There are differences of opinion about the pathogenesis of Perthes' disease. All are agreed that it is due to ischaemia, but the cause of this and the size and number of infarctions are in dispute. Through the generosity of the contributors six whole femoral heads and core biopsies of five other cases have been studied radiographically and histologically. The findings ranged from an ischaemic arrest of ossification in the capital articular cartilage without infarction to multiple complete infarctions of the epiphysial bone. The ensuing reparative process contributes to the pathology, which is of a range to warrant grading or grouping.
Eighty-four children suffering from Perthes' disease are reviewed. The policy of management for these patients was one by which 55 per cent of the cases had no active treatment and the remainder were treated by operation. Results of the series show an improvement over a previously reported series of untreated controls, particularly where clinical management had been possible throughout the disease process. The importance of early definitive treatment for Group 4 cases is stressed. It is concluded that in the early stages where "head-at-risk" signs are not present, treatment may be conservative. Should these signs develop later the long-term result is not prejudiced if operative treatment is undertaken promptly.
We compared 63 hips (Catterall Groups 3 and 4) contained by femoral osteotomy with 85 untreated hips and found that 50.7 per cent of treated patients developed congruous spherical femoral heads in contrast to 14.1 per cent of those untreated. We have also considered certain other features relevant to the outcome. We suggest that the indications should not be modified on the grounds of early age of onset. Relief from weight-bearing does not appear to improve the results of containment. We have assessed the shortening which follows femoral osteotomy and conclude that this is only significant when there is growth disturbance at the capital epiphysis. These changes are at least as frequent in untreated patients.
We have considered the reasons for securing containment of the femoral head in Perthes' disease and have reviewed briefly the methods used. The present investigation describes the outcome in a controlled series of forty-eight hips treated by containment by femoral varus-rotation osteotomy in selected patients. In assessing the results we have emphasised that controls are essential, and for this purpose we have used two comparable groups, one untreated and the other treated by methods other than containment. The same factors were considered in assessment--namely age, duration, group, and the presence or absence of "at risk" signs. The results were graded similarly as good, fair and poor in all groups. We have concluded that containment by femoral osteotomy is the treatment of choice in patients with "at risk" signs provided that severe deformity has not already occurred. There is no evidence that treatment of any kind favourably influences the course of the disorder in the remainder. Although this is predominantly a radiological study some clinical features are discussed.
1. Further consideration has been given to the lateral rotation which occurs at the ankle joint in uncorrected club feet. 2. Medial rotation osteotomy of the tibia may be used to restore more normal alignment to the hind foot at the expense of an increase in varus of the forefoot, which must be corrected at a second operation. 3. The early results in seven feet treated in this manner are reported. 4. We hope that this paper will be regarded more as a contribution to the understanding of the anatomy of uncorrected club foot than as advocacy of a new method of surgical treatment.
1. Eighty-nine cases of Perthes' disease are reviewed. 2. The prognosis varies with the amount of the epiphysis involved. 3. It is possible to assess the amount of epiphysial involvement by a study of the early radiographs. Cases were allocated to four groups on this basis. 4. It is confirmed that both sex and age at the time of diagnosis influence the final prognosis. The reasons for this are discussed. 5. The concept of "the head at risk" is suggested and radiological signs described to diagnose such cases. 6. It is hoped that the classification suggested may in future act as a basis for comparisons of treatment.
1. We have considered torsional deformity in club feet and conclude that medial torsion does not occur in the tibia. 2. It is suggested that in uncorrected feet the hindfoot with the ankle mortise is laterally rotated. 3. We have discussed the cause, prevention and consequences of spurious correction by lateral rotation. 4. The "bean-shaped foot" seems an appropriate description of the final deformity as it is commonly seen.
