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The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 91-B, Issue 7 | Pages 845 - 850
1 Jul 2009
Bannister G Amirfeyz R Kelley S Gargan M

This review discusses the causes, outcome and prevention of whiplash injury, which costs the economy of the United Kingdom approximately £3.64 billion per annum. Most cases occur as the result of rear-end vehicle collisions at speeds of less than 14 mph. Patients present with neck pain and stiffness, occipital headache, thoracolumbar back pain and upper-limb pain and paraesthesia. Over 66% make a full recovery and 2% are permanently disabled. The outcome can be predicted in 70% after three months.


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 87-B, Issue 11 | Pages 1454 - 1458
1 Nov 2005
Govender S


The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery British Volume
Vol. 88-B, Issue 7 | Pages 841 - 851
1 Jul 2006
Lee EH Hui JHP