Subluxation of the hip presenting for the first time in a child over the age of four years is rare. We report ten cases treated over nearly 11 years by the senior author (JAF). We describe the surgical procedures and the results, at maturity, of nine of the ten patients. At a mean follow-up of nearly nine years, the clinical outcome was good in all ten children by the criteria of Ponseti. Radiological assessment showed that three hips remained subluxed, and that four had avascular necrosis of the physis. We advise a one-stage procedure, correcting both the femur and acetabulum

A review is presented of the results of treatment in 126 patients over 50 years of age who had suffered a displaced fracture of the ankle. Operative fixation achieved better fracture positions than conservative management, but was associated with a very high complication rate in women. Examination of 86 of the patients more than two years after injury showed little difference in function after conservative or operative treatment

We treated 120 children between the ages of 12 and 31 months with 137 developmental dislocations of the hip and reviewed them at a mean follow-up of 14 years. We had used two-directional arthrography of all hips before reduction to evaluate the anterior, superior, and posterior portions of the limbus. Of the 137 hips, 64 had no interposed limbus in the AP view of the arthrogram, but 45 of these had an interposed anterior or posterior portion of the limbus. The hips with good stability and no interposed limbus in either AP or lateral arthrograms had excellent results by closed methods; in the other cases the results were less satisfactory. Our findings suggest that hips suitable for management by closed reduction can be identified by two-directional arthrography. Hips shown to have an interposed limbus are best managed by open reduction

We describe a near-fatal event, probably due to air embolism, following an air arthrogram for developmental hip dysplasia in a baby aged four months. The sequence of events and the subsequent treatment are described. There is little information about this complication in the literature. The presumed mechanism and alternative methods for confirmation of placement of the needle are discussed. We no longer use air arthrography in children

1. A small personal consecutive series of children with congenital dislocation or subluxation of the hip who came for treatment at the age of over three years has been reviewed. The children have been kept under review up to the age of ten years or more. 2. A number of late results are illustrated. They lead to the conclusion that open operation is indicated in all these cases and that acetabuloplasty will effectively provide stability in most, particularly when combined with osteotomy of the femur with adduction angulation and lateral rotation. 3. It is still too early to assess the value of pelvic osteotomy of the Salter (1961) or Chiari (1955) type. 4. Capsular arthroplasty appears from Trevor's (1960) considerable experience to have a valuable place in patients over six years old

The role of arthroscopic meniscectomy in middle-aged patients has not previously been evaluated. This paper reports on 73 knees in 68 patients aged over 40, all of whom were shown arthroscopically to have meniscal tears and who were felt to be suitable candidates for meniscectomy. Many of these patients had typical traumatic meniscal tears, and if no degenerative joint changes were present at the time of meniscectomy, 95 per cent of them had good or excellent results an average of two and a half years later. In those instances where degenerative joint changes were present, removal of the offending segment of torn meniscus produced 80 per cent good or excellent results over the same period of time. These facts seem important now that arthroscopy permits such precise diagnosis of meniscal tears and of joint degeneration

We have reviewed 70 Harris-Galante uncemented acetabular components implanted as hybrid hip replacements with cemented stems between 1991 and 1995 in 53 patients whose mean age was 40 years (19 to 49). The mean follow-up was for 13.6 years (12 to 16) with no loss to follow-up. We assessed the patients both clinically and radiologically. The mean Oxford hip score was 20 (12 to 46) and the mean Harris hip score 81 (37 to 100) at the final review. Radiologically, 27 hips (39%) had femoral osteolysis, 13 (19%) acetabular osteolysis, and 31 (44%) radiolucent lines around the acetabular component. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed for the outcomes of revision of the acetabular component, revision of the component and polyethylene liner, and impending revision for progressive osteolysis. The cumulative survival for revision of the acetabular component was 94% (95% confidence interval 88.4 to 99.7), for the component and liner 84% (95% confidence interval 74.5 to 93.5) and for impending revision 55.3% (95% confidence interval 40.6 to 70) at 16 years. Uncemented acetabular components with polyethylene liners undergo silent lysis and merit regular long-term radiological review

Type BI rotationplasty is currently indicated for children with tumours of the proximal femur whereas type BIIIa rotationplasty is reserved for those in which the entire femur has to be removed. Our aim was to compare these two types of rotationplasty and determine whether the knee should be preserved in children with tumours of the proximal femur. We compared the post-operative complications, oncological outcome, range of movement, Enneking score and radiographs of six children, who had undergone type BI rotationplasty with those of 12 who had undergone type BIIIa rotationplasty. Patients with type BI rotationplasty had a mean Enneking score of 21.6 compared with 24.4 in those with type BIIIa rotationplasty, and worse mean results in all of the parameters investigated. We conclude that type BI rotationplasty has a worse functional outcome and more complications than type BIIIa rotationplasty in children under the age of ten years

The outcome in 83 patients with congenital clubfoot was evaluated at a mean age of 64 years using three validated questionnaires assessing both quality of life (short-form (SF)-36 and EQ-5D) and foot and ankle function (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Foot and Ankle questionnaire). In SF-36, male patients scored significantly better than male norms in seven of the eight domains, whereas female patients scored significantly worse than female norms in two of the eight. Male patients scored better than male norms in both the EQ-5D index (p = 0.027) and visual analogue scale (VAS) (p = 0.013), whereas female patients scored worse than female norms in the VAS (p < 0.001). Both male and female patients had a significantly worse outcome on the AAOS Core Scale than did norms. There was a significant correlation for both genders between the SF-36 Physical Component Summary Score and the AAOS Core Scale. The influence on activities of daily life was limited to foot and ankle problems in all patients, and in females there was an adverse effect in physical aspects of quality of life

Thirty-two neglected congenital dislocations of the hip in twenty-two children over the age of six years were treated by traction, open reduction and Chiari osteotomy. In five hips, where prolonged traction failed to bring the femoral heads into the vicinity of the acetabulum, a shortening subtrochanteric osteotomy of the femur was performed. The overall results were good and this regime of treatment is recommended

We reviewed 19 children with 24 congenital club feet at a mean of 11 years after one-stage posteromedial release at the age of five years or older (mean 6.8 years). Thirteen feet had undergone previous surgery. Nineteen feet were functionally excellent or good, three were fair and two had required subtalar arthrodesis. Radiographs showed good alignment of the tarsal bones, although mild adduction or varus deformity remained in several feet. Deformities of the bones were more common in feet which had had previous surgery

We reviewed the cases of 38 children with 45 congenitally dislocated hips who presented for primary treatment after the age of three years. Of these, 34 hips were managed by the 'direct approach' of Somerville and Scott (1957); 14 of these required secondary operations for subluxation, often with a poor outcome. Eleven hips were treated by combined pelvic and femoral osteotomy which, in general, gave good results. At a mean follow-up of 16.7 years, 80% of the whole series had a good or excellent clinical result and 51% were good or excellent radiologically. Simultaneous correction both above and below the hip is considered to be the best treatment for the older child with congenital hip dislocation

Forty-seven patients over the age of 55 years with a displaced fracture of the ankle were entered into a prospective, randomised study in order to compare open reduction and internal fixation with closed treatment in a plaster cast; 36 were reviewed after a mean of 27 months. The outcome was assessed clinically, radiologically and functionally using the Olerud score. The results showed that anatomical reduction was significantly less reliable (p = 0.03) and loss of reduction significantly more common (p = 0.001) in the group with closed treatment. Those managed by open reduction and internal fixation had a significantly higher functional outcome score (p = 0.03) and a significantly better range of movement of the ankle (p = 0.044) at review

The management of an anterior supracondylar fracture by closed reduction, traction, percutaneous pinning or open reduction is seldom satisfactory, especially for adults and the aged with a lesser ability to remodel and a slower functional recovery. A new, safe, and simple technique is described in which the condylar mass is pushed posteriorly along the axis of the forearm and the hand is rotated to full supination while the elbow is held in flexion to correct deformities. Fixation is divided into two parts: the circular cast around the upper arm provides a firm buttress onto which the lower fragment is reduced and then the arm is immobilised in a plaster which includes the wrist. Four cases of delayed, comminuted, compound fractures have been fully evaluated clinically and radiologically and the results assessed as good or excellent

We measured the clinical tibiofemoral (TF) angle and the intercondylar (IC) or intermalleolar (IM) distance in 427 normal European children (212 male and 215 female) aged from 10 to 16 years. In our study, girls had a constant valgus (5.5 degrees) and displayed an IM distance of < 8 cm or an IC distance of < 4 cm. By contrast, boys had a varus evolution (4.4 degrees) during the last two years of growth and displayed an IM distance of < 4 cm or an IC distance of < 5 cm. Values above these for genu varum or genu valgum may require careful follow-up and evaluation