Aims

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are common orthopaedic procedures requiring postoperative radiographs to confirm implant positioning and identify complications. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based image analysis has the potential to automate this postoperative surveillance. The aim of this study was to prepare a scoping review to investigate how AI is being used in the analysis of radiographs following THA and TKA, and how accurate these tools are.

This single-blinded randomised controlled trial investigated whether one design of mobile-bearing (MB) total knee replacement (TKR) has any advantage over a fixed-bearing (FB) design on long-term fixation as measured by radiostereometry. The amount of wear underneath the mobile bearing was also evaluated. A series of 42 knees was randomised to MB or FB tibial components with appropriate polyethylene inserts and followed for between ten and 12 years, or until the death of the patient. The polyethylene in the MB group was superior in that it was gamma-irradiated in inert gas and was calcium-stearate free; the polyethylene in the FB group was gamma-irradiated in air and contained calcium stearate. In theory this should be advantageous to the wear rate of the MB group. At final follow-up the overall mean migration was 0.75 mm (. sd. 0.76) in the MB group and 0.66 mm (. sd. 0.4) in the FB group, with the FB group demonstrating more posterior tilt and the MB group more internal rotation. In the FB group there was one revision for aseptic loosening, but none in the MB group. There were no significant differences in clinical or radiological scores. . For the MB group, the mean linear wear rate on the under-surface was 0.026 mm/year (. sd.  0.014). This was significantly smaller than the wear rate of 0.11 mm/year (. sd. 0.06) in the MB between femur and polyethylene (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, even in a best-case setting the mobile bearings of this TKR design had no apparent advantage in terms of fixation over the FB knee prosthesis at ten to 12 years. The wear underneath the mobile bearing was small and is unlikely to be clinically relevant

In a prospective study between 2000 and 2005, 22 patients with primary osteoarthritis of the shoulder had a total shoulder arthroplasty with a standard five-pegged glenoid component, 12 with non-offset humeral head and ten with offset humeral head components. Over a period of 24 months the relative movement of the glenoid component with respect to the scapula was measured using radiostereometric analysis. Nine glenoids needed reaming for erosion. There was a significant increase in rotation about all three axes with time (p < 0.001), the largest occurring about the longitudinal axis (anteversion-retroversion), with mean values of 3.8° and 1.9° for the non-offset and offset humeral head eroded subgroups, respectively. There was also a significant difference in rotation about the anteversion-retroversion axis (p = 0.01) and the varus-valgus (p < 0.001) z-axis between the two groups. The offset humeral head group reached a plateau at early follow-up with rotation about the z-axis, whereas the mean of the non-offset humeral head group at 24 months was three times greater than that of the offset group accounting for the highly significant difference between them

Aims

One of the main causes of tibial revision surgery for total knee arthroplasty is aseptic loosening. Therefore, stable fixation between the tibial component and the cement, and between the tibial component and the bone, is essential. A factor that could influence the implant stability is the implant design, with its different variations. In an existing implant system, the tibial component was modified by adding cement pockets. The aim of this experimental in vitro study was to investigate whether additional cement pockets on the underside of the tibial component could improve implant stability. The relative motion between implant and bone, the maximum pull-out force, the tibial cement mantle, and a possible path from the bone marrow to the metal-cement interface were determined.

The creep and wear behaviour of highly cross-linked polyethylene and standard polyethylene liners were examined in a prospective, double-blind randomised, controlled trial using radiostereometric analysis. We randomised 54 patients to receive hip replacements with either highly cross-linked polyethylene or standard liners and determined the three-dimensional penetration of the liners over three years. After three years the mean total penetration was 0.35 mm (SD 0.14) for the highly cross-linked polyethylene group and 0.45 mm (SD 0.19) for the standard group. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.0184). From the pattern of penetration it was possible to discriminate creep from wear. Most (95%) of the creep occurred within six months of implantation and nearly all within the first year. There was no difference in the mean degree of creep between the two types of polyethylene (highly cross-linked polyethylene 0.26 mm, SD 0.17; standard 0.27 mm, SD 0.2; p = 0.83). There was, however, a significant difference (p = 0.012) in the mean wear rate (highly cross-linked polyethylene 0.03 mm/yr, SD 0.06; standard 0.07 mm/yr, SD 0.05). Creep and wear occurred in significantly different directions (p = 0.01); creep was predominantly proximal whereas wear was anterior, proximal and medial. We conclude that penetration in the first six months is creep-dominated, but after one year virtually all penetration is due to wear. Highly cross-linked polyethylene has a 60% lower rate of wear than standard polyethylene and therefore will probably perform better in the long term

Aims

Higher osteoblastic bone activity is expected in aseptic loosening and painful unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). However, insights into normal bone activity patterns after medial UKAs are lacking. The aim of this study was to identify the evolution in bone activity pattern in well-functioning medial mobile-bearing UKAs.

Aims

Many surgeons choose to perform total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery with the aid of a tourniquet. A tourniquet is a device that fits around the leg and restricts blood flow to the limb. There is a need to understand whether tourniquets are safe, and if they benefit, or harm, patients. The aim of this study was to determine the benefits and harms of tourniquet use in TKA surgery.

We determined the short-term clinical outcome and migration within the bone of the humeral cementless component of the Instrumented Bone Preserving (IBP) total elbow replacement in a series of 16 patients. There were four men and 12 women with a mean age at operation of 63 years (40 to 81). Migration was calculated using radiostereometric analysis. There were no intra-operative complications and no revisions. At two-year follow-up, all patients showed a significant reduction in pain and functional improvement of the elbow (both p < 0.001). Although ten components (63%) showed movement or micromovement during the first six weeks, 14 (88%) were stable at one year post-operatively. Translation was primarily found in the proximal direction (median 0.3 mm (interquartile range (IQR) -0.09 to 0.8); the major rotational movement was an anterior tilt (median 0.7° (IQR 0.4° to 1.6°)). One malaligned component continued to migrate during the second year, and one component could not be followed beyond three months because migration had caused the markers to break off the prosthesis. This study shows promising early results for the cementless humeral component of the IBP total elbow replacement. All patients had a good clinical outcome, and most components stabilised within six months of the operation. . Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:229–36

Aims

To establish our early clinical results of a new total knee arthroplasty (TKA) tibial component introduced in 2013 and compare it to other designs in use at our hospital during the same period.

We analysed the axis of movement in the normal elbow during flexion in vivo using radiostereometric analysis (RSA). The results show an intraindividual variation in the inclination of the axis ranging from 2.1° to 14.3° in the frontal and from 1.6° to 9.8° in the horizontal plane analysed at 30° increments. The inclination of the mean axis of rotation varied within a range of 12.7° in the frontal and 4.6° in the horizontal plane. In both planes, the mean axes were located close to a line joining the centres of the trochlea and capitellum. The intra- and interindividual variations of the axes of flexion of the elbow were greater than previously reported. These factors should be considered in the development of elbow prostheses

In a single-blind, randomised series of knee replacements in 116 patients, we used radiostereometric analysis (RSA) to measure micromotion in three types of tibial implant fixation for two years after knee replacement. We compared hydroxyapatite-augmented porous coating, porous coating, and cemented fixation of the same design of tibial component. At one to two years, porous-coated implants migrated at a statistically significantly higher rate than hydroxyapatite-augmented or cemented implants. There was no significant difference between hydroxyapatite-coated and cemented implants. We conclude that hydroxyapatite augmentation may offer a clinically relevant advantage over a simple porous coating for tibial component fixation, but is no better than cemented fixation

We used radiostereometric analysis to compare wear rates between uncemented porous sockets and cemented all-polyethylene sockets in a series of 102 hips randomised for either a Harris-Galante or a Charnley cup. Wear was evaluated in 95 hips at a mean of five years (2 to 7). All hips had a cemented, 22 mm head mono-bloc Charnley stem. The mean annual wear rate was 0.09 mm in the Charnley sockets and 0.10 mm in the Harris-Galante sockets, with no statistically significant differences in wear, migration or rotation. We conclude that, up to five years, the wear characteristics of the modular and porous Harris-Galante socket resemble that of the Charnley socket

We studied the quality of fixation of the tibial component using radiostereometric analysis (RSA) in 40 patients who had undergone a cemented Freeman-Samuelson total knee arthroplasty. They were prospectively randomised to either a stemmed metal-backed (MB) or non-stemmed all-polyethylene (AP) tibial component. The articulating geometry of the implants was identical, as was the operative technique and the postoperative regime. The study showed no complications of fixation using AP tibial components, and the migration was the same as that of their metal-backed counterparts. There was no bony collapse or increased subsidence of any part of the tibial component or increased incidence of radiolucent lines in the knees with AP components. Most AP implants were stable between one and two years after surgery, a finding known to be of positive prognostic significance when predicting future aseptic loosening

We report the initial results of an ongoing randomised, prospective study on migration of the Exeter and Elite Plus femoral stems after impaction allografting, as measured by radiostereometry. Clinically, the impaction technique gave good results for both stems. The mean subsidence in the first year was 1.30 mm and 0.20 mm for the Exeter and the Elite Plus stems, respectively. In the second year, the Exeter stem continued to subside further by a mean of 0.42 mm, while the Elite Plus stem did not do so. Subsidence of the Exeter stem correlated with deficiency of bone stock as graded on the Gustilo and Pasternak scale. This correlation was not found for the Elite Plus stem. None of the other parameters which were studied predisposed to subsidence. There was no significant association between the amount of subsidence and the radiological appearance of the graft for either stem. Our findings do not support the theory that radial compression, due to subsidence of the Exeter stem, is the essential stimulus for remodelling in impaction allografting

We studied the stability of cemented all-polyethylene keeled glenoid components by radiostereometric analysis (RSA) in 16 shoulders which had received a total shoulder replacement. There were 14 women (one bilateral) and one man with a mean age of 64 years. The diagnosis was osteoarthritis in eight and rheumatoid arthritis in seven. Two of the shoulders were excluded from the RSA study because of loosening of the tantalum markers. Three tantalum markers were inserted in the glenoid socket, two in the coracoid process and two in the acromion. The polyethylene keeled glenoid component was marked with three to five tantalum markers. Conventional radiological and RSA examinations were carried out at five to seven days, at four months and at one and two years after operation. Radiolucent lines were found in all except three shoulders. Migration was most pronounced in the distal direction and exceeded 1 mm in four shoulders. In ten shoulders rotation exceeded 2° in one or more axes with retroversion/anteversion being most common. No correlation was found between migration and the presence of radiolucencies on conventional radiographs