Aims. This retrospective cohort study compared the results of vascularised and non-vascularised anterior sliding tibial grafts for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA)of the ankle secondary to osteonecrosis of the talus. . Patients and Methods. We reviewed the clinical and radiological outcomes of 27 patients who underwent arthrodesis with either vascularised or non-vascularised (conventional) grafts, comparing the outcomes (clinical scores, proportion with successful union and time to union) between the two groups. The clinical outcome was assessed using the Mazur and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scores. The mean follow-up was 35 months (24 to 68). Results. The mean outcome scores increased significantly in both groups. In the vascularised graft group, the mean Mazur score improved from 36.9 to 74.6 and the mean AOFAS scale improved from 49.6 to 80.1. . In the conventional arthrodesis group, the mean Mazur score improved from 35.5 to 65 and the mean AOFAS scale from 49.2 to 67.6. . Complete fusion was achieved in 13 patients (76%) in the vascularised group, but only four (40%) in the conventional group. The clinical outcomes and proportion achieving union were significantly better in the vascularised group compared with the conventional arthrodesis group, although time to union was similar in the two groups. Take home message: Vascularised sliding tibial grafts may be used to achieve arthrodesis in patients with OA of the ankle secondary to osteonecrosis of the talus. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:359–64

Using radiography and computer tomography (CT) we studied the morphology of 83 hips in 69 Caucasian adults with osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). A previously published series of 310 hips with primary osteoarthritis was used as a control group. According to the Crowe classification, 33 of the dysplastic hips were graded as class I, 27 as class II and 23 as class III or class IV. The intramedullary femoral canal had reduced mediolateral and anteroposterior dimensions in all groups compared with the control group. Only in Crowe class II hips was the femoral neck-shaft angle increased. The proximal femur had more anteversion in all the developmental dysplasia of the hip groups, ranging from 2° to 80°. Templated measurement of acetabular dimensions for plain radiography closely matched measurements taken by CT. The results of our study confirm the observations previously confined to the Japanese population

We compared 55 consecutive total hip replacements performed on 53 morbidly obese patients with osteoarthritis with a matched group of 55 total hip replacements in 53 non-obese patients. The groups were matched for age, gender, prosthesis type, laterality and preoperative Harris Hip Score. They were followed prospectively for five years and the outcomes were assessed using the Harris Hip Score, the Short-form 36 score and radiological findings. Survival at five years using revision surgery as an endpoint, was 90.9% (95% confidence interval 82.9 to 98.9) for the morbidly obese and 100% for the non-obese patients. The Harris Hip and the Short-form 36 scores were significantly better in the non-obese group (p < 0.001). The morbidly obese patients had a higher rate of complications (22% vs 5%, p = 0.012), which included dislocation and both superficial and deep infection. In light of these inferior results, morbidly obese patients should be advised to lose weight before undergoing a total hip replacement, and counselled regarding the complications. Despite these poorer results, however, the patients have improved function and quality of life

The Motec cementless modular metal-on-metal ball-and-socket wrist arthroplasty was implanted in 16 wrists with scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse (SNAC; grades 3 or 4) and 14 wrists with scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC) in 30 patients (20 men) with severe (grades 3 or 4) post-traumatic osteoarthritis of the wrist. The mean age of the patients was 52 years (31 to 71). All prostheses integrated well radiologically. At a mean follow-up of 3.2 years (1.1 to 6.1) no luxation or implant breakage occurred. Two wrists were converted to an arthrodesis for persistent pain. Loosening occurred in one further wrist at five years post-operatively. The remainder demonstrated close bone–implant contact. The clinical results were good, with markedly decreased Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) and pain scores, and increased movement and grip strength. No patient used analgesics and most had returned to work. Good short-term function was achieved using this wrist arthroplasty in a high-demand group of patients with post-traumatic osteoarthritis

There are theoretical and practical advantages to modular rather than monoblock designs of prostheses for shoulder arthroplasty, but there are no reported studies which specifically compare the clinical and radiological results of their use. We have compared the results of unconstrained total shoulder arthroplasty for osteoarthritis using both types of implant. The monoblock design was used between 1992 and 1995 and the modular design after 1995. Both had cemented all-polyethylene glenoids, the monoblock with matched and the modular with mismatched radii of curvature. There were 34 consecutive shoulders in each group with a mean follow-up of 6.1 years in the first and 5.2 years in the second. There were no significant differences in improvement of pain scores, active elevation, external rotation, internal rotation, patient satisfaction, or the Neer ratings between the two groups. Two of 28 glenoid components in the first group and six of 30 in the second met the criteria for being radiologically at risk for loosening (p = 0.25). There were no significant differences in clinical outcome or radiological changes between the first- and second-generation designs of implant for shoulder arthroplasty

Medial tibial plateaux excised during 46 unicompartmental arthroplasties for osteoarthritis were collected and photographed. The anterior cruciate ligament was intact in all joints. In every case the cartilage and bone erosion was centred anteriorly on the plateau and the posterior cartilage was intact. The site of the lesion and the intact state of the cruciate ligaments taken together explain why varus deformity was observed only in the extended knee, and why the deformity was correctable and had not become fixed. Failure of the anterior cruciate ligament may allow the erosion to extend posteriorly, producing fixed varus deformity and leading to degeneration of the lateral compartment. Anteromedial osteoarthritis is a distinct clinicopathological entity; its radiographic features enable it to be diagnosed from lateral radiographs; its anatomical features render it suitable for treatment by unicompartmental arthroplasty

1. In fifteen patients with unilateral osteoarthritis of the hip bilateral measurements of the intraosseous pressure of the femoral neck and determination of femoral vein pressure were done simultaneously. These pressure examinations were followed by bilateral intraosseous phlebography of the proximal part of the femur. 2. In a second series of fifteen patients the intraosseous pressures of the femoral head and neck were measured simultaneously before operation for osteoarthritis. 3. The pressure in the femoral vein was equal on the two sides. The intraosseous pressure in the femoral neck was always higher in the arthritic hip than on the unaffected side. In hips with osteoarthritis the pressure in the femoral head was higher than the pressure in the neck. 4. Intraosseous phlebography indicated a state of intramedullary venous engorgement in osteoarthritis. The normal channels for venous drainage from the femoral head and neck were not visible in the phlebographs from the arthritic side. Instead, drainage took place through descending intramedullary vessels to the trochanteric region and down into the femoral shaft. The emptying of intraosseous contrast material from the arthritic hip was delayed. 5. The phlebographs indicated that the abnormally high intraosseous pressure observed in osteoarthritis is caused by a high resistance to flow across the cortex of the proximal part of the femur. 6. The aching rest pain typical of severe osteoarthritis was noted only in patients with intraosseous femoral neck pressure above 40 millimetres of mercury, an indication that this type of pain is caused by intramedullary hypertension. The decrease of arteriovenous pressure difference, caused by increase of resistance to venous outflow, is probably accompanied by disturbances of nutritive flow. This "venous ischaemia" may play an important role for the structural changes of cancellous bone in osteoarthritis

1 . Criticisms are expressed of previous reports on the use of intra-articular injections in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. 2. A series of 181 patients with primary osteoarthritis of the knee treated by certain intra-articular injections is reported. Three solutions in common use were studied; normal saline and mock injections served as controls. 3. Irrespective of the injection used, including the controls, no significant difference in the effects was demonstrated in the results. 4. The place of intra-articular injection therapy in osteoarthritis is discussed. Attention is drawn to the psychological implications

We compared the length of hospitalisation, rate of infection, dislocation of the hip and revision, and mortality following primary hip and knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (n = 1064) and a matched control group (n = 3192). The data were collected from nationwide Finnish health registers. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease had a longer peri-operative hospitalisation (median 13 days vs eight days, p < 0.001) and an increased risk for hip revision with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.76 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03 to 3.00). Dislocation was the leading indication for revision. There was no difference in the rates of infection, dislocation of the hip, knee revision and short-term mortality. In long-term follow-up, patients with Alzheimer’s disease had a higher mortality (HR 1.43; 95% CI 1.22 to 1.70), and only one third survived ten years post-operatively. Increased age and comorbidity were associated with longer peri-operative hospitalisation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:654–61

1. The venographic findings in clinical primary osteoarthritis are described. 2. Experimental venous engorgement, of the knee joint and of healing fibular fractures, results in accelerated bone formation and disturbed cartilage formation. 3. Changes in pH, ppCO. 2. , and PPO. 2. are indicated as the chemical means by which chondrogenesis and osteogenesis can be altered. 4. It is suggested that chronic venous stress in joints is a causal factor in primary osteoarthritis

We used single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to determine the long-term risk of degenerative change after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Our study population was a prospective series of 31 patients with a mean age at injury of 27.8 years (18 to 47) and a mean follow-up of ten years (9 to 13) after bone-patellar tendon-bone reconstruction of the ACL. The contralateral normal knee was used as a control. All knees were clinically stable with high clinical scores (mean Lysholm score, 93; mean Tegner activity score, 6). Fifteen patients had undergone a partial meniscectomy and ACL reconstruction at or before reconstruction of their ACL. In the group with an intact meniscus, clinical symptoms of osteoarthritis (OA) were found in only one patient (7%), who was also the only patient with marked isotope uptake on the SPECT scan compatible with OA. In the group which underwent a partial meniscectomy, clinical symptoms of OA were found in two patients (13%), who were among five (31%) with isotope uptake compatible with OA. Only one patient (7%) in this group had evidence of advanced OA on plain radiographs. The risk of developing OA after ACL reconstruction in this series is very low and lower than published figures for untreated ACL-deficient knees. There is a significant increase (p < 0.05) in degenerative change in patients who had a reconstruction of their ACL and a partial meniscectomy compared with those who had a reconstruction of their ACL alone

The management of osteoarthritis of the knee associated with patellar instability secondary to external tibial torsion > 45° is challenging. Patellofemoral biomechanics in these patients cannot be achieved by intra-articular correction using standard techniques of total knee replacement. We reviewed seven patients (eight knees) with recurrent patellar dislocation and one with bilateral irreducible lateral dislocation who had undergone simultaneous total knee replacement and internal tibial derotational osteotomy. All had osteoarthritis and severe external tibial torsion. The mean follow-up was for 47.2 months (24 to 120). The mean objective and functional Knee Society scores improved significantly (p = 0.0001) from 29.7 and 41.5 pre-operatively to 71.4 and 73.5 post-operatively, respectively. In all patients the osteotomies healed and patellar stability was restored. Excessive external tibial torsion should be identified and corrected in patients with osteoarthritis and patellar instability. Simultaneous internal rotation osteotomy of the tibia and total knee replacement is a technically demanding but effective treatment for such patients

Osteoarthritis, as seen in the hip, is a disease which eventually embraces all the tissues of the joint but begins as a reaction of the juxta-chondral blood vessels to a degeneration of the articular cartilage; this reaction results in a hyperaemia of the bone. To our surprise we found that daily use preserves rather than "wears out" articular cartilage; indeed inadequate use is the commonest cause of cartilage degeneration and ensuing vascular invasion. To this factor are added the effects of excessive pressure in the many patients who require surgical treatment for advanced osteoarthritis of a hip the seat of some anatomical incongruity. This etiology based on cartilage suffering does not exclude, but indeed explains, the osteoarthritis implanted on joints of a normal shape which have been previously affected by acute or chronic inflammation or by hormonal dysfunction, such as acromegalic osteoarthritis. The stimulus to vessel growth and invasion is the same in all these cases—namely cartilage damage. Once the vessels have entered the cartilage the bone and marrow of the osteophyte are inevitably laid down. What is so damaging in osteoarthritis seems to be not the degeneration of the cartilage but the vigorous and persistent attempt at repair, an attempt which aggravates the already disordered function of the joint not only by osteophyte formation but by the hypervascularity which weakens the structure of the bone beyond the point where it can carry its increased load. The collapse that follows provokes further reparative efforts with the same deplorable results. The osteoarthritic process thus appears to be an attempt to transform a decaying joint into a youthful one and for this, as in the miraculous rejuvenation depicted in Goethe's Faust, a high price must ultimately be paid

1. Thirty-seven hips with osteoarthritis underwent phlebography before intertrochanteric osteotomy. The results of this study were reported previously. 2. Thirty-two of the hips were studied and have had a clinical, radiological and phlebographic examination about one year after operation. Three of these were excluded because of technical failures. 3. Twenty-four hips had a normal pattern of venous drainage after operation; of these only two had normal patterns before operation and the rest had had many abnormalities of venous drainage. These hips had been completely or considerably relieved of pain at rest and on activity. 4. In the other five hips, although the venous drainage pattern was still abnormal, in only one was there significant deterioration in the venous pattern; in this group there was also some alleviation of rest pain. 5. The findings are discussed in relation to the pathology of osteoarthritis and the possible influences of intertrochanteric osteotomy. 6. The pain produced by the injection of radiopaque material into the femoral head was similar to the rest pain. This finding is discussed in relation to venous obstruction and congestion

We carried out three total knee replacements with proximal realignment in two patients with severe osteoarthritis of the knee and congenital dislocation of the patella. During the operation, the femur and the tibia were cut according to the recommendations of the manufacturer of the implant. The femoral component was placed in external rotation and the centre of the tibial component aligned in relation to the tibial tuberosity with regard to rotation and translation. After making the bone cuts, the iliotibial tract was detached from Gerdy’s tubercle, the popliteus tendon divided, and the biceps femoris tendon elongated by Z-plasty. After the trial implants were positioned, a proximal re-alignment procedure was performed. One knee had deep infection. There was one dislocated patella which was repositioned, and walking ability was improved in all knees. We believe that the rotational alignment of a prosthesis is as important as the soft-tissue surgery

We report eight patients with prominent cystic changes in the head of the fibula. Seven of these had osteoarthritis of the adjacent knee, and five had evidence of local deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals. A radiographic survey of 470 knees in 254 patients with osteoarthritis suggested that such cysts are rare, but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of such changes before expensive or invasive investigations are performed

1. Osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the hip induces a fibrin layer over the exposed bone which forms the basis of a fibrocellular protective mantle that can differentiate towards cartilage. 2. The process is accompanied by bone remodelling, which reduces sclerosis, resolves osteolytic foci and, in company with bone formation in the fibrous mantle, restores the subchondral plate. 3. Many important aspects of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and of its partial repair by osteotomy remain to be elucidated

Interest in unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) for the treatment of medial compartment osteoarthritis has increased in recent years with apparent improvement in the long-term results. This is a result of improved surgical technique, patient selection, and implant design. In an effort further to improve patient selection we analysed the relationship between the pre-operative alignment of the knee and the anatomical findings at the time of surgery. We compared these findings with the indications for UKA. From 4021 total knee arthroplasties we compared intra-operative observations with the pre-operative clinical data in order to identify knees with isolated, medial, compartment changes, which would have been ideal candidates for UKA. We found that only 247 of the knees (6.1%) met anatomical qualifications for isolated, medial, unicompartmental osteoarthritis, and of these, only 168 (4.3%) met clinical standards ideal for UKA. Pre-operative alignment showed a significant relationship with patterns of disease. Logistic regression revealed a relationship between pre-operative alignment and intra-operative findings resembling a Gaussian distribution. Patients with a pre-operative varus alignment of 7° were slightly more likely to be selected for UKA. But the further the anatomical alignment in either direction varies from 7° of varus, the more unlikely it is for the knee to exhibit a disease pattern of isolated, medial, unicompartmental osteoarthritis

We evaluated the long-term results of 116 total hip replacements with a superolateral shelfplasty in 102 patients with osteoarthritis secondary to developmental dysplasia of the hip. After a mean follow-up of 19.5 years (11.5 to 26.0), 14 acetabular components (12%) had been revised. The cumulative survival at 20 years was 78%, with revision for loosening of the acetabular component as the end-point. All grafts were well integrated and showed remodelling. In six grafts some resorption had occurred under the heads of the screws where the graft was not supporting the socket. Apart from these 14 revisions, seven acetabular components had possible radiological signs of loosening at a mean follow-up of 14.5 years, one had signs of probable loosening, and five had signs of definite loosening. These results indicate that this technique of bone grafting for acetabular reconstruction in hip dysplasia is a durable solution for cemented acetabular components

We suggest that different mechanisms underlie joint pain at rest and on movement in osteoarthritis and that separate assessment of these two features with a visual analogue scale (VAS) offers better information about the likely effect of a total knee replacement (TKR) on pain. The risk of persistent pain after TKR may relate to the degree of central sensitisation before surgery, which might be assessed by determining the pain threshold to an electrical stimulus created by a special tool, the Pain Matcher. Assessments were performed in 69 patients scheduled for TKR. At 18 months after operation, separate assessment of pain at rest and with movement was again carried out using a VAS in order to enable comparison of pre- and post-operative measurements. A less favourable outcome in terms of pain relief was observed for patients with a high pre-operative VAS score for pain at rest and a low pain threshold, both features which may reflect a central sensitisation mechanism