1. An operation suitable for the correction of hallux valgus in adolescents is described.

2. The results of thirty-three operations performed in children between the ages of nine and eighteen years are analysed.

3. Twenty-six operations are considered to have produced a good result, four a moderate result, and three a poor result.

4. It is suggested that the operation is best performed between the ages of eleven and fifteen years.

A survey of this type cannot be used to point to any definite factor or factors predisposing to the development of hallux valgus. Nevertheless, a comparison of measurements in the morbid and control groups shows several outstanding differences:

1) There was a high degree of correlation between valgus and intermetatarsal angle in the two groups combined (coefficient, 0·7) but the correlation was higher in those cases with a degree of valgus greater than 25 degrees than in the remainder (coefficients, 0·36 and 0·53).

2) In the control group the first metatarsal was longer than tile second by a mean measure of 2 millimetres; in the morbid group by a mean measure of 4 millimetres. For a high degree of valgus and a low intermetatarsal angle the first metatarsal tends to be longer than the second by a significantly greater amount than when the high valgus is associated with iligh intermetatarsal angle.

3) In 90 per cent of the control cases there was a lateral displacement of the medial sesamoid of the first metatarsal of 3 degrees or less, whereas 88 per cent of the morbid group showed a displacement of 4 degrees or more. There was very little overlap in the distributions of this observation in the two groups. There was a high correlation between the degree of this displacement and the severity of hallux valgus.

4) Rotation of the hallux was not observed among the controls; in the morbid group those cases showing rotation had an average degree of valgus of 36 degrees while the rest had an average of 19 degrees. The mean degree of valgus in the morbid group was 32·0 degrees and that of the controls 15·5 degrees. The mean angle between the axes of the first and second metatarsals was 13·0 degrees in the morbid group and 8·5 degrees in the controls.

Since tile morbid group consisted largely of women (98 per cent) it is important to know that in the control group the only measure showing a statistically significant sex difference is that of intermetatarsal angle, but that, even so, the mean difference is only 1·3 degrees. Thus tile sex difference between the two groups is probably only of minor importance. The role of age in influencing the observations cannot be clearly elucidated from the data at present available. It can only be stated that there is no positive indication that age is a controlling factor in the departure observed in the morbid group from the control observations.

1. The anatomy of the forefoot in hallux valgus is compared with the normal, with a review of the literature and descriptions of anatomical preparations, observations at operation and radiographs.

2. The early and essential lesions are stretching of the ligaments on the medial side of the metatarso-phalangeal joint that attach the medial sesamoid and basal phalanx to the metatarsal, and erosion of the ridge that separates the grooves for the sesamoids on the metatarsal head.

3. In established hallux valgus a sagittal groove, formed where the cartilage is free from pressure by either the phalanx or the ligaments, cuts off a medial eminence, which articulates with the stretched ligaments, from a restricted area for the phalanx.

4. Apart from osteophytic lipping which squares off the outline of the eminence as it is seen in radiographs and a small amount of lipping of the ridge on the metatarsal there is no evidence of new bone growth. In chronic cases the eminence may degenerate or disappear.

5. The articular surfaces at the cuneo-metatarsal joint become adapted to the changed positions of the metatarsal without gross pathological change.

6. The four deep transverse ligaments that bind together the five plantar pads of the metatarso-phalangeal joints are not unduly stretched, so that as the metatarsals spread it is the ligaments that bind the pads to the heads of the metatarsals that give way.

7. The plantar metatarsal artery to the first space pursues a tortuous course between the two heads of the flexor hallucis brevis. In hallux valgus the course becomes still more tortuous and part of the pain experienced may be due to ischaemic effects.

1. Arthrodesis of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint combined with excision of those lesser metatarsal heads with fixed subluxation and painful callosities is an excellent treatment for painful hallux valgus with metatarsalgia.

2. A series of thirty feet in twenty-five patients is reported in which this combined operation was done.

1. A survey has been made of 518 operations for hallux valgus and hallux rigidus.

2. The methods of critical examination used in this survey are described.

3. The results obtained have led to the formulation of certain views on etiology and modes of treatment.

4. In hallux valgus in the adolescent, operations aimed at correcting the primary deformity are justifiable when correctly performed, though the exact form such operations should take still requires further study.

5. In hallux valgus in the adult, arthroplasty offers a reasonably good solution in the well chosen case, though no one should consider that the results are so good as to make unnecessary any further research in this field. Metatarsal osteotomy has in the adult only a limited sphere of application.

6. In hallux rigidus arthroplasty alone has no place in the treatment of the adult cases showing metatarsus primus elevatus, nor in the adolescent case. The possibilities of other methods of operative treatment, notably osteotomy, are discussed.

1. An oblique displacement osteotomy of the distal third of the first metatarsal is described for the correction of adolescent hallux valgus.

2. No fixation of the fragments is necessary, stability depending upon displacement in the over-corrected position for two weeks.

3. A follow-up of twenty-five operations has shown only one failure, from recurrence of the deformity. There have been no complications.

1. A group of cases is presented in which the os intermetatarseum took the form of an intermetatarsal spur, from which (in members of one family) there arose a tendon-like structure whose distal attachment was to the lateral aspect of the proximal phalanx of the great toe. The suggestion is made that this may represent a lost first plantar interosseous muscle.

2. Another effect of the presence of an os intermetatarseum is the production of metatarsus primus varus by its action as a wedge which spreads apart the bases of the two metatarsal bones. A very small wedge may at times produce considerable deviation (Case 4), and resection of the os can result in satisfactory correction.

3. It is also felt that over-development of extensor hallucis brevis may at times contribute to the formation of hallux valgus.

One hundred and seventy feet have been reviewed after operations for hallux valgus; eighty-five had had arthrodesis of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint and eighty-five had had Keller's operation. Footprints were made in order to assess the patterns of weight-bearing on the big toe and on the lesser metatarsal heads. After arthrodesis the big toe bore weight in 80 per cent compared with 40 per cent after Keller's operation. The ability to bear weight on the big toe is related to the presence of metatarsalgia and excessive weight bearing on the lesser metatarsal heads. These complications were seen more commonly after Keller's operation (particularly when more than one-third of the phalanx had been excised) than after arthrodesis.

1. Correction of hallux valgus by spike osteotomy of the neck of the first metatarsal is described, and the results in eighty-two feet are presented.

2. A high proportion of satisfactory results can be obtained, but great care is needed in both selection and technique.

3. The ideal case is one of moderate deformity, without degenerative arthritis, and with symptoms referable to increased width of the forefoot; the operation should not be performed in cases with obvious degenerative change, nor when metatarsalgia is a prominent symptom.

4. It is important to displace the metatarsal head as far laterally as possible, and vital to avoid dorsal angulation or displacement.

5. It is suggested that enough is now known about the natural evolution of hallux valgus and the results of some operations for prophylactic surgery to be undertaken in carefully selected cases.

1. Pathological hallux valgus may be differentiated from an increase in the normal valgus alignment of the great toe by the relationship to each other of the articular surfaces of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint; these are congruous in the normal joint, but displaced on each other in the pathological.

2. The earliest change is lateral deviation of the proximal phalanx on the metatarsal head, which may progress rapidly to subluxation.

3. Subluxation is an early change in a high proportion of cases, and is frequently present when the patient is first seen in adolescence.

4. Once subluxation has occurred progression of the deformity is likely.

5. Metatarsus primus varus and hallux valgus increase pari passu. There is not enough evidence to be certain which of these is the primary change, but such as there is suggests that lateral deviation of the great toe occurs first, and increase in the intermetatarsal angle is secondary to this.

6. It is suggested that hallux valgus should be regarded primarily and fundamentally as a subluxation, or tendency to subluxation, of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint.

This study sought to determine the medium-term patient-reported and radiographic outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for hallux valgus. A total of 118 patients (162 feet) underwent surgery for hallux valgus between January 2008 and June 2009. The Manchester-Oxford Foot Questionnaire (MOXFQ), a validated tool for the assessment of outcome after surgery for hallux valgus, was used and patient satisfaction was sought. The medical records and radiographs were reviewed retrospectively. At a mean of 5.2 years (4.7 to 6.0) post-operatively, the median combined MOXFQ score was 7.8 (IQR:0 to 32.8). The median domain scores for pain, walking/standing, and social interaction were 10 (IQR: 0 to 45), 0 (IQR: 0 to 32.1) and 6.3 (IQR: 0 to 25) respectively. A total of 119 procedures (73.9%, in 90 patients) were reported as satisfactory but only 53 feet (32.7%, in 43 patients) were completely asymptomatic. The mean (SD) correction of hallux valgus, intermetatarsal, and distal metatarsal articular angles was 18.5° (8.8°), 5.7° (3.3°), and 16.6° (8.8°), respectively. Multivariable regression analysis identified that an American Association of Anesthesiologists grade of > 1 (Incident Rate Ratio (IRR) = 1.67, p-value = 0.011) and recurrent deformity (IRR = 1.77, p-value = 0.003) were associated with significantly worse MOXFQ scores. No correlation was found between the severity of deformity, the type, or degree of surgical correction and the outcome. When using a validated outcome score for the assessment of outcome after surgery for hallux valgus, the long-term results are worse than expected when compared with the short- and mid-term outcomes, with 25.9% of patients dissatisfied at a mean follow-up of 5.2 years.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:208–14.

Aims

The aim of this study was to report a single surgeon series of consecutive patients with moderate hallux valgus managed with a percutaneous extra-articular reverse-L chevron (PERC) osteotomy.