Aims

The primary aim of this study was to determine the ten-year outcome following surgical treatment for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). We assessed whether the evolution of practice from open to arthroscopic techniques influenced outcomes and tested whether any patient, radiological, or surgical factors were associated with outcome.

Aims

Transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy (TRO) is performed for young patients with non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) to preserve the hip. We aimed to investigate the long-term outcomes and the risk factors for failure 15 years after this procedure.

We report the clinical and radiological outcome of subcapital osteotomy of the femoral neck in the management of symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) resulting from a healed slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). We believe this is only the second such study in the literature.

We studied eight patients (eight hips) with symptomatic FAI after a moderate to severe healed SCFE. There were six male and two female patients, with a mean age of 17.8 years (13 to 29).

All patients underwent a subcapital intracapsular osteotomy of the femoral neck after surgical hip dislocation and creation of an extended retinacular soft-tissue flap. The mean follow-up was 41 months (20 to 84). Clinical assessment included measurement of range of movement, Harris Hip Score (HHS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis score (WOMAC). Radiological assessment included pre- and post-operative calculation of the anterior slip angle (ASA) and lateral slip angle (LSA), the anterior offset angle (AOA) and centre head–trochanteric distance (CTD). The mean HHS at final follow-up was 92.5 (85 to 100), and the mean WOMAC scores for pain, stiffness and function were 1.3 (0 to 4), 1.4 (0 to 6) and 3.6 (0 to 19) respectively. There was a statistically significant improvement in all the radiological measurements post-operatively. The mean ASA improved from 36.6° (29° to 44°) to 10.3° (5° to 17°) (p <  0.01). The mean LSA improved from 36.6° (31° to 43°) to 15.4° (8° to 21°) (p < 0.01). The mean AOA decreased from 64.4° (50° to 78°) 32.0° (25° to 39°) post-operatively (p < 0.01). The mean CTD improved from -8.2 mm (-13.8 to +3.1) to +2.8 mm (-7.6 to +11.0) (p < 0.01). Two patients underwent further surgery for nonunion. No patient suffered avascular necrosis of the femoral head.

Subcapital osteotomy for patients with a healed SCFE is more challenging than subcapital re-orientation in those with an acute or sub-acute SCFE and an open physis. An effective correction of the deformity, however, can be achieved with relief of symptoms related to impingement.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:1441–8.

We report the outcome of 39 patients who underwent a modified Pauwels’ intertrochanteric osteotomy for nonunion of a femoral neck fracture following failed osteosynthesis. There were 31 men and eight women with a mean age of 47.2 years (34 to 59). By Pauwels’ classification, there were 11 Type II fractures and 28 Type III fractures. The mean follow-up was 7.9 years (2 to 19). In the 11 patients whose initial treatment had been osteotomy, union was achieved in nine (81.8%). In 28 patients whose initial treatment had been with a lag screw or a dynamic hip screw, union was achieved in 27 (96.4%). Limb lengths were equalised in 14 of 16 patients (87.5%) with pre-operative shortening. The mean neck-shaft angle improved significantly from 100.5° (80° to 120°) to 131.6° (120° to 155°) (p = 0.004). The mean modified Harris hip score was 85.6 points (70 to 97) and the mean modified Merle d’Aubigné score was 14.3 (11 to 18). Good to excellent functional outcomes were achieved in 32 patients (88.8%). A modified Pauwels’ intertrochanteric osteotomy is a reliable method of treating ununited fractures of the femoral neck following failed osteosynthesis: coxa vara and shortening can also simultaneously be addressed.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:1198–1201.

There is a high risk of the development of avascular necrosis of the femoral head and nonunion after the treatment of displaced subcapital fractures of the femoral neck in patients aged < 50 years. We retrospectively analysed the results following fixation with two cannulated compression screws and a vascularised iliac bone graft. We treated 18 women and 16 men with a mean age of 38.5 years (20 to 50) whose treatment included the use of an iliac bone graft based on the ascending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery. There were 20 Garden grade III and 14 grade IV fractures. Clinical and radiological outcomes were evaluated. The mean follow-up was 5.4 years (2 to 10). In 30 hips (88%) union was achieved at a mean of 4.4 months (4 to 6). Nonunion occurred in four hips (12%) and these patients had a mean age of 46.5 years (42 to 50) and underwent revision to a hip replacement six months after operation. The time to union was dependent on age with younger patients achieving earlier union (p < 0.001). According to the Harris hip score which was available for 27 of the 30 hips with satisfactory union, excellent results were obtained in 15 (score ≥ 90 points), fair in ten (score 80 to 90 points), and poor in two hips (≤ 80 points). One patient aged 48 years developed avascular necrosis of femoral head six years after operation and underwent total hip replacement.

The management of displaced subcapital fractures of the femoral neck, in patients aged <  50 years, with two cannulated compression screws and an iliac bone graft based on the ascending branch of lateral femoral circumflex artery, gives satisfactory results with a low rate of complication including avascular necrosis and nonunion.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:1024–8.

We investigated the detailed anatomy of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus and their neurovascular supply in 22 hips in 11 embalmed adult Caucasian human cadavers. This led to the development of a surgical technique for an extended posterior approach to the hip and pelvis that exposes the supra-acetabular ilium and preserves the glutei during revision hip surgery. Proximal to distal mobilisation of the gluteus medius from the posterior gluteal line permits exposure and mobilisation of the superior gluteal neurovascular bundle between the sciatic notch and the entrance to the gluteus medius, enabling a wider exposure of the supra-acetabular ilium. This technique was subsequently used in nine patients undergoing revision total hip replacement involving the reconstruction of nine Paprosky 3B acetabular defects, five of which had pelvic discontinuity. Intra-operative electromyography showed that the innervation of the gluteal muscles was not affected by surgery. Clinical follow-up demonstrated good hip abduction function in all patients. These results were compared with those of a matched cohort treated through a Kocher–Langenbeck approach. Our modified approach maximises the exposure of the ilium above the sciatic notch while protecting the gluteal muscles and their neurovascular bundle.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:48–53.

Pre-operative planning for total hip replacement (THR) is challenging in hips with severe acetabular deformities, including those with a hypoplastic acetabulum or severe defects and in the presence of arthrodesis or ankylosis. We evaluated whether a Rapid Prototype (RP) model, which is a life-sized reproduction based on three-dimensional CT scans, can determine the feasibility of THR and provide information about the size and position of the acetabular component in severe acetabular deformities. THR was planned using an RP model in 21 complex hips in five men (five hips) and 16 women (16 hips) with a mean age of 47.7 years (24 to 70) at operation. An acetabular component was implanted successfully and THR completed in all hips. The acetabular component used was within 2 mm of the predicted size in 17 hips (80.9%). All of the acetabular components and femoral stems had radiological evidence of bone ingrowth and stability at the final follow-up, without any detectable wear or peri-prosthetic osteolysis. The RP model allowed a simulated procedure pre-operatively and was helpful in determining the feasibility of THR pre-operatively, and to decide on implant type, size and position in complex THRs.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1458–63.

Deep prosthetic joint infection remains an uncommon but serious complication of total hip replacement. We reviewed 24 patients with recalcitrant hip wounds following infected total hip replacement treated with either pedicled rectus femoris or vastus lateralis muscle flaps between 1998 and 2009. The mean age of the patients was 67.4 years (42 to 86) with ten men and 14 women. There had been a mean of four (1 to 8) previous attempts to close the wound. A total of 20 rectus femoris and five vastus lateralis flaps were used, with one of each type of flap failing and requiring further reconstruction. All patients had positive microbiology. At a mean follow-up of 47 months (9 to 128), 22 patients had a healed wound and two had a persistent sinus. The prosthesis had been retained in five patients. In the remainder it had been removed, and subsequently re-implanted in nine patients. Six patients continued to take antibiotics at final follow-up. This series demonstrates the effectiveness of pedicled muscle flaps in healing these infected wounds. The high number of previous debridements suggests that these flaps could have been used earlier

We evaluated the potential of a vastus lateralis muscle flap in controlling infection after resection arthroplasty of the hip. We retrospectively reviewed 119 patients with 120 chronic infections after resection arthroplasty treated with this procedure. The flap was fixed with Mitek anchors in the acetabular cavity. The mean duration of infection after resection before the muscle flap procedure was 6.5 months (2 to 13). The patients had previously undergone a mean of 4.9 operations (2 to 25). In all patients the infected cavity was the origin of the persistent infection. The mean follow-up was for 2.6 years (1.0 to 4.7).

No patient had recurrent infection post-operatively and all had an improvement in the pain and better quality of life.

Inflammatory pseudotumours occasionally occur after metal-on-metal hip resurfacing and often lead to revision. Our aim was to determine the severity of this complication by assessing the outcome of revision in these circumstances and by comparing this with the outcome of other metal-on-metal hip resurfacing revisions as well as that of matched primary total hip replacements.

We identified 53 hips which had undergone metal-on-metal hip resurfacing and required revision at a mean of 1.59 years (0.01 to 6.69) after operation. Of these, 16 were revised for pseudotumours, 21 for fracture and 16 for other reasons. These were matched by age, gender and diagnosis with 103 patients undergoing primary total hip replacement with the Exeter implant.

At a mean follow-up of three years (0.8 to 7.2) the outcome of metal-on-metal hip resurfacing revision for pseudotumour was poor with a mean Oxford hip score of 20.9 (sd 9.3) and was significantly worse (p < 0.001) than the outcome for fracture with a mean Oxford hip score of 40.2 (sd 9.2) or that for other causes with a mean Oxford hip score of 37.8 (sd 9.4). The clinical outcome of revision for pseudotumour was also significantly worse (p < 0.001) than the outcome of matched primary total hip replacements. By contrast, the outcome for fracture and other causes was not significantly different from that of matched primary total hip replacements (p = 0.065). After revision for pseudotumour there were three cases of recurrent dislocation, three of palsy of the femoral nerve, one of stenosis of the femoral artery and two of loosening of the component. Five hips required further revision. In three of these there was evidence of recurrent pseudotumour, and one is currently awaiting further revision. The incidence of major complications after revision for pseudotumour (50%) was significantly higher (p = 0.018) than that after revision for other causes (14%).

The outcome of revision for pseudotumour is poor and consideration should be given to early revision to limit the extent of the soft-tissue destruction. The outcome of resurfacing revision for other causes is good.

We describe a new technique of reconstruction of the deficient acetabulum in cementless total hip arthroplasty. The outer iliac table just above the deficient acetabulum is osteotomised and slid downwards. We have termed this an iliac sliding graft. Between October 1997 and November 2001, cementless total hip arthroplasty with an iliac sliding graft was performed on 19 patients (19 hips) with acetabular dysplasia. The mean follow-up was 3.4 years (2 to 6).

The mean pre-operative Harris hip score was 45.1 which improved significantly to 85.3 at the time of the final follow-up. No patient had post-operative abductor dysfunction. Incorporation of the graft was seen after two to three months in all patients. Resorption of the graft and radiolucencies were infrequent. This technique is a useful alternative to femoral head autografting when the patient’s own femoral head cannot be used.

Segmental collapse occurs in the early stage of a vascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head, and is associated with a poor prognosis. Since it develops at a relatively young age, the long-term outcome after total hip replacement is a major concern. We have compared the long-term results of pedicle bone grafting (PBG) with those of transtrochanteric rotational osteotomy (TRO). In the PBG group there were 23 men (27 hips) and three women (4 hips) with a mean age at the time of surgery of 38 years and a mean follow-up of 13 years. In the TRO group there were 44 men (55 hips) and 19 women (22 hips) with a mean age at the time of surgery of 39 years and a mean follow-up of seven years. Failure was defined as a need for total hip replacement or a Harris hip score below 70. The long-term results were similar for the two groups. The survival rates at five and ten years were 85% and 67%, respectively, in the PBG group, and 71% and 61%, respectively, in the TRO group, according to Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis. In the TRO group patients in stage II had significantly better results that those in stage III