1. The use of metallic internal fixation in the primary treatment of 176 open skeletal injuries is discussed and the results presented. 2. The use of metal (stainless steel) in this type of injury is shown not to have any harmful effects. it can be used with safety and benefit in the primary treatment of open skeletal trauma, especially in the multiple and complicated injuries of war and motor vehicle accidents. 3. The place of antibiotics is discussed and adequate treatment of the soft-tissue wound is stressed

We used single-photon absorptiometry to assess the forearm bones after the removal of internal fixation plates in 14 patients. We found convincing evidence of cortical atrophy in only one patient, in whom the plates had been removed prematurely after only 16 months. It is suggested that such plates should be retained for at least 21 months, to allow bone density to return to its prefracture level. The recommendations of the AO/ASIF group are supported

In a prospective randomised study, the Hansson pin technique for internal fixation of fractures of the femoral neck was compared with the Uppsala screw technique. The series consisted of 115 consecutive patients, 97 women and 18 men, with a mean age of 80 years. There were 56 patients treated with Hansson pins and 59 with Uppsala screws. After one year 22 patients had died, eight in the Hansson pin group and 14 in the Uppsala screw group (p = 0.28). Twenty-four complications had occurred, 18 in the Hansson pin group and six in the Uppsala screw group (p = 0.008). After exclusion of those with complications, the patients in the Hansson pin group had significantly more pain, less mobility, and a smaller proportion were living in their own homes

We have compared the results and complications after closed and open reduction with internal fixation in young adults with displaced intracapsular fractures (Garden grades III and IV) of the neck of the femur. We also studied the risk factors which influenced nonunion and the development of avascular necrosis (AVN). A total of 102 patients aged between 15 and 50 years was randomised to receive either closed or open reduction. Both groups were compared for age, gender, time to surgery and posterior comminution as well as for union and complications. Using univariate and multivariate analysis the factors influencing nonunion and AVN were assessed. Of the 102 patients, 92 were available for review. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of union (p = 0.93) and AVN at two years (p = 0.85). Posterior comminution, poor reduction and improper placement of the screws were the major factors contributing to nonunion. The overall incidence of AVN was 16.3% (15 of 92 patients) and it was not influenced by these factors. A delay of more than 48 hours before surgery did not influence the rate of union or the development of AVN when compared with operation within 48 hours of injury

Fifty-six patients with ununited intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck were treated by internal fixation and muscle-pedicle bone grafting. All had some absorption of the femoral neck, and many had avascular necrosis of the femoral head. At operation the sclerosed surfaces of the fractures were freshened, the avascular femoral head was decompressed and the muscle-pedicle graft was fixed with silk thread wrapped around pins. Satisfactory union occurred in 42 patients (75%), and delayed union in seven, of whom four (7%) eventually united without further treatment and three united after osteotomy. Non-union occurred in five patients and technical failure in two

Fifty-six patients with displaced malleolar fractures had open reduction and fixation of the fracture fragments using, by random selection, either biodegradable implants or metal AO plates and screws. The cylindrical biodegradable implants were made of polylactide-glycolide copolymer (polyglactin 910). The complications, radiographic results and functional recovery were studied prospectively. After follow-up of at least one year, no significant differences emerged in the complication rate or in the results of treatment between the two methods of fixation. Because of the advantage of avoiding the need to remove metal fixation after union, we now use biodegradable internal fixation routinely to treat displaced malleolar fractures

It seems right to draw the following conclusions from this study of the relative merits of early and delayed fixation for fractures of the femoral and tibial shafts. 1. In patients under the age of sixty years with femoral shaft fractures there seems to be a significant improvement in the speed and quality of union when internal fixation is delayed. In patients over the age of sixty years the results of delayed fixation are worse than those of early fixation, and in any case the dangers of prolonged recumbency make the latter method preferable. 2. Delaying fixation for tibial shaft fractures does not affect speed of union or functional result. However, the incidence of non-union in these fractures is reduced by over 50 per cent by delaying fixation. This is a good reason for delaying fixation of this fracture too. Some possible reasons for the improved results after delayed fixation have been discussed

We reviewed the records and radiographs from 10 hospitals to identify 50 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who had sustained 52 femoral neck fractures. Most patients were female (88%), elderly (mean age 66 years) and had had severe polyarticular disease for a mean duration of 16 years. Over half had taken systemic corticosteroids, nearly all were severely osteopenic but few had rheumatoid changes in the hip. Of the 20 fractures treated by internal fixation 12 had complications including nonunion (5), osteonecrosis (5), infection (1), and intertrochanteric fracture (1). Only one of the nine undisplaced fractures required reoperation, but seven of the 11 displaced fractures had revision surgery. Twenty fractures were treated by primary total hip arthroplasty with only one early complication. The other 12 fractures had been treated by hemiarthroplasty (9), hip excision (1) or non-operatively (2). Our results suggest that, in elderly rheumatoid patients, severely displaced femoral neck fractures should be treated by total hip replacement

In 42 elderly patients, 33 women and nine men with a mean age of 72 years, we treated displaced fractures of the proximal humerus (34 three-part, 8 four-part) using a blade plate and a standard deltopectoral approach. Functional treatment was started immediately after surgery. We reviewed 41 patients at one year and 38 at final follow-up at 3.4 years (2.4 to 4.5). At the final review, all the fractures had healed. The clinical results were graded as excellent in 13 patients, good in 17, fair in seven, and poor in one. The median Constant score was 73 ± 18. Avascular necrosis of the humeral head occurred in two patients (5%). We conclude that rigid fixation of displaced fractures of the proximal humerus with a blade plate in the elderly patient provides sufficient primary stability to allow early functional treatment. The incidence of avascular necrosis and nonunion was low. Restoration of the anatomy and biomechanics may contribute to a good functional outcome when compared with alternative methods of fixation or conservative treatment. Regardless of the age of the patients, we advocate primary open reduction and rigid internal fixation of three- and four-part fractures of the proximal humerus

Three cases of anterior interosseous nerve palsy were diagnosed after internal fixation of fractures of the proximal radius. The suggestion that the nerve was injured at operation by bone-holding forceps was supported by operations on 12 cadaver forearms, in which the nerve was frequently trapped. Care should be taken to place such forceps in a subperiosteal plane

One hundred patients who had sustained a fracture of the tibial shaft and had been treated by internal fixation were reviewed to obtain information on residual ankle and subtalar disability. This study reinforces the belief that early mobilisation of patients with tibial shaft fractures does help to preserve subtalar movement

We investigated whether patients who underwent internal fixation for an isolated acetabular fracture were able to return to their previous sporting activities. We studied 52 consecutive patients with an isolated acetabular fracture who were operated on between January 2001 and December 2002. Their demographic details, fracture type, rehabilitation regime, outcome and complications were documented prospectively as was their level and frequency of participation in sport both before and after surgery. Quality of life was measured using the EuroQol-5D health outcome tool (EQ-5D). There was a significant reduction in level of activity, frequency of participation in sport (both p < 0.001) and EQ-5D scores in patients of all age groups compared to a normal English population (p = 0.001). A total of 22 (42%) were able to return to their previous level of activities: 35 (67%) were able to take part in sport at some level. Of all the parameters analysed, the Matta radiological follow-up criteria were the single best predictor for resumption of sporting activity and frequency of participation

The treatment algorithms for displaced fractures of the femoral neck need to be improved if we are to reduce the need for secondary surgery. We have studied 102 patients of mean age 80 years, with an acute displaced fracture of the femoral neck. They were randomly placed into two groups, treated either by internal fixation (IF) with two cannulated screws or total hip replacement (THR). None showed severe cognitive dysfunction, all were able to walk independently, and all lived in their own home. They were reviewed at four, 12 and 24 months after surgery. Outcome measurements included hip complications, revision surgery, hip function according to Charnley and the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) according to EuroQol (EQ-5D). The failure rate after 24 months was higher in the IF group than in the THR group with regard to hip complications (36% and 4%, respectively; p < 0.001), and the number of revision procedures (42% and 4%, p < 0.001). Hip function was significantly better in the THR group at all follow-up reviews regarding pain (p < 0.005), movement (p < 0.05 except at 4 months) and walking (p < 0.05). The reduction in HRQoL (EQ-5D . index. score) was also significantly lower in the THR group than in the IF group, comparing the pre-fracture situation with that at all follow-up reviews (p < 0.05). The results of our study strongly suggest that THR provides a better outcome than IF for elderly, relatively healthy, lucid patients with a displaced fracture of the femoral neck

We reviewed 57 adult patients at an average of 37 months after early internal fixation for displaced fractures of the distal humerus. Two-thirds had intercondylar (Muller type C) fractures, and one-third had articular comminution (type C3). A chevron olecranon osteotomy was used, with early active movement after fixation. Results were good or excellent in 76% with an average range of movement of 115 degrees. Early stable fixation by an experienced surgeon is recommended for these fractures

We used calcium-phosphate cement combined with minimal internal fixation to treat 49 fractures of the lateral tibial plateau. There were 25 split depression fractures, 22 pure depression fractures and two bicondylar fractures. Anatomical reduction was obtained in 38 fractures, satisfactory reduction in nine and imperfect reduction in two. Of 44 patients reviewed at one year, 33 were rated as having an excellent reduction. Functional outcome as measured by the Rasmussen score was good or excellent at six months in 92% (44/48) of patients and in 95% (42/44) at one year. Eight (16%) showed some loss of reduction of the plateau. In seven of these the loss of reduction was slight (< 3 mm) and no action was taken. One patient with a deep infection had gross loss of reduction and a poor functional outcome. Calcium-phosphate cement is a useful alternative to bone grafting for the treatment of fractures of the tibial plateau

1. A report is presented of the results of a trial to compare the effects of early and late weight-bearing in patients with a transcervical fracture of the femur treated by reduction of the fracture and internal fixation with a sliding nail-plate. 2. One hundred and twelve patients have been assessed clinically and radiologically three years after operation. 3. Retrospective analysis of factors that affect the outcome of treatment suggests that the two groups were fairly evenly balanced. 4. The results show that full weight-bearing two weeks after operation did not increase the incidence of failure of fixation or of non-union. 5. The higher incidence of superior segmental collapse in patients in whom weight-bearing was deferred for twelve weeks can be explained by the greater number of high fractures in this group and the greater number with a poor reduction

We reviewed 24 displaced fractures through the physis of the medial epicondyle of the distal humerus. One was a Salter-Harris type-II fracture-separation of the whole distal humeral epiphysis; the others involved only the medial epicondylar centre of ossification. Two cases had presented as pseudarthroses. One fracture had been treated closed in a plaster slab and 21 had had open reduction and internal fixation with sutures, Kirschner wires or Palmer nails. At 2 to 13 years later we found five types of deformity of the epicondyle: pseudarthrosis, an ulnar sulcus, a double-contoured epicondyle, hypoplasia or hyperplasia. Pseudarthrosis had developed after either no treatment, closed reduction and plaster, or open reduction and suturing. Hypoplasia followed nailing, as did a trend to varus tilting of the joint surface. One very young patient, with fracture-separation of the whole distal epiphysis treated by nailing, developed marked cubitus varus

1 . A preliminary report is presented of a clinical trial to compare the results of early and late weight bearing in randomly selected patients of comparable age groups whose displaced femoral neck fractures were treated by internal fixation with a sliding nail-plate. 2. When 124 patients were assessed at three months and 107 at six months after operation there was no significant difference between those who started unguarded weight bearing two weeks after operation and those who avoided weight bearing for three months. 3. Early weight bearing appears to have no harmful effect on the early post-operative stability of this fracture when a sliding nail-plate is used for fixation. 4. Further information is necessary before any conclusion can be reached about the effect of early weight bearing on the ultimate fate of the fracture and of the femoral head. For this reason, and also to increase the numbers of patients in the series, the trial is continuing and the patients are being followed up for a three-year period

We have reviewed 402 traumatic fractures of the femoral shaft, 320 of which had been treated by operation and had a long follow-up. Of these, 228 closed fractures and 37 open fractures had been stabilised by plating. There was no significant difference in healing between those stabilised early and those having delayed internal fixation. Re-fracture after removal of the implant occurred more often after early operation. All 55 fractures treated by intramedullary nailing healed and there were no re-fractures after nail removal. We found no correlation between delay before operation and the incidence of postoperative infection

Ulnar nerve function, during and after open reduction and internal fixation of fractures of the distal humerus with subperiosteal elevation of the nerve, was assessed by intra-operative neurophysiological monitoring. Intermittent recording of the compound muscle action potentials was taken from the hypothenar muscles in 18 neurologically asymptomatic patients. The mean amplitude of the compound muscle action potential after surgery was 98.1% (. sd. 17.6; −37% to +25%). The amplitude improved in six patients following surgery. Despite unremarkable recordings one patient had progressive paresis. Motor impairment is unlikely if the compound muscle action potential is continuously preserved and not reduced by more than 40% at the end of surgery. Temporary decreases in amplitude by up to 70% were tolerated without clinical consequences. However, repeated clinical examination is obligatory to recognise and treat early post-operative palsy