Aims

Although lumbosacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are well-documented, few large-scale studies have investigated thoracolumbar transitional vertebrae (TLTV) and spinal numerical variants. This study sought to establish the prevalence of numerical variants and to evaluate their relationship with clinical problems.

Lumbar spondylolysis is a stress fracture of the pars interarticularis. We have evaluated the site of origin of the fracture clinically and biomechanically.

Ten adolescents with incomplete stress fractures of the pars (four bilateral) were included in our study. There were seven boys and three girls aged between 11 and 17 years. The site of the fracture was confirmed by axial and sagittal reconstructed CT. The maximum principal tensile stresses and their locations in the L5 pars during lumbar movement were calculated using a three-dimensional finite-element model of the L3-S1 segment.

In all ten patients the fracture line was seen only at the caudal-ventral aspect of the pars and did not spread completely to the craniodorsal aspect. According to the finite-element analysis, the higher stresses were found at the caudal-ventral aspect in all loading modes. In extension, the stress was twofold higher in the ventral than in the dorsal aspect.

Our radiological and biomechanical results were in agreement with our clinical observations.

The effect of rheumatoid arthritis on the anatomy of the cervical spine has not been clearly documented. We studied 129 female patients, 90 with rheumatoid arthritis and 39 with other pathologies (the control group). There were 21 patients in the control group with a diagnosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy, and 18 with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. All had plain lateral radiographs taken of the cervical spine as well as a reconstructed CT scan. The axial diameter of the width of the pedicle, the thickness of the lateral mass, the height of the isthmus and internal height were measured. The transverse diameter of the transverse foramen (d1) and that of the spinal canal (d2) were measured, and the ratio d1/d2 calculated.

The width of the pedicles and the thickness of the lateral masses were significantly less in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than in those with other pathologies. The area of the transverse foramina in patients with rheumatoid arthritis was significantly greater than that in the other patients. The ratio of d1 to d2 was not significantly different. A high-riding vertebral artery was noted in 33.9% of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in 7.7% of those with other pathologies. This difference was statistically significant. In the rheumatoid group there was a significant correlation between isthmus height and vertical subluxation and between internal height and vertical subluxation.

It has been noted that bony union of a pars defect can be achieved in children if they wear a trunk brace. Our aim was to evaluate how the stage of the defect on CT and the presence or absence of high signal change in the adjacent pedicle on T2-weighted MRI were related to bony healing. We treated 23 children conservatively for at least three months. There were 19 boys and four girls with a mean age of 13.5 years (7 to 17). They were asked to refrain from sporting activity and to wear a Damen soft thoracolumbosacral type brace. There were 41 pars defects in 23 patients. These were classified as an early, progressive or terminal stage on CT. The early-stage lesions had a hairline crack in the pars interarticularis, which became a gap in the progressive stage. A terminal-stage defect was equivalent to a pseudarthrosis. On the T2-weighted MR scan the presence or absence of high signal change in the adjacent pedicle was assessed and on this basis the defects were divided into high signal change-positive or -negative. Healing of the defect was assessed by CT.

In all, 13 (87%) of the 15 early defects healed. Of 19 progressive defects, only six (32%) healed. None of the seven terminal defects healed. Of the 26 high signal change-positive defects 20 (77%) healed after conservative treatment whereas none of the high signal change-negative defects did so. We concluded that an early-stage defect on CT and high signal change in the adjacent pedicle on a T2-weighted MR scan are useful predictors of bony healing of a pars defect in children after conservative treatment.

Lumbar spondylolysis can heal with conservative treatment, but few attempts have been made to identify factors which may affect union of the defects in the pars. We have evaluated, retrospectively, the effects of prognostic variables on bony union of pars defects in 134 young patients less than 18 years of age with 239 defects of the pars who had been treated conservatively. All patients were evaluated by CT scans when first seen and more than six months later at follow-up.

The results showed that the spinal level and the stage of the defects were the predominant factors. The site of the defects in the pars, the presence or development of spondylolisthesis, the condition of the contralateral pars, the degree of lumbar lordosis and the degree of lumbar inclination all significantly affected union.