We undertook a comparative study of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) vertebral morphometry of thoracic vertebrae of girls with adolescent idiopathic thoracic scoliosis (AIS) and age and gender-matched normal subjects, in order to investigate abnormal differential growth of the anterior and posterior elements of the thoracic vertebrae in patients with scoliosis. Previous studies have suggested that disproportionate growth of the anterior and posterior columns may contribute to the development of AIS. Whole spine MRI was undertaken on 83 girls with AIS between the age of 12 and 14 years, and Cobb’s angles of between 20° and 90°, and 22 age-matched controls. Multiple measurements of each thoracic vertebra were obtained from the best sagittal and axial MRI cuts. Compared with the controls, the scoliotic spines had longer vertebral bodies between T1 and T12 in the anterior column and shorter pedicles with a larger interpedicular distance in the posterior column. The differential growth between the anterior and the posterior elements of each thoracic vertebra in the patients with AIS was significantly different from that in the controls (p < 0.01). There was also a significant positive correlation between the scoliosis severity score and the ratio of differential growth between the anterior and posterior columns for each thoracic vertebra (p < 0.01). Compared with age-matched controls, the longitudinal growth of the vertebral bodies in patients with AIS is disproportionate and faster and mainly occurs by endochondral ossification. In contrast, the circumferential growth by membranous ossification is slower in both the vertebral bodies and pedicles

1. By questionnaire, an attempt has been made to ascertain the characteristics of a hundred cases of slipping of the upper femoral epiphysis. 2. The principal object has been to see whether an etiological classification would be possible pending an assessment of the results of treatment. 3. Proper statistical analysis has proved impossible because of the incompleteness of the data. 4. As usual, boys predominated and were usually affected as much as three years older than the girls. 5. It was exceptional to find epiphysial slipping in a girl once she had begun to menstruate. 6. Nearly a quarter of the cases were bilateral, or became so after six to twenty-four months or more. 7. Little information came from an enquiry about dietary fads, the estimation of urinary ketosteroid excretion in twenty-three of the patients, or some minor pathological investigations. 8. No convincing evidence was found of skeletal retardation or of general thickening of epiphysial discs, such as might perhaps be expected in a hormonal disturbance characterised by defective epiphysial maturation. 9. From each child with the necessary data, indices of height, weight and build were ascertained, which would indicate his expectation of finding a place among a hundred physically normal children of his own sex and age, and, if so, where that place would be. From these studies four groups of children seemed to emerge: I) what may be called abnormally heavy children who would not find a place among a hundred, or somestimes a thousand, physically "normal" children of their own age and sex; 2) unusually heavy children who would find a place in the heaviest minority of the normal hundred; 3) a very small group of abnormally small people, among whom might be expected the subjects of pituitary infantilism; and 4) a large group of children of average physique for their sex and age. 10. From this information and from clinical evidence in the case returns, it appeared that a quarter of the assessable boys and nearly two-thirds of the assessable girls showed evidence of endocrine defect, quite apart from those who were merely unusually fat. 11. By distinguishing these two groups of children from a third group of constitutionally "normal," an attempt has been made to see whether there is any correlation between evident endocrine defect and such characteristics as bilateral affection, delayed epiphysial maturation, a history of relevant injury and its nature, and sudden or gradual epiphysial slipping. 12. No relationship was established between any of these characteristics and endocrine type: bilateral affection was no commoner in the endocrine group; delayed maturation was not demonstrated in either; a history of relevant injury was equally common, and its nature identical, in both; slipping might be sudden or gradual in either indiscriminately. 13. There was a history of seemingly relevant injury in half the patients, and it was much commoner with sudden slipping than with gradual slipping. Sudden slipping was often preceded by symptoms of gradual slipping, or sudden slipping of one epiphysis was sometimes followed by gradual slipping of the other. 14. In gradual slipping the cardinal symptoms were pain and limp, usually starting synchronously and gradually; the pain was usually intermittent and referred much more often to the hip than the knee; the limp was usually continuous. 15. Of signs, demonstrable wasting seemed to be absent as often as present, but shortening was usual. Lateral rotation deformity was usually present, adduction often, and flexion sometimes. In more than a third of the cases limitation of movement was slight enough to be easily missed. 16. The radiographic observations confirmed the seeming widening at the affected epiphysial disc, the greater displacement revealed by the lateral view, and the difficulty of identifying avascular necrosis before collapse. 17. Treatment was delayed in thirty-four cases—a third of the whole; the reasons have been analysed; diagnostic failure was the cause in nineteen. 18. A few cases outside the series have been mentioned briefly because of special points of interest: slipping in gross pituitary disease—in pituitary giantism, and(at the age of thirty-three) in pituitary hypogonadism; slipping with defect of the opposite lower limb—infantile paralysis of the leg, and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease of the hip; familial affection—slipping in two brothers. 19. The results of treatment in the present cases, supplemented by others, have been studied by Dr John Hall and related to some of the clinical features. His paper appears separately

We report the results of medial physeal stapling in 16 knees with primary genu valgum and 27 with secondary genu valgum. In the primary group, stapling was undertaken at a mean chronological age of 12 years in girls and 13 years in boys. The medial femoral physis was stapled in ten knees and the medial femoral and tibial physes in six knees. At skeletal maturity, all patients had excellent or good leg alignment. Secondary genu valgum is due to skeletal dysplasia, haematological or endocrine disorders, or to juvenile chronic arthritis. Stapling was at a mean chronological age of 11 years in girls and 14 years in boys. The medial femoral physis was stapled in 13 knees, the medial tibial physis in three and both in 11 knees. At skeletal maturity, 85% had excellent or good leg alignment, and correction had occurred within one year. Two of the poor results were due to staple extrusion from osteoporotic bone, and two to overcorrection. Rebound growth was minimal and unpredictable after the removal of staples. Medial physeal stapling is a suitable method of treatment for both primary and secondary genu valgum in late childhood and in adolescence. At least one year of knee growth is required to achieve correction, and care is needed to avoid overcorrection of the secondary genu valgum

Giant-cell tumour of the synovium is known to affect the fingers or toes of adults. It has seldom been described in the spine and rarely in the thoracic vertebrae or in a child. The lesions of giant-cell tumour of the synovium have a classical radiological appearance, but require a high index of suspicion for correct recognition. Unlike giant-cell tumour of the synovium at other well-known sites, spinal lesions lack the characteristic papillary architecture, thereby raising other diagnostic possibilities. We describe a giant-cell tumour of the synovium of the left facet joint of a thoracic vertebra in a nine-year-old girl. The tumour was treated successfully by surgical excision

The outcome of one-stage bilateral open reduction through a medial approach for the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip in children under 18 months was studied in 23 children, 18 girls and five boys. Their mean age at operation was 10.1 months (6 to 17) and the mean follow-up was 5.4 years (3 to 8). Acceptable clinical and radiological results were achieved in 44 (95.7%) and 43 (93.5%) of 46 hips, respectively. Excellent results were significantly evident in patients younger than 12 months, those who did not require acetabuloplasty, those whose ossific nucleus had appeared, and in those who did not develop avascular necrosis. One-stage bilateral medial open reduction avoids the need for separate procedures on the hips and has the advantages of accelerated management and shorter immobilisation and rehabilitation than staged operations

We have attempted to describe the epidemiology of femoral fractures in children in the West Midlands region of the National Health Service in England. Our source of data was the Regional Hospital Episode Statistics database for the years 1991-2 to 2001-2. Cases were defined as emergency hospital admissions in patients aged under 16 years, with a diagnostic code of femoral fractures in any field, and resident in the West Midlands. Between 1991-2 and 2001-2, 3272 children aged under 16 years with femoral fractures were admitted to hospital. The crude incidence during this period decreased from 0.33 to 0.22 femoral fractures/1000/year. Those caused by traffic accidents decreased by 43%, and by falls by 29%. The peak age-gender-specific incidence (0.91/1000/year) was in two-year-old boys, and this was 50% higher than in the next highest age-gender group. In the first year of life, the incidence in boys and girls was the same. Thereafter the rate in boys exceeded that in girls, varying from 1.6 times at 11 years to 4.7 times at 14 years. Falls accounted for 49% of the fractures, varying from 77% in one-year-olds to 26% in eight-year-old children. Traffic accidents were responsible for 26% of fractures varying from 55% in ten-year-old to 2% in one-year-old children. Maltreatment was recorded in 1.3% of all cases, and in 8.5% of children under one year. Twice as many fractures were seen in May to August than in January (winter). The rates of fractures were associated with deprivation for all age-gender groups. Fractures of the shaft accounted for 58% of all fractures, varying from 70% in three-year-old to 34% in 13-year-old children. Our findings show that there has been a decrease in the incidence of femoral fractures during the 1990s and early 2000s. Two-year-old boys had twice the rate than any other single-year age-gender group. More deprived areas had much higher rates which suggests the potential for greater prevention. A relatively low rate of maltreatment was recorded compared with that in some other studies

In 1994, a register for cerebral palsy and a health-care programme were started in southern Sweden with the aim of preventing dislocation of the hip in children with cerebral palsy. It involved all children with cerebral palsy born in 1992 or later. None of the 206 affected children born between 1992 and 1997 has developed a dislocation following the introduction of the prevention programme. Another 48 children moved into the area and none developed any further dislocation. Of the 251 children with cerebral palsy, aged between five and 11 years, living in the area on January 1, 2003, only two had a dislocated hip. One boy had moved into the area at age of nine with a dislocation and a girl whose parents chose not to participate in the programme developed bilateral dislocation. One boy, whose condition was considered to be too poor for preventative surgery, developed a painful dislocation of the hip at the age of five years and died three years later. Eight of 103 children in a control group, consisting of all children with cerebral palsy living in the area between 1994 and 2002, and born between 1990 and 1991, developed a dislocation of the hip before the age of six years. The decreased incidence of dislocation after the introduction of the prevention programme was significant (p < 0.001). Dislocation of the hip in cerebral palsy remains a serious problem, and prevention is important. Our screening programme and early intervention when lateral displacement of the femoral head was detected appear to be successful

Aims

Open tibial fractures are limb-threatening injuries. While limb loss is rare in children, deep infection and nonunion rates of up to 15% and 8% are reported, respectively. We manage these injuries in a similar manner to those in adults, with a combined orthoplastic approach, often involving the use of vascularised free flaps. We report the orthopaedic and plastic surgical outcomes of a consecutive series of patients over a five-year period, which includes the largest cohort of free flaps for trauma in children to date.

In five children, six forearms with a fixed pronation deformity secondary to congenital radioulnar synostosis were treated by a derotation osteotomy of the distal radius and the midshaft of the ulna. There were three boys and two girls with a mean age of 4.9 years (3.5 to 8.25) who were followed up for a mean of 29 months (18 to 43). The position of the forearm was improved from a mean pronation deformity of 68° (40° to 80°) to a pre-planned position of 10° of supination in all cases. Bony union was achieved by 6.3 weeks with no loss of correction. There was one major complication involving a distal radial osteotomy which required exploration for a possible compartment syndrome

Deformity of the forearm due to growth disturbance of the ulna occurs in a number of conditions such as ulnar deficiency, multiple exostoses, and neurofibromatosis. We report a previously unrecognised form, caused by focal cortical indentation. We have treated five children with this condition, three girls and two boys; the mean age at presentation was 5 years (2 to 8). The deformity was first recognised about the age of two years, and progressed gradually. The radiological findings were the same in all cases. The focal cortical indentation was seen at the distal end of the ulna with anteromedial bowing and dysplasia. The radial head was dislocated posterolaterally. In one patient the histological findings at the site of indentation were of a fold of tissue resembling periosteum, which interfered with enchondral ossification. Treatment by ulnar lengthening using an external fixator and osteotomy which corrected both the ulnar deformity and reduced the dislocated radial head in two cases gave the best results

The aim of this retrospective multicentre study was to report the continued occurrence of compartment syndrome secondary to paediatric supracondylar humeral fractures in the period 1995 to 2005. The inclusion criteria were children with a closed, low-energy supracondylar fracture with no associated fractures or vascular compromise, who subsequently developed compartment syndrome. There were 11 patients (seven girls and four boys) identified from eight hospitals in three countries. Ten patients with severe elbow swelling documented at presentation had a mean delay before surgery of 22 hours (6 to 64). One patient without severe swelling documented at presentation suffered arterial entrapment following reduction, with a subsequent compartment syndrome requiring fasciotomy 25 hours after the index procedure. This series is noteworthy, as all patients had low-energy injuries and presented with an intact radial pulse. Significant swelling at presentation and delay in fracture reduction may be important warning signs for the development of a compartment syndrome in children with supracondylar fractures of the humerus

Septicaemia resulting from meningococcal infection is a devastating illness affecting children. Those who survive can develop late orthopaedic sequelae from growth plate arrests, with resultant complex deformities. Our aim in this study was to review the case histories of a series of patients with late orthopaedic sequelae, all treated by the senior author (CFB). We also describe a treatment strategy to address the multiple deformities that may occur in these patients. Between 1997 and 2009, ten patients (seven girls and three boys) were treated for late orthopaedic sequelae following meningococcal septicaemia. All had involvement of the lower limbs, and one also had involvement of the upper limbs. Each patient had a median of three operations (one to nine). Methods of treatment included a combination of angular deformity correction, limb lengthening and epiphysiodesis. All patients were skeletally mature at the final follow-up. One patient with bilateral below-knee amputations had satisfactory correction of her right amputation stump deformity, and has complete ablation of both her proximal tibial growth plates. In eight patients length discrepancy in the lower limb was corrected to within 1 cm, with normalisation of the mechanical axis of the lower limb. Meningococcal septicaemia can lead to late orthopaedic sequelae due to growth plate arrests. Central growth plate arrests lead to limb-length discrepancy and the need for lengthening procedures, and peripheral growth plate arrests lead to angular deformities requiring corrective osteotomies and ablation of the damaged physis. In addition, limb amputations may be necessary and there may be altered growth of the stump requiring further surgery. Long-term follow-up of these patients is essential to recognise and treat any recurrence of deformity

Aims. We wished to examine the effectiveness of tibial lengthening using a two ring Ilizarov frame in skeletally immature patients. This is a potentially biomechanically unstable construct which risks the loss of axial control. Patients and Methods. We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of 24 boys and 26 girls, with a mean age of 8.6 years (4 to 14), who underwent 52 tibial lengthening procedures with a mean follow-up of 4.3 years (4.0 to 16.9). Tibial alignment was measured before and after treatment using joint orientation lines from the knee and a calculation of the oblique plane axis. Results. The mean percentage length gain was 20% (13 to 31) with a mean bone-healing index (BHI) of 34 days per centimetre (20 to 54). Age at surgery and location of the osteotomy site showed a strong relationship as the location of the osteotomy migrated more proximally with age. However, no significant correlation was found between BHI and the position of the osteotomy. The coronal and sagittal joint orientation of the lengthened tibias were within the normal range in 67% and 92% of cases, respectively. The oblique plane angulation calculation revealed a statistically significant change pre- to post-operatively in both magnitude (p < 0.05) and direction (p < 0.01), but without clinical consequence. The majority of complications were minor (n = 40 in 27 patients; 1.48 complications per segment lengthened) with no residual disability reported. Conclusion. Two-ring tibial lengthening is effective in maintaining segmental alignment, efficient in callous production and relatively comfortable for the patient with few significant complications. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1276–82

Between 1998 and 2002, 37 neuropathies in 32 patients with a displaced supracondylar fracture of the humerus who were referred to a nerve injury unit were identified. There were 19 boys and 13 girls with a mean age of 7.9 years (3.6 to 11.3). A retrospective review of these injuries was performed. The ulnar nerve was injured in 19, the median nerve in ten and the radial nerve in eight cases. Fourteen neuropathies were noted at the initial presentation and 23 were diagnosed after treatment of the fracture. After referral, exploration of the nerve was planned for 13 patients. Surgery was later cancelled in three because of clinical recovery. Six patients underwent neurolysis alone. Excision of neuroma and nerve grafting were performed in four. At follow-up, 26 patients had an excellent, five a good and one a fair outcome

It has been reported that there is an association between Perthes’ disease and poverty. We examined the demographic data of a group of 240 children (263 hips) who presented with Perthes’ disease in Greater Glasgow, where the mean deprivation scores are substantially greater than in the rest of Scotland, to see if this association applied and whether other clues to the aetiology of Perthes’ disease could be found. There were 197 boys and 43 girls; 39 (16.25%) had a family history of Perthes’ disease. Bone age in this series was heavily skewed towards the lower percentiles. The mean number of siblings was 1.9, with 31 (12.9%) being an only child. Maternal age at the birth of the first child showed no preponderance of older mothers. Maternal smoking during and after pregnancy was noted in 132 (55%), which compared with the 52% reported in the population of Greater Glasgow in general. Of the children in our series, 60 (25%) were in social class IV and V. However, this applies to more than half of the population of Greater Glasgow. There was no significant evidence of a preponderance of Perthes’ disease in the most deprived groups. The aetiology of Perthes’ disease is likely to be multifactorial and may include a genetic or deprivation influence resulting in delayed bone age

Aims

High-grade dysplastic spondylolisthesis is a disabling disorder for which many different operative techniques have been described. The aim of this study is to evaluate Scoliosis Research Society 22-item (SRS-22r) scores, global balance, and regional spino-pelvic alignment from two to 25 years after surgery for high-grade dysplastic spondylolisthesis using an all-posterior partial reduction, transfixation technique.

We report the results of Vulpius transverse gastrocsoleus recession for equinus gait in 26 children with cerebral palsy (CP), using the Gait Profile Score (GPS), Gait Variable Scores (GVS) and movement analysis profile. All children had an equinus deformity on physical examination and equinus gait on three-dimensional gait analysis prior to surgery. The pre-operative and post-operative GPS and GVS were statistically analysed. There were 20 boys and 6 girls in the study cohort with a mean age at surgery of 9.2 years (5.1 to 17.7) and 11.5 years (7.3 to 20.8) at follow-up. Of the 26 children, 14 had spastic diplegia and 12 spastic hemiplegia. Gait function improved for the cohort, confirmed by a decrease in mean GPS from 13.4° pre-operatively to 9.0° final review (p < 0.001). The change was 2.8 times the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Thus the improvements in gait were both clinically and statistically significant. The transverse gastrocsoleus recession described by Vulpius is an effective procedure for equinus gait in selected children with CP, when there is a fixed contracture of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:564–71

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate whether including the stages of ulnar physeal closure in Sanders stage 7 aids in a more accurate assessment for brace weaning in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Aims

The aim of this study was to define the complications and long-term outcome following adolescent mid-shaft clavicular fracture.

Aims

To determine if the results of treatment of adolescents with coccydynia are similar to those found in adults. Adult patients with coccydynia may benefit from injection therapy or operative treatment. There is little data evaluating treatment results in adolescents. We have treated adolescent patients similarly to adults and compared the outcomes.