Abstract
Wearable inertial sensors can detect abnormal gait associated with knee or hip osteoarthritis (OA). However, few studies have compared sensor-derived gait parameters between patients with hip and knee OA or evaluated the efficacy of sensors suitable for remote monitoring in distinguishing between the two. Hence, our study seeks to examine the differences in accelerations captured by low-frequency wearable sensors in patients with knee and hip OA and classify their gait patterns.
We included patients with unilateral hip and knee OA. Gait analysis was conducted using an accelerometer ipsilateral with the affected joint on the lateral distal thighs. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was used to compare acceleration signals. The k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) algorithm was trained on 80% of the signals' Fourier coefficients and validated on the remaining 20% using 10-fold cross-validation to classify the gait patterns into hip and knee OA.
We included 42 hip OA patients (19 females, age 70 [63–78], BMI of 28.3 [24.8–30.9]) and 59 knee OA patients (31 females, age 68 [62–74], BMI of 29.7 [26.3–32.6]). The SPM results indicated that one cluster (12–20%) along the vertical axis had accelerations exceeding the critical threshold of 2.956 (p=0.024). For the anteroposterior axis, three clusters were observed exceeding the threshold of 3.031 at 5–19% (p = 0.0001), 39–54% (p=0.00005), and 88–96% (p = 0.01). Regarding the mediolateral axis, four clusters were identified exceeding the threshold of 2.875 at 0–9% (p = 0.02), 14–20% (p=0.04), 28–68% (p < 0.00001), and 84–100% (p = 0.004). The k-NN model achieved an AUC of 0.79, an accuracy of 80%, and a precision of 85%.
In conclusion, the Fourier coefficients of the signals recorded by wearable sensors can effectively discriminate the gait patterns of knee and hip OA. In addition, the most remarkable differences in the time domain were observed along the mediolateral axis.
