The osteoinductive properties of demineralised bone matrix have been demonstrated in animal studies. However, its therapeutic efficacy has yet to be proven in humans. The clinical properties of AlloMatrix, an injectable calcium-based demineralised bone matrix allograft, were studied in a prospective randomised study of 50 patients with an isolated unstable distal radial fracture treated by reduction and Kirschner (K-) wire fixation. A total of 24 patients were randomised to the graft group (13 men and 11 women, mean age 42.3 years (20 to 62)) and 26 to the no graft group (8 men and 18 women, mean age 45.0 years (17 to 69)).

At one, three, six and nine weeks, and six and 12 months post-operatively, patients underwent radiological evaluation, assessments for range of movement, grip and pinch strength, and also completed the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire. At one and six weeks and one year post-operatively, bone mineral density evaluations of both wrists were performed.

No significant difference in wrist function and speed of recovery, rate of union, complications or bone mineral density was found between the two groups. The operating time was significantly higher in the graft group (p = 0.004). Radiologically, the reduction parameters remained similar in the two groups and all AlloMatrix extraosseous leakages disappeared after nine weeks.

This prospective randomised controlled trial did not demonstrate a beneficial effect of AlloMatrix demineralised bone matrix in the treatment of this category of distal radial fractures treated by K-wire fixation.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1514–20.

Stress shielding resulting in diminished bone density following total knee replacement (TKR) may increase the risk of migration and loosening of the prosthesis. This retrospective study was designed to quantify the effects of the method of fixation on peri-prosthetic tibial bone density beneath cemented and uncemented tibial components of similar design and with similar long-term survival rates. Standard radiographs taken between two months and 15 years post-operatively were digitised from a matched group of TKRs using cemented (n = 67) and uncemented (n = 67) AGC tibial prostheses. Digital radiograph densitometry was used to quantify changes in bone density over time. Age, length of follow-up, gender, body mass index and alignment each significantly influenced the long-term pattern of peri-prosthetic bone density. Similar long-term changes in density irrespective of the method of fixation correlated well with the high rate of survival of this TKR at 20 years, and suggest that cemented and uncemented fixation are both equally viable.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:911–16.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the risk of late displacement after the treatment of distal radial fractures with a locking volar plate, and to investigate the clinical and radiological factors that might correlate with re-displacement. From March 2007 to October 2009, 120 of an original cohort of 132 female patients with unstable fractures of the distal radius were treated with a volar locking plate, and were studied over a follow-up period of six months. In the immediate post-operative and final follow-up radiographs, late displacement was evaluated as judged by ulnar variance, radial inclination, and dorsal angulation. We also analysed the correlation of a variety of clinical and radiological factors with re-displacement. Ulnar variance was significantly overcorrected (p < 0.001) while radial inclination and dorsal angulation were undercorrected when compared statistically (p <  0.001) with the unaffected side in the immediate post-operative stage. During follow-up, radial shortening and dorsal angulation progressed statistically, but none had a value beyond the acceptable range. Bone mineral density measured at the proximal femur and the position of the screws in the subchondral region, correlated with slight progressive radial shortening, which was not clinically relevant.

Volar locking plating of distal radial fractures is a reliable form of treatment without substantial late displacement.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:396–400.

We matched 78 patients with a loose cemented Charnley Elite Plus total hip replacement (THR) by age, gender, race, prosthesis and time from surgery with 49 patients with a well-fixed stable hip replacement, to determine if poor bone quality predisposes to loosening. Clinical, radiological, biomechanical and bone mineral density indicators of bone quality were assessed.

Patients with loose replacements had more pain, were more likely to have presented with atrophic arthritis and to have a history of fragility fracture, narrower femoral cortices and lower peri-prosthetic or lumbar spine bone mineral density (all t-test, p < 0.01). They also tended to be smokers (chi-squared test, p = 0.08). Vitamin-D deficiency was common, but not significantly different between the two groups (t-test, p = 0.31)

In this series of cemented hip replacements performed between 1994 and 1998, aseptic loosening was associated with poor bone quality. Patients with a THR should be screened for osteoporosis and have regular radiological surveillance.

Osteoporosis and fragility fractures in men constitute a considerable burden in healthcare. We have reviewed 2035 men aged over 50 years with 2142 fractures to clarify the epidemiology of these injuries and their underlying risk factors. The prevalence of osteoporosis ranged between 17.5% in fractures of the ankle and 57.8% in those of the hip. The main risk factors associated with osteoporosis were smoking (47.4%), alcohol excess (36.2%), body mass index < 21 (12.8%) and a family history of osteoporosis (8.4%). Immobility, smoking, self-reported alcohol excess, a low body mass index, age ≥72 and loss in height were significantly more common among men with fractures of the hip than in those with fractures elsewhere.

The October 2012 Oncology Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: the causes of primary bone tumours; adjuvant chemotherapy in the longer term; vascularised fibular grafts to salvage massive femoral allografts; a new look at old risks; reconstruction with excised irradiated bone; predicting chemosensitivity in osteosarcoma ; and chemotherapy, osteoporosis and the risk of fracture.

The October 2012 Hip & Pelvis Roundup³⁶⁰ looks at: diagnosing the infected hip replacement; whether tranexamic acid has a low complication rate; the relationship between poor cementing technique and early failure of resurfacing; debridement and retention for the infected replacement; triple-tapered stems and bone mineral density; how early discharge can be bad for your sleep; an updated QFracture algorithm to predict the risk of an osteoporotic fracture; and local infiltration analgesia and total hip replacement.

Stems improve the mechanical stability of tibial components in total knee replacement (TKR), but come at a cost of stress shielding along their length. Their advantages include resistance to shear, reduced tibial lift-off and increased stability by reducing micromotion. Longer stems may have disadvantages including stress shielding along the length of the stem with associated reduction in bone density and a theoretical risk of subsidence and loosening, peri-prosthetic fracture and end-of-stem pain. These features make long stems unattractive in the primary TKR setting, but often desirable in revision surgery with bone loss and instability. In the revision scenario, stems are beneficial in order to convey structural stability to the construct and protect the reconstruction of bony defects. Cemented and uncemented long stemmed implants have different roles depending on the nature of the bone loss involved.

This review discusses the biomechanics of the design of tibial components and stems to inform the selection of the component and the technique of implantation.

We evaluated the biomechanical properties of two different methods of fixation for unstable fractures of the proximal humerus. Biomechanical testing of the two groups, locking plate alone (LP), and locking plate with a fibular strut graft (LPSG), was performed using seven pairs of human cadaveric humeri. Cyclical loads between 10 N and 80 N at 5 Hz were applied for 1 000 000 cycles. Immediately after cycling, an increasing axial load was applied at a rate of displacement of 5 mm/min. The displacement of the construct, maximum failure load, stiffness and mode of failure were compared.

The displacement was significantly less in the LPSG group than in the LP group (p = 0.031). All maximum failure loads and measures of stiffness in the LPSG group were significantly higher than those in the LP group (p = 0.024 and p = 0.035, respectively). In the LP group, varus collapse and plate bending were seen. In the LPSG group, the humeral head cut out and the fibular strut grafts fractured. No broken plates or screws were seen in either group.

We conclude that strut graft augmentation significantly increases both the maximum failure load and the initial stiffness of this construct compared with a locking plate alone.

We investigated the safety and efficacy of treating osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with an intravertebral cleft by balloon kyphoplasty. Our study included 27 patients who were treated in this way. The mean follow-up was 38.2 months (24 to 54). The anterior and middle heights of the vertebral body and the kyphotic angle were measured on standing lateral radiographs before surgery, one day after surgery, and at final follow-up. Leakage of cement was determined by CT scans. A visual analogue scale and the Oswestry disability index were chosen to evaluate pain and functional activity. Statistically significant improvements were found between the pre- and post-operative assessments (p < 0.05) but not between the post-operative and final follow-up assessments (p > 0.05). Asymptomatic leakage of cement into the paravertebral vein occurred in one patient, as did leakage into the intervertebral disc in another patient.

We suggest that balloon kyphoplasty is a safe and effective minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with an intravertebral cleft.

The aim of this study was to determine the comorbid risk factors for failure in young patients who undergo fixation of a displaced fracture of the femoral neck. We identified from a prospective database all such patients ≤ 60 years of age treated with reduction and internal fixation. The main outcome measures were union, failure of fixation, nonunion and the development of avascular necrosis.

There were 122 patients in the study. Union occurred in 83 patients (68%) at a mean follow-up of 58 months (18 to 155). Complications occurred in 39 patients (32%) at a mean of 11 months (0.5 to 39). The rate of nonunion was 7.4% (n = 9) and of avascular necrosis was 11.5% (n = 14). Failures were more common in patients over 40 years of age (p = 0.03). Univariate analysis identified that delay in time to fixation (> 24 hours), alcohol excess and pre-existing renal, liver or respiratory disease were all predictive of failure (all p < 0.05). Of these, alcohol excess, renal disease and respiratory disease were most predictive of failure on multivariate analysis.

Younger patients with fractures of the femoral neck should be carefully evaluated for comorbidities that increase the risk of failure after reduction and fixation. In patients with a history of alcohol abuse, renal or respiratory disease, arthroplasty should be considered as an alternative treatment.

Medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy has been gaining popularity in recent years, but adequate supporting material is required in the osteotomy gap for early weight-bearing and rapid union. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the implantation of a polycaprolactone-tricalcium phosphate composite scaffold wedge would enhance healing of the osteotomy in a micro pig model. We carried out open-wedge high tibial osteotomies in 12 micro pigs aged from 12 to 16 months. A scaffold wedge was inserted into six of the osteotomies while the other six were left open. Bone healing was evaluated after three and six months using plain radiographs, CT scans, measurement of the bone mineral density and histological examination.

Complete bone union was obtained at six months in both groups. There was no collapse at the osteotomy site, loss of correction or failure of fixation in either group. Staining with haematoxylin and eosin demonstrated that there was infiltration of new bone tissue into the macropores and along the periphery of the implanted scaffold in the scaffold group. The CT scans and measurement of the bone mineral density showed that at six months specimens in the scaffold group had a higher bone mineral density than in the control group, although the implantation of the polycaprolactone-tricalcium phosphate composite scaffold wedge did not enhance healing of the osteotomy.

Low bone mass and osteopenia have been described in the axial and peripheral skeleton of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Recently, many studies have shown that gene polymorphism is related to osteoporosis. However, no studies have linked the association between IL6 gene polymorphism and bone mass in AIS. This study examined the association between bone mass and IL6 gene polymorphism in 198 girls with AIS. The polymorphisms of IL6-597 G→A, IL6-572 G→C and IL6-174 G→A and the bone mineral density in the lumbar spine and femoral neck were analysed and compared with their levels in healthy controls. The mean bone mineral density at both sites in patients with AIS was decreased compared with controls (p = 0.0022 and p = 0.0013, respectively). Comparison of genotype frequencies between AIS and healthy controls revealed a statistically significant difference in IL6-572 G→C polymorphism (p = 0.0305). There was a significant association between the IL6-572 G→C polymorphism and bone mineral density in the lumbar spine, with the CC genotype significantly higher with the GC (p = 0.0124) or GG (p = 0.0066) genotypes.

These results suggest that the IL6-572 G→C polymorphism is associated with bone mineral density in the lumbar spine in Korean girls with AIS.

We examined prospectively collected data from 6782 consecutive hip fractures and identified 327 fractures in 315 women aged ≤65 years. We report on their demographic characteristics, treatment and outcome and compare them with a cohort of 4810 hip fractures in 4542 women aged > 65 years.

The first significant increase in age-related incidence of hip fracture was at 45, rather than 50, which is when screening by the osteoporosis service starts in most health areas. Hip fractures in younger women are sustained by a population at risk as a result of underlying disease. Mortality of younger women with hip fracture was 46 times the background mortality of the female population. Smoking had a strong influence on the relative risk of ‘early’ (≤ 65 years of age) fracture.

Lag screw fixation was the most common method of operative treatment. General complication rates were low, as were re-operation rates for cemented prostheses. Kaplan-Meier implant survivorship of displaced intracapsular fractures treated by reduction and lag screw fixation was 71% (95% confidence interval 56 to 81) at five years. The best form of treatment remains controversial.

The major advantage of hip resurfacing is the decreased amount of bone resection compared with a standard total hip replacement. Fracture of the femoral neck is the most common early complication and poor bone quality is a major risk factor. We undertook a prospective consecutive case control study examining the effect of bone mineral density changes in patients undergoing hip resurfacing surgery. A total of 423 patients were recruited with a mean age of 54 years (24 to 87). Recruitment for this study was dependent on pre-operative bilateral femoral bone mineral density results not being osteoporotic. The operated and non-operated hips were assessed. Bone mineral density studies were repeated over a two-year period. The results showed no significant deterioration in the bone mineral density in the superolateral region in the femoral neck, during that period.

These findings were in the presence of a markedly increased level of physical activity, as measured by the short-form 36 health survey physical function score.

Revision surgery of the hip was performed on 114 hips using an extensively porous-coated femoral component. Of these, 95 hips (94 patients) had a mean follow-up of 10.2 years (5 to 17). No cortical struts were used and the cortical index and the femoral cortical width were measured at different levels.

There were two revisions for aseptic loosening. Survivorship at 12 years for all causes of failure was 96.9% (95% confidence interval 93.5 to 100) in the best-case scenario. Fibrous or unstable fixation was associated with major bone defects. The cortical index (p = 0.045) and the lateral cortical thickness (p = 0.008) decreased at the proximal level over time while the medial cortex increased (p = 0.001) at the proximal and distal levels. An increase in the proximal medial cortex was found in patients with an extended transtrochanteric osteotomy (p = 0.026) and in those with components shorter than 25 cm (p = 0.008).

The use of the extensively porous-coated femoral component can provide a solution for difficult cases in revision surgery. Radiological bony ingrowth is common. Although without clinical relevance at the end of follow-up, the thickness of the medial femoral cortex often increased while that of the lateral cortex decreased. In cases in which a shorter component was used and in those undertaken using an extended trochanteric osteotomy, there was a greater increase in thickness of the femoral cortex over time.

The outcome at ten years of 100 Freeman hip stems (Finsbury Orthopaedics, Leatherhead, United Kingdom) retaining the neck with a proximal hydroxyapatite coating in a series of 52 men (six bilateral) and 40 women (two bilateral), has been described previously. None required revision for aseptic loosening. We have extended the follow-up to 20 years with a minimum of 17 years. The mean age of the patients at total hip replacement was 58.9 years (19 to 84).

Six patients were lost to follow-up, but were included up to their last clinical review. A total of 22 patients (22 hips) had died, all from causes unrelated to their surgery. There have been 43 re-operations for failure of the acetabular component. However, in 38 of these the stem was not revised since it remained stable and there was no associated osteolysis. Two of the revisions were for damage to the trunnion after fracture of a modular ceramic head, and in another two, removal of the femoral component was because of the preference of the surgeon. In all cases the femoral component was well fixed, but could be extracted at the time of acetabular revision. In one case both components were revised for deep infection. There has been one case of aseptic loosening of the stem which occurred at 14 years. This stem had migrated distally by 7.6 mm in ten years and 8.4 mm at the time of revision at which stage it was found to be rotationally loose. With hindsight this component had been undersized at implantation.

The survivorship for the stem at 17 years with aseptic loosening as the endpoint was 98.6% (95% confidence interval 95.9 to 100) when 62 hips were at risk. All remaining stems had a satisfactory clinical and radiological outcome. The Freeman proximally hydroxyapatite-coated femoral component is therefore a dependable implant and its continued use can be recommended.

This study prospectively compared the efficacy of kyphoplasty using a Jack vertebral dilator and balloon kyphoplasty to treat osteoporotic compression fractures between T10 and L5. Between 2004 and 2009, two groups of 55 patients each underwent vertebral dilator kyphoplasty and balloon kyphoplasty, respectively. Pain, function, the Cobb angle, and the anterior and middle height of the vertebral body were assessed before and after operation. Leakage of bone cement was recorded. The post-operative change in the Cobb angle was significantly greater in the dilator kyphoplasty group than in the balloon kyphoplasty group (−9.51° (sd 2.56) vs −7.78° (sd 1.19), p < 0.001)). Leakage of cement was less in the dilator kyphoplasty group. No other significant differences were found in the two groups after operation, and both procedures gave equally satisfactory results in terms of all other variables assessed. No serious complications occurred in either group.

These findings suggest that vertebral dilator kyphoplasty can facilitate better correction of kyphotic deformity and may ultimately be a safer procedure in reducing leakage of bone cement.

The cortical strains on the femoral neck and proximal femur were measured before and after implantation of a resurfacing femoral component in 13 femurs from human cadavers. These were loaded into a hip simulator for single-leg stance and stair-climbing. After resurfacing, the mean tensile strain increased by 15% (95% confidence interval (CI) 6 to 24, p = 0.003) on the lateral femoral neck and the mean compressive strain increased by 11% (95% CI 5 to 17, p = 0.002) on the medial femoral neck during stimulation of single-leg stance. On the proximal femur the deformation pattern remained similar to that of the unoperated femurs.

The small increase of strains in the neck area alone would probably not be sufficient to cause fracture of the neck However, with patient-related and surgical factors these strain changes may contribute to the risk of early periprosthetic fracture.