Abstract
Total hip and knee joint prostheses composed of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and metal or ceramics have been widely applied. Efficacious treatments such as crosslinking, addition of vitamin E and phospholipid coating to UHMWPE have reduced wear and extended the life of joint prostheses. However, wear problems have not yet been completely solved for cases involving severe conditions, where direct contact can occur in mixed or boundary lubrication. In contrast, extremely low friction and minimum wear are maintained for a lifetime in healthy natural synovial joints containing articular cartilage with superior lubricity. Accordingly, joint prostheses containing artificial hydrogel cartilage with properties similar to those of articular cartilage are expected to show superior tribological functions. In establishing the function of artificial hydrogel cartilage as a novel material for joint prostheses, the tribological properties of hydrogel materials used and synergistic performance with synovia constituents are both important. In this study, the lubrication ability and wear resistance properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels were evaluated by differences in friction and wear properties in reciprocating tests lubricated with saline and simulated synovial fluid. Biphasic finite element (FE) analysis was applied to elucidate the role of biphasic lubrication mechanism in hydrogels.
As biocompatible artificial hydrogel cartilage materials, three PVA hydrogels were prepared using the repeated freeze-thawing (FT) method, the cast-drying (CD) method and the hybrid method for laminated gel of FT on CD, which are physically crosslinked with hydrogen bonding but differ in terms of structure and mechanical properties. First the frictional behavior of the ellipsoidal PVA hydrogel specimens was examined in reciprocating tests against a glass plate, which corresponds to simplified knee prosthesis model (Fig.1), with a sliding speed of 20 mm/s under constant continuous loading. As shown in Fig.1, the three hydrogels exhibited different frictional behaviors in a saline solution. It is noteworthy that the hybrid gel maintained very low friction until the end of test. The CD gel showed slightly higher friction and a gradual increase. Meanwhile, the FT gel showed initial medium friction and a gradual increase. Time-dependent frictional behavior was clarified with biphasic lubrication mechanism via biphasic FE analysis. Contact surface observation showed minimal wear without scratches for hybrid gel in saline.
Next, simulated synovial fluid composed of 0.5 wt% hyaluronic acid (HA, molecular weight: 920,000 Da), 1.4 wt% albumin, 0.7 wt% gamma-globulin and 0.01 wt% L-alpha dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), was used to evaluate tribological performance of these gels in physiological condition. As shown in Fig.2, PVA hydrogels in simulated synovial fluid exhibited very low friction, with hybrid gel showing an extremely low friction coefficient of 0.003 in the test. These friction differences were sustained by biphasic FE analysis. Hybrid gel further showed very little wear (Fig.3), which is favorable in terms of hydrogel durability.
These results indicate the importance of superior lubricity and wear resistance of PVA hybrid gel for the clinical application of artificial hydrogel cartilage in joint prostheses.
