to skin, bivalve splitting continues to provide the lowest pressure compared to the other techniques. We recommend utilising bivalve when splitting a cast in an emergency

Aims. The primary aim of this study was to report the radiological outcomes of patients with a dorsally displaced distal radius fracture who were randomized to a moulded cast or surgical fixation with wires following manipulation and closed reduction of their fracture. The secondary aim was to correlate radiological outcomes with patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in the year following injury. Methods. Participants were recruited as part of DRAFFT2, a UK multicentre clinical trial. Participants were aged 16 years or over with a dorsally displaced distal radius fracture, and were eligible for the trial if they needed a manipulation of their fracture, as recommended by their treating surgeon. Participants were randomly allocated on a 1:1 ratio to moulded cast or Kirschner wires after manipulation of the fracture in the operating theatre. Standard posteroanterior and lateral radiographs were performed in the radiology department of participating centres at the time of the patient’s initial assessment in the emergency department and six weeks postoperatively. Intraoperative fluoroscopic images taken at the time of fracture reduction were also assessed. Results. Patients treated with surgical fixation with wires had less dorsal angulation of the radius versus those treated in a moulded cast at six weeks after manipulation of the fracture; the mean difference of -4.13° was statistically significant (95% confidence interval 5.82 to -2.45). There was no evidence of a difference in radial shortening. However, there was no correlation between these radiological measurements and PROMs at any timepoint in the 12 months post-injury. Conclusion. For patients with a dorsally displaced distal radius fracture treated with a closed manipulation, surgical fixation with wires leads to less dorsal angulation on radiographs at six weeks compared with patients treated in a moulded plaster cast alone. However, the difference in dorsal angulation was small and did not correlate with patient-reported pain and function. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(2):132–138

Aims. To compare the cost-utility of removable brace compared with cast in the management of adult patients with ankle fracture. Methods. A within-trial economic evaluation conducted from the UK NHS and personnel social services (PSS) perspective. Health resources and quality-of-life data were collected as part of the Ankle Injury Rehabilitation (AIR) multicentre, randomized controlled trial over a 12-month period using trial case report forms and patient-completed questionnaires. Cost-utility analysis was estimated in terms of the incremental cost per quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained. Estimate uncertainty was explored by bootstrapping, visualized on the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio plane. Net monetary benefit and probability of cost-effectiveness were evaluated at a range of willingness-to-pay thresholds and visualized graphically. Results. The incremental cost and QALYs of using brace over a 12-month period were £46.73 (95% confidence interval (CI) £-9 to £147) and 0.0141 (95% CI -0.005 to 0.033), respectively. The cost per QALY gained was £3,318. The probability of brace being cost-effective at a £30,000 per QALY willingness-to-pay threshold was 88%. The results remained robust to a range of sensitivity analyses. Conclusion. This within-trial economic evaluation found that it is probable that using a removable brace provides good value to the NHS when compared to cast, in the management of adults with ankle fracture. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(6):455–462

Aims. Treatment of Weber B ankle fractures that are stable on weightbearing radiographs but unstable on concomitant stress tests (classified SER4a) is controversial. Recent studies indicate that these fractures should be treated nonoperatively, but no studies have compared alternative nonoperative options. This study aims to evaluate patient-reported outcomes and the safety of fracture treatment using functional orthosis versus cast immobilization. Methods. A total of 110 patients with Weber B/SER4a ankle fractures will be randomized (1:1 ratio) to receive six weeks of functional orthosis treatment or cast immobilization with a two-year follow-up. The primary outcome is patient-reported ankle function and symptoms measured by the Manchester-Oxford Foot and Ankle Questionnaire (MOxFQ); secondary outcomes include Olerud-Molander Ankle Score, radiological evaluation of ankle congruence in weightbearing and gravity stress tests, and rates of treatment-related adverse events. The Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research (approval number 277693) has granted ethical approval, and the study is funded by South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (grant number 2023014). Discussion. Randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate alternative nonoperative treatment options for Weber B/SER4a ankle fractures, as current clinical guidelines are based on biomechanical reasoning. The findings will be shared through publication in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at conferences. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(9):713–719

Aims. The management of fractures of the medial epicondyle is one of the greatest controversies in paediatric fracture care, with uncertainty concerning the need for surgery. The British Society of Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery prioritized this as their most important research question in paediatric trauma. This is the protocol for a randomized controlled, multicentre, prospective superiority trial of operative fixation versus nonoperative treatment for displaced medial epicondyle fractures: the Surgery or Cast of the EpicoNdyle in Children’s Elbows (SCIENCE) trial. Methods. Children aged seven to 15 years old inclusive, who have sustained a displaced fracture of the medial epicondyle, are eligible to take part. Baseline function using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) upper limb score, pain measured using the Wong Baker FACES pain scale, and quality of life (QoL) assessed with the EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire for younger patients (EQ-5D-Y) will be collected. Each patient will be randomly allocated (1:1, stratified using a minimization algorithm by centre and initial elbow dislocation status (i.e. dislocated or not-dislocated at presentation to the emergency department)) to either a regimen of the operative fixation or non-surgical treatment. Outcomes. At six weeks, and three, six, and 12 months, data on function, pain, sports/music participation, QoL, immobilization, and analgesia will be collected. These will also be repeated annually until the child reaches the age of 16 years. Four weeks after injury, the main outcomes plus data on complications, resource use, and school absence will be collected. The primary outcome is the PROMIS upper limb score at 12 months post-randomization. All data will be obtained through electronic questionnaires completed by the participants and/or parents/guardians. The NHS number of participants will be stored to enable future data linkage to sources of routinely collected data (i.e. Hospital Episode Statistics). Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2024;5(1):69–77

Introduction. A subset of patients in cast awaiting fixation of ankle fractures require conversion to delayed external fixation (dEF). We aimed to evaluate the effect of delayed versus planned external fixation (pEF), then identify objective characteristics contributing to need for conversion. Method. We extracted data from our booking system to identify all ankle external fixation procedures between 2010 to 2022. Exclusions included open fractures, the skeletally immature, and pilon or talus fractures. Fractures were classified using the AO/OTA classification, then a matched cohort was identified based on fracture classification. We compared the planned, delayed and matched cohorts for demographics, posterior malleolar fragment (PMF) ratio, and degree of displacement at presentation. Results. We identified 25 pEF, 42 dEF, and 67 matched patients. Ankles with dEF had a 3.8 day longer time to ORIF from presentation than those who had pEF, and had an infection rate of 9.5%, compared to 4% in the pEF group. Two patients in the dEF group required further operative intervention. There were no infections or reoperations required in the pEF or matched groups. The dEF group were more likely to have ≥2 reductions (OR 4.13), a PMF ratio of >0.23 (OR 5.07), and have increased displacement at time of injury on lateral (32% vs 19%) and AP (62% vs 36%) radiographs. Discussion. Our retrospective study highlights the longer time to operation and increased infection rates of patients who do not get timely external fixation. We propose a series of objective parameters that predict failure of cast treatment and guide the surgeon to consider planned external fixation in some ankle

Background. The current ‘gold standard’ method for enabling weightbearing during non-invasive lower limb immobilisation is to use a Patella Tendon-Bearing (PTB) or Sarmiento cast. The Beagle Böhler Walker™ is a non-invasive frame that fits onto a standard below knee plaster cast. It is designed to achieve a reduction in force across the foot and ankle. Our objective was to measure loading forces through the foot to examine how different types of casts affect load distribution. We aimed to determine whether the Beagle Böhler Walker™ is as effective or better, at reducing load distribution during full weightbearing. Methods. We applied force sensors to the 1st and 5th metatarsal heads and the plantar surface of the calcaneum of 14 healthy volunteers. Force measurements were taken without a cast applied and then with a Sarmiento Cast, a below knee cast, and a below knee cast with Böhler Walker™ fitted. Results. Compared to a standard below knee cast, the Böhler Walker™ reduced the mean peak force through the first metatarsal head by 58.9% (p < .0001); 73.1% through the fifth metatarsal head (p < .0001); and by 32.2% (p < .0001) through the calcaneum. The Sarmiento cast demonstrated a mean percentage reduction in peak force of 8.6% (P = .39) and 4.4% (P = .87) through the 1st and 5th metatarsal heads respectively, but increased the mean peak force by 5.9% (P = .54) through the calcaneum. Conclusions. Using a Böhler Walker™ frame applied to a below knee cast significantly reduces loadbearing through the foot compared to a Sarmiento cast or a standard below knee cast. Implications. This could mean early weightbearing is safer and better tolerated in patients with a wide variety of foot and ankle pathologies, which can in turn improve quality of life and reduce the incidence of immobility dependent morbidity

Introduction. Displaced distal radius fractures in children have been treated in above elbow plaster casts since the last century. Cast index has been calculated previously, which is a measure of the sagittal cast width divided by the coronal cast width measurement at the fracture site. This indicates how well the cast was moulded to the contours of the forearm. We retrospectively analysed the cast index in post manipulation radiographs to evaluate its relevance in redisplacement or reangulation of distal forearm fractures. Study Design. Consecutive radiographic analysis. Materials and methods. 156 consecutive paediatric patients (114M : 42F), with a mean age of 9.8 years (range 2-15 years), presenting with forearm fractures were studied. All patients were manipulated in OR and a moulded above elbow cast was applied. The cast index was measured on immediate post manipulation radiographs. Results. Displacement of the fracture within the original plaster cast occurred in 30 patients (19%), 22/114 males; 8/42 females. The cast index in the 30 patients requiring a second procedure (mean 0.92, SD=0.08) was significantly more than the cast index (mean 0.77, SD=0.07) in the others (p< .001). Discussion. A high cast index in post manipulation radiographs indicates increased risk of re-displacement of the fracture and these patients should be kept under close review. Conclusion. Cast index is a valuable tool to assess the quality of moulding of the cast following closed manipulation of distal radius fractures in children. The maximum acceptable cast index should be 0.82

Introduction. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in patients with lower limb cast immobilization occurs in up to 20% of patients. This may result from altered calf pump function causing venous stasis. Our aim was to determine the effects of below knee cast on calf pump function. Method. Nine healthy participants were enrolled in this research and ethics approved prospective study. Four foot and ankle movements (toe dorsiflexion, toe plantar flexion, ankle dorsiflexion, ankle plantar flexion) and weight bearing were performed pre and post application of a below knee cast. Baseline and peak systolic velocity within the popliteal vein was measured during each movement. Participants with peripheral vascular disease, varicose veins, deep venous thrombosis or previous foot and ankle surgery were excluded. Results. The mean patient age was 34 years (range 28–58), the majority were female (n = 6). With cast in situ all movements resulted in a statistically significant increase in peak systolic velocity (p = <0.05). There was no significant difference in peak systolic velocity at the popliteal vein pre or post cast application. Discussion. This is the first study to examine the effect of a lower limb cast on calf muscle pump function. Despite cast immobilisation, toe and ankle flexion and extension movements significantly increase peak systolic velocity measured at the popliteal vein. Conclusion. Toe and ankle flexion and extension exercises significantly increase calf pump function in patients with below knee cast immobilization. We recommend that all patients treated in below knee cast immobilisation are advised to perform regular toe and ankle exercises to reduce venous stasis and risk of deep venous thromboembolism

Introduction. Total contact casting (TCC) is one of the most commonly utilized modalities in the management of diabetic feet. We undertook a retrospective review to determine the prevalence of symptomatic VTE events in patients treated in a weight bearing TCC in our diabetic foot unit, and to formulate guidelines for VTE prophylaxis. Methods. Electronic records were reviewed to identify all patients treated in a TCC between 2014 and 2021. Data collection included patient demographics, comorbidities, period of immobilization in TCC, the incidence of VTE events, and any VTE prophylaxis prescribed during their period in TCC. Results. 549 patients were identified who had at least one episode of TCC. Mean age was 67 years (range 28 to 94 years) and the mean duration in cast was 10.2 weeks (range 0.3–46 weeks). Only 6 patients (1.1%) were prescribed chemical thrombo-prophylaxis during their period in TCC. Mean body mass index (BMI) for these patients was 32.3 (Range 18.4–58.9). Other significant comorbidities: 81% (n-444) of patients had associated cardio-vascular comorbidities; 54 % (n-296) had renal comorbidities including 22% (n-121) having had dialysis and 4.2% (n-23) with renal transplants. Eight of the 549 patients (1.5%) had suffered a VTE event of which only 2 (0.36%) were during the period of immobilization in TCC. One was a symptomatic DVT (0.18%) and the another was an asymptomatic (incidental) finding of pulmonary embolism (PE). There was no mortality related to the VTE episodes. Conclusion. NICE guidelines state that one should “Consider pharmacological VTE prophylaxis for patients with lower limb immobilization”. Our study finds that patients treated in a weight bearing TCC do not require routine pharmacological VTE prophylaxis, in spite of an extended period of lower limb immobilization and significant medical comorbidities

Introduction. Many common fractures are inherently stable, will not displace and do not require plaster casting to achieve union in a good position. Nevertheless, many patients with stable fractures are advised that they need a cast, despite the potential for stiffness, skin problems and thromboembolism. Attempts to challenge this practice often meet the argument that patients prefer a cast for pain relief. We analysed five years of a single consultant's fracture clinic to see how many patients with stable foot and ankle fractures chose a cast after evidence-based counselling. Materials and methods. All patients with stable fractures of the ankle or metatarsals seen between 1st June 2005 and 31st May 2010 were included. Displaced or potentially unstable ankle fractures, Jones fractures and fractures involving the Lisfranc joint were excluded. Patients were advised functional treatment but offered a cast if they wished. Patients were documented prospectively as part of a larger audit, including demographics, diagnosis and treatment in the emergency department and fracture clinic. Results. 93 patients had stable ankle fractures. One (1%) chose a cast, 77 an ankle brace and 14 the RICE regime. One was advised a cast for neurological deformity. 105 patients had fifth metatarsal fractures outside the “non-” zone. 19 (18%) chose casts and 86 followed the RICE regime. 50 patients had other stable metatarsal fractures 15 (30%) chose casts. 86% of patients had casts applied in the emergency department. Discussion. The majority of patients with stable foot and ankle fractures do not wish to wear a cast once they understand it will not affect their outcome. In many cases this decision could have been reached in the emergency department with appropriate guidelines and education, preventing patient inconvenience and possible adverse events. Conclusion. Most patients are happy with evidence-based functional treatment of stable fractures

Orthopaedic surgeons frequently assess fragility fractures (FF), however osteoporosis (OP) is often managed by primary care physicians (PCP). Up to 48% of FF patients have had a previous fracture (Kanis et al., 2004). Discontinuity between fracture care and OP management is a missed opportunity to reduce repeat fractures. This studied aimed to evaluate current OP management in FF patients presenting to cast clinic. A single centre, prospective observational study where seven traumatologists screened for FF in cast clinic. FF was defined as a hip, distal radius (DR), proximal humerus (PH), or ankle fracture due to a ground level fall. Patients completed a self-administered questionnaire for demographics, fracture type and treatment, medical and fracture history, and previous OP care. The primary outcome was number of FF patients who received OP investigation and/or treatment. Secondary outcomes included Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX), repeat fracture rate, and anti-resorptive related fractures. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis. Between November 17, 2014 and October 13, 2015, a total of 1,677 patients attended cast clinic for an initial assessment. FF were identified in 120 patients (7.2%). The FF cohort had a mean age of 65.3 (± 14.3) years, mean BMI of 26.1 (± 5.3), and was comprised of 83.3% females. Fracture distribution was 69 (57.5%) DR, 23 (19%) ankle, 20 (16.5%) PH, and seven (5.8%) hip fractures, with 24 of the FF (19.8%) treated operatively. Thirteen (10.8%) were current smokers and 40 (33.3%) formerly smoked. A history of steroid use was present in 13 patients (10.8%). Ninety (n = 117; 76.9%) of patients ambulated independently. Twenty-two patients (18.3%) reported prior diagnosis of OP, most often by a PCP (n = 19; 73.7%) over 5 years previously. Calcium (n = 59; 49.2%) and Vitamin D (n = 70; 58.3%) were common and 26 patients (21.5%) had a prior anti-resorptive therapy, with Alendronate (n = 9) being most common. One patient had an anti-resorptive-related fracture. Raloxifene was used in ten patients. Forty-seven patients (39.2%) had a prior fracture at a mean age of 61.3 (± 11.9) years, with DR and PH fractures being most common. Eleven patients had two or more prior fractures. A family history of OP was found in 34 patients (28.1%). Mean FRAX score was 20.8% (± 10.8%) 10-year major fracture risk and 5.9% (± 6.6%) 10-year hip fracture risk (n = 30 bone densiometry within one-year). Of the 26 patients with a Moderate (10–20%) or High (> 20%) 10-year major fracture risk, only eight (30.8%) reported a diagnosis of OP and only three (11.5%) had seen an OP specialist. Cast clinics provide an opportunity for OP screening, initiation of treatment, and patient education. This cohort demonstrated a high rate of repeat fractures and poor patient reporting of prior OP diagnosis. This study likely underestimated FF and calls for resource allocation for quantifying true burden of disease and outpatient fracture liaison service