Distal femoral physeal fractures in children have a high incidence of physeal arrest, occurring in a mean of 40% of cases. The underlying nature of the distal femoral physis may be the primary cause, but other factors have been postulated to contribute to the formation of a physeal bar. The purpose of this study was to assess the significance of contributing factors to physeal bar formation, in particular the use of percutaneous pins across the physis. We reviewed 55 patients with a median age of ten years (3 to 13), who had sustained displaced distal femoral physeal fractures. Most (40 of 55) were treated with percutaneous pinning after reduction, four were treated with screws and 11 with plaster. A total of 40 patients were assessed clinically and radiologically after skeletal maturity or at the time of formation of a bar. The remaining 15 were followed up for a minimum of two years. Formation of a physeal bar occurred in 12 (21.8%) patients, with the rate rising to 30.6% in patients with high-energy injuries compared with 5.3% in those with low-energy injuries. There was a significant trend for physeal arrest according to increasing severity using the Salter-Harris classification. Percutaneous smooth pins across the physis were not statistically associated with growth arrest

The outcome of 56 children (61 shoulders) treated surgically at the Rizzoli Institute between April 1975 and June 2010 for congenital elevation of the scapula is reported. There were 31 girls and 25 boys with a mean age at surgery of 6.4 years (2 to 15). The deformity involved the right shoulder in 20 cases, the left in 31 and was bilateral in five. The degree of the deformity was graded clinically and radiologically according to the classifications of Cavendish and Rigault, respectively. All patients underwent a modified Green procedure combined, in selected cases, with resection of the superomedial portion of the scapula and excision of any omovertebral connection. After a mean follow-up of 10.9 years (1 to 29.3), there was cosmetic improvement by at least one Cavendish grade in 54 shoulders (88.5%). The mean abduction of the shoulder improved from 92° (50° to 155°) to 112° (90° to 170°) and the mean flexion improved from 121° (80° to 160°) to 155° (120° to 175°). The unsatisfactory cosmetic result in seven shoulders was due to coexistent scoliosis in two cases and insufficient reduction of the scapular elevation in the other five. An incomplete upper brachial plexus palsy occurred post-operatively in three patients but resolved within seven months.

We suggest that a modified Green procedure combined with resection of the superomedial portion of the scapula provides good cosmetic and functional results in patients with Sprengel’s shoulder.

We describe a method of pinning extension supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. Following closed reduction, a posterior intrafocal wire is inserted and a second lateral wire added when needed for rotational stability. Between May 2002 and November 2005 we performed this technique in 69 consecutive patients. A single posterior wire was used in 29 cases, and two wires in 40. The mean follow-up was two years (21 to 30 months). The results were assessed according to Flynn’s criteria. In the single-wire group there were 21 excellent, five good and one poor result. Two patients were lost to follow-up. In the two-wire group there were 32 excellent, two good and three poor results. Three were lost to follow-up. The poor results were due to a failure to achieve adequate reduction, fixation or both.

We conclude that the intact posterior periosteal hinge can be used successfully in the clinical situation, giving results that compare well with other techniques of pinning. The posterior route offers an attractive alternative method for fixation of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children.

In five children, six forearms with a fixed pronation deformity secondary to congenital radioulnar synostosis were treated by a derotation osteotomy of the distal radius and the midshaft of the ulna.

There were three boys and two girls with a mean age of 4.9 years (3.5 to 8.25) who were followed up for a mean of 29 months (18 to 43). The position of the forearm was improved from a mean pronation deformity of 68° (40° to 80°) to a pre-planned position of 10° of supination in all cases. Bony union was achieved by 6.3 weeks with no loss of correction. There was one major complication involving a distal radial osteotomy which required exploration for a possible compartment syndrome.