Patients with spina bifida cystica commonly have significant disability from a combination of valgus deformity of the ankle and subtalar joints with lateral tibial torsion and plano-abduction deformity of the foot. These deformities can be corrected by a single procedure which combines a supramalleolar tibial osteotomy with a lateral inlay triple fusion. This procedure was carried out on 20 feet in 15 patients and the results were reviewed after an average of three years (range 18 months to 7 years). In 75 per cent of feet the combination of deformities was fully corrected, ulcers and callosities were eliminated in 95 per cent, the use of calipers minimised in 95 per cent, and in all patients the problem of shoe-wrecking was reduced. Complications included recurrent valgus deformity, delayed union of the tibial osteotomy and failure of midtarsal fusion

Deep gluteal syndrome is an increasingly recognized disease entity, caused by compression of the sciatic or pudendal nerve due to non-discogenic pelvic lesions. It includes the piriformis syndrome, the gemelli-obturator internus syndrome, the ischiofemoral impingement syndrome, and the proximal hamstring syndrome. The concept of the deep gluteal syndrome extends our understanding of posterior hip pain due to nerve entrapment beyond the traditional model of the piriformis syndrome. Nevertheless, there has been terminological confusion and the deep gluteal syndrome has often been undiagnosed or mistaken for other conditions. Careful history-taking, a physical examination including provocation tests, an electrodiagnostic study, and imaging are necessary for an accurate diagnosis.

After excluding spinal lesions, MRI scans of the pelvis are helpful in diagnosing deep gluteal syndrome and identifying pathological conditions entrapping the nerves. It can be conservatively treated with multidisciplinary treatment including rest, the avoidance of provoking activities, medication, injections, and physiotherapy.

Endoscopic or open surgical decompression is recommended in patients with persistent or recurrent symptoms after conservative treatment or in those who may have masses compressing the sciatic nerve.

Many physicians remain unfamiliar with this syndrome and there is a lack of relevant literature. This comprehensive review aims to provide the latest information about the epidemiology, aetiology, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(5):556–567.

1. A small personal consecutive series of children with congenital dislocation or subluxation of the hip who came for treatment at the age of over three years has been reviewed. The children have been kept under review up to the age of ten years or more. 2. A number of late results are illustrated. They lead to the conclusion that open operation is indicated in all these cases and that acetabuloplasty will effectively provide stability in most, particularly when combined with osteotomy of the femur with adduction angulation and lateral rotation. 3. It is still too early to assess the value of pelvic osteotomy of the Salter (1961) or Chiari (1955) type. 4. Capsular arthroplasty appears from Trevor's (1960) considerable experience to have a valuable place in patients over six years old

Aims

We analyzed the long-term outcomes of patients observed over ten years after resection en bloc and reconstruction with extracorporeal irradiated autografts

Valenzuela GA, Jacobson NA, Buzas D, Koreckij TD, Valenzuela RG, Teitge RA. Unicompartmental knee replacement after high tibial osteotomy: Invalidating a contraindication. Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1348–1353

We reviewed 46 leg-shortening operations (37 femoral and nine tibial), performed by different methods, to assess the incidence of complications and permanent disability. Shortening of as much as 7.5 cm in the femur and 5 cm in the tibia was achieved in men of normal height without any loss of function. Complications were seen with all surgical techniques despite the use of modern implants. Most problems arose from inadequate stabilisation of the osteotomy. The most reliable method of femoral shortening was open subtrochanteric osteotomy with preservation of the isthmus, and fixation with an intramedullary nail locked at its proximal end. In tibial shortening, bone excision should be at the level of the flare in the lower diaphysis in order to achieve reliable bone healing. Simple intramedullary nail fixation should be supplemented with a long-leg cast for six weeks or the nail should be locked at both ends to prevent postoperative distraction or rotation

Aims

The consensus is that bipolar hemiarthroplasty (BHA) in allograft-prosthesis composite (APC) reconstruction of the proximal femur following primary tumour resection provides more stability than total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, no comparative study has been performed. In this study, we have compared the outcome and complication rates of these two methods.

The Unispacer knee system is a cobalt-chrome self-centring tibial hemiarthroplasty device for use in the treatment of isolated medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee. The indications for use are similar to those for high tibial osteotomy, but insertion does not require bone cuts or component fixation, and does not compromise future knee replacement surgery. A prospective study of a consecutive series of 18 patients treated with the Unispacer between June 2003 and August 2004 was carried out to determine the early clinical results of this device. The mean age of the patients was 49 years (40 to 57). A total of eight patients (44%) required revision within two years. In two patients revision to a larger spacer was required, and in six conversion to either a unicompartmental or total knee replacement was needed. At the most recent review 12 patients (66.7%) had a Unispacer remaining in situ. The mean modified visual analogue score for these patients at a mean follow-up of 19 months (12 to 26) was 3.0 (0 to 11.5). The mean pain level was 30% that of the mean pre-operative level of 10. The early clinical results using this device have been disappointing. This study demonstrates that use of the Unispacer in isolated medial compartment osteoarthritis is associated with a high rate of revision surgery and provides unpredictable relief of pain

Surgical dislocation of the hip is rarely undertaken. The potential danger to the vascularity of the femoral head has been emphasised, but there is little information as to how this danger can be avoided. We describe a technique for operative dislocation of the hip, based on detailed anatomical studies of the blood supply. It combines aspects of approaches which have been reported previously and consists of an anterior dislocation through a posterior approach with a ‘trochanteric flip’ osteotomy. The external rotator muscles are not divided and the medial femoral circumflex artery is protected by the intact obturator externus. We report our experience using this approach in 213 hips over a period of seven years and include 19 patients who underwent simultaneous intertrochanteric osteotomy. The perfusion of the femoral head was verified intraoperatively and, to date, none has subsequently developed avascular necrosis. There is little morbidity associated with the technique and it allows the treatment of a variety of conditions, which may not respond well to other methods including arthroscopy. Surgical dislocation gives new insight into the pathogenesis of some hip disorders and the possibility of preserving the hip with techniques such as transplantation of cartilage

Aims

The Precice intramedullary limb-lengthening system has demonstrated significant benefits over external fixation lengthening methods, leading to a paradigm shift in limb lengthening. This study compares outcomes following antegrade and retrograde femoral lengthening in both adolescent and adult patients.

Aims

Induction heating is a noninvasive, nonantibiotic treatment modality that can potentially be used to cause thermal damage to the bacterial biofilm on the metal implant surface. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of induction heating on killing Staphylococcus epidermidis from biofilm and to determine the possible synergistic effect of induction heating and antibiotics.

This is a prospective study of 105 knees in 91 patients with idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral condyles, with an average follow-up of five years in 101 knees. Forty-eight of the 75 patients in whom the body weight was studied were obese and four of the 33 patients in whom a densitometry study was done showed decreased bone density. Prognosis is unfavourable if the lesion is larger than five square centimetres and if its width is more than 40 per cent of that of the condyle. Of the 22 patients followed up after conservative treatment 80 per cent were satisfactory. Of the 11 knees treated by arthrotomy alone 55 per cent were satisfactory. Of the 31 knees treated by osteotomy (21 with associated arthrotomy) 87 per cent were satisfactory. Arthrotomy did not significantly improve the results of osteotomies. The ideal correction was to 10 degrees of valgus. Of the 37 knees treated with replacement 95 per cent were satisfactory, and the best results were obtained with the total-condylar prosthesis

1. A survey has been made of 518 operations for hallux valgus and hallux rigidus. 2. The methods of critical examination used in this survey are described. 3. The results obtained have led to the formulation of certain views on etiology and modes of treatment. 4. In hallux valgus in the adolescent, operations aimed at correcting the primary deformity are justifiable when correctly performed, though the exact form such operations should take still requires further study. 5. In hallux valgus in the adult, arthroplasty offers a reasonably good solution in the well chosen case, though no one should consider that the results are so good as to make unnecessary any further research in this field. Metatarsal osteotomy has in the adult only a limited sphere of application. 6. In hallux rigidus arthroplasty alone has no place in the treatment of the adult cases showing metatarsus primus elevatus, nor in the adolescent case. The possibilities of other methods of operative treatment, notably osteotomy, are discussed

Aims

Dual plating of distal femoral fractures with medial and lateral implants has been performed to improve construct mechanics and alignment, in cases where isolated lateral plating would be insufficient. This may potentially compromise vascularity, paradoxically impairing healing. This study investigates effects of single versus dual plating on distal femoral vascularity.

At The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, 21 undescended scapulae were corrected by the Woodward procedure in 20 patients over the past 18 years. The average age at operation was six years six months. The average follow-up period after operation was 8 years 9 months. Fifteen patients were girls and five were boys. All the patients had other associated abnormalities. Only one patient had a concomitant clavicular osteotomy. The average increase in glenohumeral abduction was 37 degrees. The average scapular lowering was two centimetres. Excellent or good cosmetic results were obtained in 80 per cent of patients. Ninety-three per cent of patients expressed satisfaction with the operative results. Complications were few. The Woodward procedure is a safe and relatively straightforward surgical means to effect a good cosmetic and functional improvement in a patient with a congenital undescended scapula. We do not recommend clavicular osteotomy as a routine, but it may be added to gain more correction with less risk of neurovascular compression

The results of treating 148 hips in 135 children (aged 7 to 16 at the onset of management) for Perthes' disease are analysed. Cases are classified according to the amount of epiphysial containment and the results assessed according to the degree of preserved sphericity. It is concluded that to obtain satisfactory results in this age group treatment should be prolonged until the restitution of the epiphysis so as to maintain the initially achieved containment throughout the reparative process. Containment should be secured initially as follows: by non-operative treatment, in children aged seven to nine years with contained and also with slightly subluxated epiphyses; by femoral osteotomy, in children aged seven to nine years with severely subluxated epiphyses and also in children aged 10 and more with slightly subluxated epiphyses; by Salter's osteotomy, in children aged 10 years and more with contained epiphyses; by Chiari's osteotomy, in all crushed but smooth epiphyses, and also in children aged 10 and more with severely subluxated epiphyses; and by cheilectomy, in all crushed and saddle-shaped epiphyses, but only during the regenerative stage of the disease

1. Thirty-seven hips with osteoarthritis underwent phlebography before intertrochanteric osteotomy. The results of this study were reported previously. 2. Thirty-two of the hips were studied and have had a clinical, radiological and phlebographic examination about one year after operation. Three of these were excluded because of technical failures. 3. Twenty-four hips had a normal pattern of venous drainage after operation; of these only two had normal patterns before operation and the rest had had many abnormalities of venous drainage. These hips had been completely or considerably relieved of pain at rest and on activity. 4. In the other five hips, although the venous drainage pattern was still abnormal, in only one was there significant deterioration in the venous pattern; in this group there was also some alleviation of rest pain. 5. The findings are discussed in relation to the pathology of osteoarthritis and the possible influences of intertrochanteric osteotomy. 6. The pain produced by the injection of radiopaque material into the femoral head was similar to the rest pain. This finding is discussed in relation to venous obstruction and congestion

Simple pinning to fix the epiphysis in those patients in whom the position is acceptable is a valuable surgical procedure. It is safe and gives good results. It eliminates the danger of further displacement, promotes fusion of the epiphysial plate and allows the patient to return to full activity within one month, thus avoiding joint stiffness, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis and interference with growth at other sites. Fixation by small pins is preferable to the use of the trifin nail, the latter giving excessive trauma and predisposing to subtrochanteric fracture. Gentle replacement of the epiphysis, when loose, into an acceptable position is a valuable method of treatment. It is essential that replacement is not undertaken by force. The problem of major displacement of the epiphysis which cannot be so replaced is unsolved. Conservative treatment in this group is useless and harmful. Intra-articular osteotomy can give good results in most cases but is risky and may cause stiffening of the hip. Subtrochanteric osteotomy does not give a good anatomical result but in most cases the function of the hip is satisfactory. Slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis, however slight, should be regarded as a surgical emergency

In nine patients of median age 34 years who had sustained an amputation of the thumb at a median 24 (5 to 131) months previously, we lengthened the first metacarpal by 30 (17 to 36) mm. Seven amputations had been through the proximal phalanx and two through the metacarpal. The first two patients had autogenous grafting at a second stage, but the other seven had callotasis alone. In these patients the external fixators were removed at a median 189 (115 to 271) days after osteotomy. In six cases the adductor pollicis tendon was transferred proximally and the first web deepened. There was late fracture or palmar flexion of the callus in five patients, but this required further surgery in only one. Treatment was complete at 326 (140 to 489) days after osteotomy. The extended thumb retained its sensitivity; both grasp and key-pinch strength were satisfactory and only one patient felt that the result did not warrant the long course of treatment. Metacarpal lengthening by this method is a prolonged procedure, but provides a valuable alternative to more complex reconstructions