Abstract
Introduction
Highly cross-linked ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is the most common bearing surface used in total joint arthroplasty due to its excellent wear resistance. While radiation cross-linking is currently used, cross-linking using a cross-linking agent such as a peroxide can also be effective with improved oxidative stability, which can be achived by an antioxidant such as vitamin E. The peroxide cross-linking behavior of UHMWPE in the presence of vitamin E was unknown. We investigated the cross-linking behavior and the clinically relevant mechanical and wear properties of peroxide cross-linked, vitamin E-blended UHMWPE.
Materials and Methods
Medical grade UHMWPE (GUR1050) was blended with vitamin E and the peroxide (2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di(t-butylperoxy)hexyne-3 or P130) before compression molding. Various vitamin E (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 wt%) and peroxide concentrations (0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt%) were studied. The cross-link density was calculated as previously described (Oral 2010). The wear rate was determined using a custom-designed pin-on-disc wear tester against CoCr polished discs at 2 Hz and a rectangular path of 5 × 10 mm in undiluted bovine serum (Bragdon 2001). Tensile mechanical properties were determined using Type V dogbones according to ASTM D638. Oxidative stability was determined using oxidation induction testing (Braithwaite 2010). Double-notching and IZOD impact testing was performed according to ASTM D256. Samples prepared with vitamin E concentrations of 0.3 wt% and above and P130 concentrations of 0.5 and 1 wt% were also terminally gamma sterilized. Controls were 150-kGy irradiated vitamin E blends of UHMWPE.
Results and Discussion
The cross-link density of peroxide cross-linked UHMWPEs were higher than the irradiated controls at a given vitamin E concentration (For example 250, 301 and 355 mol/dm3 for 0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt% peroxide cross-linked UHMWPE compared to 217 mol/dm3 for 150 kGy irradiated UHMWPE; Figure 1). The cross-link density dependence of wear was similar to radiation cross-linked UHMWPE, resulting in clinically relevant wear rates of 0.5 to 1.5 mg/MC. While the cross-link density of radiation cross-linked UHMWPE became saturated at vitamin E concentrations above 0.3 wt% (Oral 2008), this was not observed in peroxide cross-linked UHMWPE (Figure 2), suggesting more efficient cross-linking in the presence of the antioxidant. The impact strength was 30% higher for the peroxide cross-linked UHMWPEs at the comparable wear rate compared to irradiated controls (72 vs. 56 kJ/m2). The oxidation induction time of all peroxide cross-linked UHMWPEs (up to 57 min) was higher than that of the 0.1 wt% vitamin E-blended, 150-kGy irradiated UHMWPE (6 min).
Gamma sterilization of peroxide cross-linked vitamin E blends decreased wear (0.5 wt% peroxide in Figure 3). Thus, peroxide concentration for cross-linking can be reduced if terminal sterilization is used. The mechanical properties and the oxidative stability of the material were not significantly affected by gamma sterilization.
Significance
Peroxide cross-linking enabled good wear resistance for high vitamin E concentration blends of UHMWPE (>0.3 wt%), previously not possible by irradiation. Peroxide cross-linking of vitamin E-blended UHMWPE can provide a one-step, cost-effective method to manufacture wear resistant total joint implants with improved oxidative stability.
