Abstract
In joint prostheses using ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) as bearing material, wear problems are not yet completely solved under severe conditions in various daily activities, although efficacious treatments such as crosslinking, addition of vitamin E and the grafting of phospholipid polymer improved the wear properties. In contrast, in healthy natural synovial joints possessing articular cartilage as biphasic bearing material lubricated with synovial fluid, minimal wear with extremely low friction has been maintained for a whole life. Therefore, the joint prosthesis with artificial hydrogel cartilage with similar properties to articular cartilage is expected to show superior tribological functions with very low friction and infinitesimal wear if the appropriate lubrication mechanism is actualized. In this study, the effectiveness of biphasic lubrication mechanism in hydrogel through significant load support by fluid phase is evaluated in finite element (FE) analysis for reciprocating motion.
As biocompatible artificial hydrogel cartilage materials, two kinds of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels were prepared by the repeated freezing-thawing method and the cast-drying method, which are physically crosslinked with hydrogen bonding but different in structure and mechanical properties. To evaluate these time dependent behaviors of load-support ratio of fluid/solid phases and friction, two-dimensional biphasic FE analysis for cylindrical PVA hydrogel cartilage as 1.5 mm thick soft layer and radius of 5 mm was conducted under continuous loading of 0.2 N/mm by impermeable rigid plate in reciprocating motion in Fig. 1. The sliding speed is 4 mm/s for stroke of 8 mm at period of 4 s. A commercial package ABAQUS (6.8–4), which was appropriately evaluated for the biphasic FE analyses, was used in this study. The biphasic tissue was modeled by CPE4RP (four-node bilinear displacement and pore pressure, reduced integration with hour glass control) elements. The mechanical properties such as permeability, Young's modulus and Poisson ratio were estimated by curve fitting to stress relaxation behaviors in compression test.
As indicated in Fig. 2, it is worth noting that the cast-drying PVA shows significant interstitial fluid pressurization compared with a repeated freezing-thawing PVA hydrogel at 292 s after start-up, where coefficient of friction for solid-to-solid was assumed as 0.2. Changes in friction for PVA hydrogels in reciprocating motion were estimated as shown in Fig. 3. In spite of high friction (0.2) for solid-to-solid, cast-drying PVA brought the gradual decreasing in friction, probably due to rising of load-support ratio by fluid phase from initial 74% to 80%.
In human body, lubricating constituents in synovial fluids such as hyaluronic acid, proteins, glycoproteins and phospholipids can reduce the coefficient of friction for solid-to-solid. As suggested for low coefficient of friction for solid-to-solid as 0.01 in Fig. 3, rubbing friction is expected to be reduced to significantly low level.
As described above, the effective biphasic lubrication can sustain low friction level and minimal wear in synergistic action with soft-elastohydrodynamic lubrication, hydration lubrication and boundary lubrication as a similar mechanism to natural cartilage in various daily activities. These results indicate the usefulness of artificial hydrogel cartilage for longer durability in joint prostheses for clinical application.
