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The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 101-B, Issue 11 | Pages 1321 - 1324
1 Nov 2019
Kerr S Warwick D Haddad FS


The Bone & Joint Journal
Vol. 97-B, Issue 10 | Pages 1303 - 1308
1 Oct 2015
Logan JS Warwick D

Arthritis of the wrist is a painful disabling condition that has various causes and presentations. The traditional treatment has been a total wrist fusion at a price of the elimination of movement. However, forms of treatment which allow the preservation of movement are now preferred. Modern arthroplasties of the wrist are still not sufficiently robust to meet the demands of many patients, nor do they restore normal kinematics of the wrist. A preferable compromise may be selective excision and partial fusion of the wrist using knowledge of the aetiology and pattern of degenerative change to identify which joints can be sacrificed and which can be preserved.

This article provides an overview of the treatment options available for patients with arthritis of the wrist and an algorithm for selecting an appropriate surgical strategy.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1303–8.


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 94-B, Issue 6 | Pages 729 - 734
1 Jun 2012
Kakkos SK Warwick D Nicolaides AN Stansby GP Tsolakis IA

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of intermittent mechanical compression combined with pharmacological thromboprophylaxis, against either mechanical compression or pharmacological prophylaxis in preventing deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing hip or knee replacement. A total of six randomised controlled trials, evaluating a total of 1399 patients, were identified. In knee arthroplasty, the rate of DVT was reduced from 18.7% with anticoagulation alone to 3.7% with combined modalities (risk ratio (RR) 0.27, p = 0.03; number needed to treat: seven). There was moderate, albeit non-significant, heterogeneity (I2 = 42%). In hip replacement, there was a non-significant reduction in DVT from 8.7% with mechanical compression alone to 7.2% with additional pharmacological prophylaxis (RR 0.84) and a significant reduction in DVT from 9.7% with anticoagulation alone to 0.9% with additional mechanical compression (RR 0.17, p < 0.001; number needed to treat: 12), with no heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). The included studies had insufficient power to demonstrate an effect on pulmonary embolism.

We conclude that the addition of intermittent mechanical leg compression augments the efficacy of anticoagulation in preventing DVT in patients undergoing both knee and hip replacement. Further research on the role of combined modalities in thromboprophylaxis in joint replacement and in other high-risk situations, such as fracture of the hip, is warranted.


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 90-B, Issue 11 | Pages 1536 - 1536
1 Nov 2008
COHEN AT SKINNER JA WARWICK D BRENKEL I


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 90-B, Issue 2 | Pages 127 - 132
1 Feb 2008
Warwick D Dahl OE Fisher WD

Thromboprophylaxis remains a controversial subject. A vast amount of epidemiological and trial data about venous thromboembolism has been published over the past 40 years. These data have been distilled and synthesised into guidelines designed to help the practitioner translate this extensive research into ‘evidence-based’ advice.

Guidelines should, in theory, benefit patient care by ensuring that every patient routinely receives the best prophylaxis; without guidelines, it is argued, patients may fail to receive treatment or be exposed to protocols which are ineffective, dangerous or expensive.

Guidelines, however, have not been welcomed or applied universally. In the United States, orthopaedic surgeons have published their concerns about the thromboprophylaxis guidelines prepared by the American College of Chest Physicians. In Britain, controversy persists with many surgeons unconvinced of the risk/benefit, cost/benefit or practicality of thromboprophylaxis. The extended remit of the recent National Institute of Clinical Excellence thromboprophylaxis guidelines has been challenged.

The reasons for this disquiet are addressed in this paper and particular emphasis is placed on how clinically-acceptable guidelines could be developed and applied.


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 89-B, Issue 10 | Pages 1409 - 1410
1 Oct 2007
WARWICK D


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 89-B, Issue 7 | Pages 887 - 892
1 Jul 2007
Cohen AT Skinner JA Warwick D Brenkel I

Little is known about the efficacy of graduated compression stockings in preventing venous thromboembolism after hip surgery. We conducted a prospective, randomised single-blind study to determine whether the addition of compression stockings to fondaparinux conferred any additional benefit.

The study included 874 patients, of whom 795 could be evaluated (400 in the fondaparinux group and 395 in the fondaparinux plus compression stocking group). Fondaparinux was given post-operatively for five to nine days, either alone or combined with wearing stockings, which were worn for a mean 42 days (35 to 49).

The study outcomes were venous thromboembolism, or sudden death before day 42. Duplex ultrasonography was scheduled within a week of day 42. Safety outcomes were bleeding and death from venous thromboembolism.

The prevalence of deep-vein thrombosis was similar in the two groups 5.5% (22 of 400) in the fondaparinux group and 4.8 (19 of 395) in the fondaparinux plus stocking group (odds ratio 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.46 to 1.65, p = 0.69). Major bleeding occurred in only one patient.

The addition of graduated compression stockings to fondaparinux appears to offer no additional benefit over the use of fondaparinux alone.


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 89-B, Issue 6 | Pages 799 - 807
1 Jun 2007
Warwick D Friedman RJ Agnelli G Gil-Garay E Johnson K FitzGerald G Turibio FM

Patients who have undergone total hip or knee replacement (THR and TKR, respectively) are at high risk of venous thromboembolism. We aimed to determine the time courses of both the incidence of venous thromboembolism and effective prophylaxis. Patients with elective primary THR and TKR were enrolled in the multi-national Global Orthopaedic Registry. Data on the incidence of venous thromboembolism and prophylaxis were collected from 6639 THR and 8326 TKR patients.

The cumulative incidence of venous thromboembolism within three months of surgery was 1.7% in the THR and 2.3% in the TKR patients. The mean times to venous thromboembolism were 21.5 days (sd 22.5) for THR, and 9.7 days (sd 14.1) for TKR. It occurred after the median time to discharge in 75% of the THR and 57% of the TKA patients who developed venous thromboembolism. Of those who received recommended forms of prophylaxis, approximately one-quarter (26% of THR and 27% of TKR patients) were not receiving it seven days after surgery, the minimum duration recommended at the time of the study.

The risk of venous thromboembolism extends beyond the usual period of hospitalisation, while the duration of prophylaxis is often shorter than this. Practices should be re-assessed to ensure that patients receive appropriate durations of prophylaxis.


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 86-B, Issue 6 | Pages 788 - 792
1 Aug 2004
Warwick D


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 85-B, Issue 4 | Pages 620 - 620
1 May 2003
WARWICK D


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 84-B, Issue 3 | Pages 344 - 350
1 Apr 2002
Warwick D Harrison J Whitehouse S Mitchelmore A Thornton M

Patients who undergo total knee replacement (TKR)are at high risk of venous thromboembolism. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) are the most suitable chemical prophylactic agents but there are some uncertainties about their safety and effectiveness. The foot pump offers an alternative.

We randomised 229 patients undergoing primary, unilateral TKR to receive either the A-V Impulse foot pump or enoxaparin, a LMWH. Ascending venography was undertaken between the sixth and eighth postoperative day in 188 patients without knowledge of the randomisation category. The prevalence of venographic deep-vein thrombosis was 58% (57/99) in the foot-pump group and 54% (48/89) in the LMWH group which was not statistically significant. There were four cases of proximal thrombi and two of fatal pulmonary emboli in the foot-pump group and none in the LMWH group. There were fewer haemorrhagic complications and soft-tissue effects in the foot-pump group.

We conclude that the neither method provides superior prophylaxis.


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 82-B, Issue 4 | Pages 475 - 479
1 May 2000
Gillespie W Murray D Gregg PJ Warwick D


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 82-B, Issue 4 | Pages 480 - 482
1 May 2000
Warwick D Samama MM


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 80-B, Issue 2 | Pages 370 - 371
1 Mar 1998
WARWICK D


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 79-B, Issue 4 | Pages 694 - 694
1 Jul 1997
WARWICK D LEARMONTH ID WHITEHOUSE S


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 78-B, Issue 1 | Pages 165 - 166
1 Jan 1996
WARWICK D


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 78-B, Issue 1 | Pages 166 - 166
1 Jan 1996
WARWICK D


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 77-B, Issue 5 | Pages 715 - 719
1 Sep 1995
Warwick D Bannister G Glew D Mitchelmore A Thornton M Peters T Brookes S

In previous randomised clinical trials of thromboprophylaxis after total hip replacement, low-molecular-weight heparin has been given for an arbitrary 7 to 14 days. The risk factors are mainly perioperative and it is possible that a shorter course may be adequate. We assessed the safety and effectiveness of a three-day course. We assessed 156 primary THR patients after randomisation to either a control group or to receive enoxaparin at 12 hours preoperatively and 12 and 36 hours postoperatively. Thrombosis was diagnosed by routine venography. Haemorrhagic side-effects were assessed by measurement of blood loss, and soft-tissue side-effects by descriptive scores for wound discharge and bruising of the leg. The prevalence of calf thrombosis was 15.4% in the enoxaparin group and 32.1% in the control group (p = 0.01); the prevalence of proximal thrombosis was 15.4% and 17.9% respectively (not significant). There was no difference in haemorrhagic side-effects or wound discharge, but there was more bruising in the enoxaparin group.


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 77-B, Issue 2 | Pages 334 - 334
1 Mar 1995
Warwick D


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 77-B, Issue 1 | Pages 163 - 164
1 Jan 1995
Warwick D


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 77-B, Issue 1 | Pages 6 - 10
1 Jan 1995
Warwick D Williams M Bannister G

We studied 1162 consecutive total hip replacements (THR) to establish the incidence of fatal pulmonary embolism (PE), clinical non-fatal PE and deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) in the six months after surgery. Chemical thromboprophylaxis had not been routinely used. We used a validated questionnaire supplemented by post-mortem records and a review of the clinical notes. Follow-up was 100%. The death rate from PE was 0.34% (95% CI 0.09 to 0.88), with one fatal PE after discharge 40 days after operation. The clinical PE rate confirmed by imaging was 1.20% (CI 0.65 to 2.02), with 0.7% of patients readmitted. The venographically-confirmed clinical DVT rate was 1.89% (CI 1.11 to 2.76), with 1.13% readmitted. The total thromboembolic morbidity was 3.4% (95% CI 2.5% to 4.7%); prophylaxis to reduce this would be justifiable if the complications of such prophylaxis did not produce an alternative morbidity. The fatal PE rate after THR without routine chemical prophylaxis was low; a very large randomised clinical trial would be required to demonstrate directly whether any prophylactic measure could reduce this. There is a large discrepancy between the high DVT rate reported in clinical trials using universal screening venography and the symptomatic DVT rate shown in this study. We found insufficient evidence to recommend continuing thromboprophylaxis after discharge from hospital.


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 76-B, Issue 6 | Pages 918 - 921
1 Nov 1994
Warwick D Martin A Glew D Bannister G

We examined ten femoral veins with duplex ultrasound during total hip replacement to demonstrate the operative manoeuvres which cause venous obstruction and to assess prophylactic measures which may overcome it. Exposure of the acetabulum by distraction of the femur with a hook was less likely to occlude flow than retraction with bone levers. Adequate exposure of the femoral shaft by adduction, flexion and either internal or external rotation caused cessation of flow in all cases. In four cases an A-V Impulse System foot pump was activated during periods of stasis. In each case it overcame the obstruction and produced peak velocities which were twice that of the resting state. In five cases, towards the end of the procedure, debris was seen travelling proximally through the femoral vein.