Aims. Our aim was to investigate occurrence of senescent cells directly in tendon tissue biopsies from patients with chronic shoulder tendinopathies, and to correlate senescence with Enhancer of zeste 2 (EZH2) expression, the functional subunit of the epigenetic master regulator polycomb repressive complex. Methods. Human proximal long head of biceps tendons from patients with different chronic shoulder pathologies (n = 22), and controls from patients with humerus fracture (n = 6) and pathology (n = 4), were histologically scored for degeneration and analyzed for gene and protein expression of tendon specific factors, senescence markers, and EZH2. Tissues were further exposed to senotherapeutic compounds and the USA Food and Drugs Administration-approved selective EZH2 inhibitor EPZ-6438 and their senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) assessed. Results. Expression of senescence markers (CDKN2A/p16, CDKN2D/p19) and EZH2 was significantly higher in tendinopathies compared to fracture or healthy tissue controls and positively correlated with the degree of tissue degeneration. Immunofluorescent stainings demonstrated colocalization of p16 and p19 with EZH2 in tenocytes. Treatment of tendon biopsies with EPZ-6438 reduced secretion of a panel of SASP factors, including interleukin-6 (IL6), IL8, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) or GRO1, similarly to the senotherapeutic compound AG490. Conclusion. We demonstrate that senescence traits accumulate in pathological tendon tissues and positively correlate with tissue degeneration. Increased expression of CDKN2A/p16 and CDKN2D/p19 coincides with EZH2 expression, while its inhibition decreased the secretion of SASP factors, indicating a possible regulatory role of EZH2 in tenocyte senescence in tendinopathies. Reduction of cellular senescence, e.g. with EPZ-6438, opens ways to new potential therapeutic approaches for enhancing regeneration in chronic tendinopathies. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2025;14(2):143–154

Objectives

The long head of the biceps (LHB) is often resected in shoulder surgery and could therefore serve as a cell source for tissue engineering approaches in the shoulder. However, whether it represents a suitable cell source for regenerative approaches, both in the inflamed and non-inflamed states, remains unclear. In the present study, inflamed and native human LHBs were comparatively characterized for features of regeneration.