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Bone & Joint Open
Vol. 4, Issue 4 | Pages 250 - 261
7 Apr 2023
Sharma VJ Adegoke JA Afara IO Stok K Poon E Gordon CL Wood BR Raman J

Aims

Disorders of bone integrity carry a high global disease burden, frequently requiring intervention, but there is a paucity of methods capable of noninvasive real-time assessment. Here we show that miniaturized handheld near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) scans, operated via a smartphone, can assess structural human bone properties in under three seconds.

Methods

A hand-held NIR spectrometer was used to scan bone samples from 20 patients and predict: bone volume fraction (BV/TV); and trabecular (Tb) and cortical (Ct) thickness (Th), porosity (Po), and spacing (Sp).


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 85-B, Issue 6 | Pages 883 - 886
1 Aug 2003
Manoj Kumar RV Rajasekaran S

Ochronosis, the musculoskeletal manifestation of alkaptonuria, is known to lead to degenerative changes of the spine and weight-bearing joints. Symptoms related to degeneration of tendons or ligaments with spontaneous ruptures have not previously been reported. Three patients are described with four spontaneous ruptures of either the patellar tendon or tendo Achillis as the first symptom of alkaptonuria


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 82-B, Issue 3 | Pages 426 - 432
1 Apr 2000
Plötz GMJ Brossmann J Schünke M Heller M Kurz B Hassenpflug J

We studied the sensitivity and specificity of magnetic resonance arthrography (MRa) for the diagnosis of lesions of the acetabular labrum in 20 cadaver hips. The MRa results were compared with macroscopic and histological findings. We found that the labrum could be satisfactorily delineated by MRa and that large detachments could be identified satisfactorily. The diagnosis of small detachments and degeneration of the labrum was less reliable


The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 95-B, Issue 6 | Pages 738 - 746
1 Jun 2013
Palmer AJR Brown CP McNally EG Price AJ Tracey I Jezzard P Carr AJ Glyn-Jones S

Treatment for osteoarthritis (OA) has traditionally focused on joint replacement for end-stage disease. An increasing number of surgical and pharmaceutical strategies for disease prevention have now been proposed. However, these require the ability to identify OA at a stage when it is potentially reversible, and detect small changes in cartilage structure and function to enable treatment efficacy to be evaluated within an acceptable timeframe. This has not been possible using conventional imaging techniques but recent advances in musculoskeletal imaging have been significant. In this review we discuss the role of different imaging modalities in the diagnosis of the earliest changes of OA. The increasing number of MRI sequences that are able to non-invasively detect biochemical changes in cartilage that precede structural damage may offer a great advance in the diagnosis and treatment of this debilitating condition.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:738–46.


Bone & Joint 360
Vol. 3, Issue 2 | Pages 31 - 31
1 Apr 2014
Foy MA


The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 97-B, Issue 9 | Pages 1162 - 1169
1 Sep 2015
George DA Gant V Haddad FS

The number of arthroplasties being undertaken is expected to grow year on year, and periprosthetic joint infections will be an increasing socioeconomic burden. The challenge to prevent and eradicate these infections has resulted in the emergence of several new strategies, which are discussed in this review.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1162–9.


Bone & Joint Research
Vol. 4, Issue 7 | Pages 105 - 116
1 Jul 2015
Shea CA Rolfe RA Murphy P

Construction of a functional skeleton is accomplished through co-ordination of the developmental processes of chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, and synovial joint formation. Infants whose movement in utero is reduced or restricted and who subsequently suffer from joint dysplasia (including joint contractures) and thin hypo-mineralised bones, demonstrate that embryonic movement is crucial for appropriate skeletogenesis. This has been confirmed in mouse, chick, and zebrafish animal models, where reduced or eliminated movement consistently yields similar malformations and which provide the possibility of experimentation to uncover the precise disturbances and the mechanisms by which movement impacts molecular regulation. Molecular genetic studies have shown the important roles played by cell communication signalling pathways, namely Wnt, Hedgehog, and transforming growth factor-beta/bone morphogenetic protein. These pathways regulate cell behaviours such as proliferation and differentiation to control maturation of the skeletal elements, and are affected when movement is altered. Cell contacts to the extra-cellular matrix as well as the cytoskeleton offer a means of mechanotransduction which could integrate mechanical cues with genetic regulation. Indeed, expression of cytoskeletal genes has been shown to be affected by immobilisation. In addition to furthering our understanding of a fundamental aspect of cell control and differentiation during development, research in this area is applicable to the engineering of stable skeletal tissues from stem cells, which relies on an understanding of developmental mechanisms including genetic and physical criteria. A deeper understanding of how movement affects skeletogenesis therefore has broader implications for regenerative therapeutics for injury or disease, as well as for optimisation of physical therapy regimes for individuals affected by skeletal abnormalities.

Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2015;4:105–116


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 94-B, Issue 11 | Pages 1441 - 1441
1 Nov 2012
Villar RN


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 94-B, Issue 11_Supple_A | Pages 141 - 146
1 Nov 2012
Minas T

Hyaline articular cartilage has been known to be a troublesome tissue to repair once damaged. Since the introduction of autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) in 1994, a renewed interest in the field of cartilage repair with new repair techniques and the hope for products that are regenerative have blossomed. This article reviews the basic science structure and function of articular cartilage, and techniques that are presently available to effect repair and their expected outcomes.


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 87-B, Issue 3 | Pages 401 - 407
1 Mar 2005
Giannoudis PV Da Costa AA Raman R Mohamed AK Smith RM

Injury to the sciatic nerve is one of the more serious complications of acetabular fracture and traumatic dislocation of the hip, both in the short and long term. We have reviewed prospectively patients, treated in our unit, for acetabular fractures who had concomitant injury to the sciatic nerve, with the aim of predicting the functional outcome after these injuries.

Of 136 patients who underwent stabilisation of acetabular fractures, there were 27 (19.9%) with neurological injury. At initial presentation, 13 patients had a complete foot-drop, ten had weakness of the foot and four had burning pain and altered sensation over the dorsum of the foot. Serial electromyography (EMG) studies were performed and the degree of functional recovery was monitored using the grading system of the Medical Research Council. In nine patients with a foot-drop, there was evidence of a proximal acetabular (sciatic) and a distal knee (neck of fibula) nerve lesion, the double-crush syndrome.

At the final follow-up, clinical examination and EMG studies showed full recovery in five of the ten patients with initial muscle weakness, and complete resolution in all four patients with sensory symptoms (burning pain and hyperaesthesia). There was improvement of functional capacity (motor and sensory) in two patients who presented initially with complete foot-drop. In the remaining 11 with foot-drop at presentation, including all nine with the double-crush lesion, there was no improvement in function at a mean follow-up of 4.3 years.