Aims

Osteonecrosis (ON) can cause considerable morbidity in young people who undergo treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). The aims of this study were to determine the operations undertaken for ON in this population in the UK, along with the timing of these operations and any sequential procedures that are used in different joints. We also explored the outcomes of those patients treated by core decompression (CD), and compared this with conservative management, in both the pre- or post-collapse stages of ON.

Aims. The goal of closed reduction (CR) in the treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is to achieve and maintain concentricity of the femoral head in the acetabulum. However, concentric reduction is not immediately attainable in all hips and it remains controversial to what degree a non-concentric reduction is acceptable. This prospective study is aimed at investigating the dynamic evolution of the hip joint space after CR in DDH using MRI. Methods. A consecutive series of patients with DDH who underwent CR since March 2014 were studied. Once the safety and stability were deemed adequate intraoperatively, reduction was accepted regardless of concentricity. Concentricity was defined when the superior joint space (SJS) and medial joint space (MJS) were both less than 2 mm, based on MRI. A total of 30 children, six boys and 24 girls, involving 35 hips, were recruited for the study. The mean age at CR was 13.7 months (3.5 to 27.6) and the mean follow-up was 49.5 months (approximately four years) (37 to 60). The joint space was evaluated along with the interval between the inverted and everted limbus. Results. Only three hips (8.6%) were fully concentric immediately after CR. During follow-up, 24 hips (68.6%) and 27 hips (77.1%) became concentric at six months and one year, respectively. Immediate SJS after CR decreased from 3.51 mm to 0.79 mm at six months follow-up (p = 0.001). SJS in the inverted group decreased from 3.75 mm to 0.97 mm at six months follow-up. SJS or MJS in the everted group were less than those in the inverted group at each time of follow-up (p = 0.008, p = 0.002). Conclusion. A stable, safe but non-concentric reduction achieved before the age of two years appears to improve over time with nearly 80% of hips becoming fully concentric by one year. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(5):618–626

The recognition of hips at risk of displacement in children with cerebral palsy (CP) is a difficult problem for the orthopaedic surgeon. The Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and head–shaft angle (HSA) are prognostic factors for hip displacement. However, reference values for HSA are lacking. This study describes and compares the development of HSA in normal hips and children with CP.

We selected 33 children from a retrospective cohort with unilateral developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) (five boys, 28 girls) and 50 children (35 boys, 15 girls) with CP with GMFCS levels II to V. HSA of normal developing hips was measured at the contralateral hip of unilateral DDH children (33 hips) and HSA of CP children was measured in both hips (100 hips). Measurements were taken from the radiographs of the children at age two, four and seven years. The normal hip HSA decreased by 2° per year (p < 0.001). In children with CP with GMFCS levels II and III HSA decreased by 0.6° (p = 0.046) and 0.9° (p = 0.049) per year, respectively. The HSA did not alter significantly in GMFCS levels IV and V.

Between the ages of two and eight years, the HSA decreases in normal hips and CP children with GMFCS level, II to III but does not change in GMFCS levels IV to V. As HSA has a prognostic value for hip displacement, these reference values may help the orthopaedic surgeon to predict future hip displacement in children with CP.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1291–5.

In this study we evaluated the results of midtarsal release and open reduction for the treatment of children with convex congenital foot (CCF) (vertical talus) and compared them with the published results of peritalar release. Between 1977 and 2009, a total of 22 children (31 feet) underwent this procedure. In 15 children (48%) the CCF was isolated and in the remainder it was not (seven with arthrogryposis, two with spinal dysraphism, one with a polymalformative syndrome and six with an undefined neurological disorder).

Pre-operatively, the mean tibiotalar angle was 150.2° (106° to 175°) and the mean calcaneal pitch angle was -19.3° (-72° to 4°). The procedure included talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joint capsulotomies, lengthening of tendons of tibialis anterior and the extensors of the toes, allowing reduction of the midtarsal joints. Lengthening of the Achilles tendon was necessary in 23 feet (74%).

The mean follow-up was 11 years (2 to 21). The results, as assessed by the Adelaar score, were good in 24 feet (77.4%), fair in six (19.3%) and poor in one foot (3.3%), with no difference between those with isolated CCF and those without. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society midfoot score was 89.9 (54 to 100) and 77.8 (36 to 93) for those with isolated CCF and those without, respectively. At the final follow-up, the mean tibiotalar (120°; 90 to 152) and calcaneal pitch angles (4°; -13 to 22) had improved significantly (p < 0.0001). Dislocation of the talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints was completely reduced in 22 (70.9%) and 29 (93.6%) of feet, respectively. Three children (five feet) underwent further surgery at a mean of 8.5 years post-operatively, three with pes planovalgus and two in whom the deformity had been undercorrected. No child developed avascular necrosis of the talus.

Midtarsal joint release and open reduction is a satisfactory procedure, which may provide better results than peritalar release. Complications include the development of pes planovalgus and persistent dorsal subluxation of the talonavicular joint.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:837–44.

Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) is a rare but well recognised condition. Obtaining union of the pseudarthrosis in these children is often difficult and may require several surgical procedures. The treatment has changed significantly since the review by Hardinge in 1972, but controversies continue as to the best form of surgical treatment. This paper reviews these controversies.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:1027–34.

We describe three cases of infantile tibia vara resulting from an atraumatic slip of the proximal tibial epiphysis upon the metaphysis. There appears to be an association between this condition and severe obesity. Radiologically, the condition is characterised by a dome-shaped metaphysis, an open growth plate and disruption of the continuity between the lateral borders of the epiphysis and metaphysis, with inferomedial translation of the proximal tibial epiphysis. All patients were treated by realignment of the proximal tibia by distraction osteogenesis with an external circulator fixator, and it is suggested that this is the optimal method for correction of this complex deformity. There are differences in the radiological features and management between conventional infantile Blount’s disease and this ‘slipped upper tibial epiphysis’ variant.

We describe the early results of glenoplasty as part of the technique of operative reduction of posterior dislocation of the shoulder in 29 children with obstetric brachial plexus palsy. The mean age at operation was five years (1 to 18) and they were followed up for a mean of 34 months (12 to 67).

The mean Mallet score increased from 8 (5 to 13) to 12 (8 to 15) at final follow-up (p < 0.001). The mean passive forward flexion was increased by 18° (p = 0.017) and the mean passive abduction by 24° (p = 0.001). The mean passive lateral rotation also increased by 54° (p < 0.001), but passive medial rotation was reduced by a mean of only 7°. One patient required two further operations. Glenohumeral stability was achieved in all cases.

We report the outcome of 28 patients with spina bifida who between 1989 and 2006 underwent 43 lower extremity deformity corrections using the Ilizarov technique. The indications were a flexion deformity of the knee in 13 limbs, tibial rotational deformity in 11 and foot deformity in 19. The mean age at operation was 12.3 years (5.2 to 20.6). Patients had a mean of 1.6 previous operations (0 to 5) on the affected limb. The mean duration of treatment with a frame was 9.4 weeks (3 to 26) and the mean follow-up was 4.4 years (1 to 9). There were 12 problems (27.9%), five obstacles (11.6%) and 13 complications (30.2%) in the 43 procedures. Further operations were needed in seven patients. Three knees had significant recurrence of deformity. Two tibiae required further surgery for recurrence. All feet were plantigrade and braceable.

We conclude that the Ilizarov technique offers a refreshing approach to the complex lower-limb deformity in spina bifida.

The aim of this retrospective multicentre study was to report the continued occurrence of compartment syndrome secondary to paediatric supracondylar humeral fractures in the period 1995 to 2005. The inclusion criteria were children with a closed, low-energy supracondylar fracture with no associated fractures or vascular compromise, who subsequently developed compartment syndrome. There were 11 patients (seven girls and four boys) identified from eight hospitals in three countries. Ten patients with severe elbow swelling documented at presentation had a mean delay before surgery of 22 hours (6 to 64). One patient without severe swelling documented at presentation suffered arterial entrapment following reduction, with a subsequent compartment syndrome requiring fasciotomy 25 hours after the index procedure.

This series is noteworthy, as all patients had low-energy injuries and presented with an intact radial pulse. Significant swelling at presentation and delay in fracture reduction may be important warning signs for the development of a compartment syndrome in children with supracondylar fractures of the humerus.

Between 1985 and 1998, 12 331 patients were included in the general neonatal ultrasound hip screening programme for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Patients who needed treatment (604) were compared with a second group of 73 unscreened children treated conservatively and surgically for DDH.

The incidence of Graf sonographic hip types IIc to IV varied throughout the observation period. Femoral and pelvic osteotomies were almost entirely restricted to the unscreened group of patients. The six to ten per year recorded in the period 1985 to 1990 declined subsequently to three or less per year. The yearly admissions to hospital fell noticeably after six years of screening. Late presentations of DDH were reduced to three or less per year from 1990 to 1994, none between 1995 and 1998 and one or two per year from 2000.

We conclude that general neonatal sonographic hip screening can reduce significantly surgical procedures, hospitalisation and late presentation of DDH.

Classifications of gait patterns in spastic diplegia have been either qualitative, based on clinical recognition, or quantitative, based on cluster analysis of kinematic data. Qualitative classifications have been much more widely used but concerns have been raised about the validity of classifications, which are not based on quantitative data. We have carried out a cross-sectional study of 187 children with spastic diplegia who attended our gait laboratory and devised a simple classification of sagittal gait patterns based on a combination of pattern recognition and kinematic data. We then studied the evolution of gait patterns in a longitudinal study of 34 children who were followed for more than one year and demonstrated the reliability of our classification

The treatment of osteochondritis dissecans after Legg-Calvé-Perthes’disease hasnot been clearly determined. It may be either by simple observation or surgical removal of the osteochondral fragment. We studied the evolution of the lesion in 13 children and reviewed 92 hips reported in the literature. In our patients ten showed a tendency towards spontaneous healing, one required drilling + grafting to obtain fusion, and in two there was separation into the joint. These loose bodies were in the acetabular fossa and caused no symptoms. On reviewing the literature, we found only four cases of hips with loose bodies from osteochondritis dissecans. These were lying in the inferomedial capsule and were also asymptomatic. Treatment of osteochondritis dissecans after Legg-Calvé-Perthes’ disease should therefore be conservative unless the fragment interferes with the mechanics of the hip