Abstract
Purpose of the study: We describe a surgery navigation system based on virtual fluoroscopy images established with a 3D optic localizer. The purpose of this work was to check the accuracy of the system for posterior spinal implants in comparison with conventional surgery. Duration of radiation and duration of surgery were compared.
Material and methods: A 3D optic localizer was used to monitor the position of the instruments in the operative field, as well as the fluoroscopy receptor. The surgeon took two views, ap and lateral, with a total exposure of two seconds. The C arm was then removed. After image correction, the ap and lateral views were displayed on the work station screen where the computer superimposed to tools on each image. Twenty osteosynthesis procedures for implantation of pedicular screws via a posterior approach to the thoracolumbar spine were performed with this virtual fluoroscopy technique (20 patients, 68 screws). During the same study period, twenty other procedures were performed with the conventional technique (ap and lateral x-ray with the C-arm after drilling the pedicle, 20 patients, 72 screws). The position of the spinal implants was compared between the two series on the ap and lateral views and postoperative CT. Similarly time of exposure to x-rays and duration of the surgical procedure were recorded.
Results: The rate of strictly intrapedicular implantation was less than 8% (5/68 screws) in the virtual fluoroscopy series versus 15% (11/72 screws) in the conventional series. Time of exposure to radiation was significantly lower in the virtual fluoroscopy series with a 1 to 3 improvement (3.5 s versus 11.5 s on average) over the conventional method. With training, this method is not more time consuming (10 min per screw for the conventional method versus 11.25 min for virtual fluoroscopy).
Discussion and conclusion: Compared with conventional fluoroscopy, the virtual technique enables real time navigation while significantly reducing the dose of radiation, both for the patient and the surgery team. There are two types of advantages of virtual fluoroscopy over CT-based systems: first virtual fluoroscopy is immediately available without specific preoperative imaging and secondly it provides real non-magnified images acquired once during the procedure, after which the C-arm is removed. 3D virtual fluoroscopy is probably the next step but requires further experience.
Correspondence should be addressed to SOFCOT, 56 rue Boissonade, 75014 Paris, France.
