Despite being one of the most common injuries around the elbow, the optimal treatment of
We report the results in 24 consecutive patients treated from 1976 to 1991 for nonunion of
We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and
radiological outcomes of a consecutive cohort of patients aged >
70 years with a displaced fracture of the olecranon, which was treated
non-operatively with early mobilisation. We identified 28 such patients
(27 women) with a mean age of 82 years (71 to 91). The elbow was
initially immobilised in an above elbow cast in 90° of flexion of
the elbow for a mean of five days. The cast was then replaced by
a sling. Active mobilisation was encouraged as tolerated. No formal
rehabilitation was undertaken. At a mean follow-up of 16 months
(12 to 26), the mean ranges of flexion and extension were 140° and
15° respectively. On a visual analogue scale of 1 (no pain) to 10,
the mean pain score was 1 (0 to 8). Of the original 28 patients
22 developed nonunion, but no patients required surgical treatment. We conclude that non-operative functional treatment of displaced
olecranon fractures in the elderly gives good results and a high
rate of satisfaction. Cite this article:
The aim of this prospective randomised controlled trial was to
compare non-operative and operative management for acute isolated
displaced fractures of the olecranon in patients aged ≥ 75 years. Patients were randomised to either non-operative management or
operative management with either tension-band wiring or fixation
with a plate. They were reviewed at six weeks, three and six months
and one year after the injury. The primary outcome measure was the
Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score at one year.Aims
Patients and Methods
This study was designed to compare the rigidity of the more commonly used techniques of internal fixation of fractures of the olecranon. Cadaveric elbow joints were mounted in a jig and controlled osteotomies performed to simulate transverse, oblique or comminuted fractures. Five techniques of internal fixation were tested by measuring movement at the fracture site after applying a bending moment to the ulna. At transverse osteotomies tension-band wiring with two tightening knots allowed least movement even at high loads. Intramedullary cancellous screw fixation gave erratic results; adding a tension band with a single know was little better. In oblique osteotomies, no statistically significant difference was shown between one-third tubular plate fixation and double-knot wiring. Comminuted osteotomies were held most rigidly by contoured one-third tubular plate fixation.
Using an osteotomy of the olecranon as a model of a transverse fracture in 22 cadaver elbows we determined the ability of three different types of suture and stainless steel wire to maintain reduction when using a tension-band technique to stabilise the bone. Physiological cyclical loading simulating passive elbow movement (15 N) and using the arms to push up from a chair (450 N) were applied using an Instron materials testing machine whilst monitoring the osteotomy site with a video extensometer. Each osteotomy was repaired by one of four materials, namely, Stainless Steel Wire (7), No 2 Ethibond (3), No 5 Ethibond (5), or No 2 FiberWire (7). There were no failures (movement of >
2 mm) with stainless steel wire or FiberWire and no significant difference in the movements measured across the site of the osteotomy (p = 0.99). The No. 2 Ethibond failed at 450 N and two of the five of No. 5 Ethibond sutures had a separation of >
2 mm at 450 N. FiberWire as the tension band in this model held the reduction as effectively as stainless steel wire and may reduce the incidence of discomfort from the hardware. On the basis of our findings we suggest that a clinical trial should be undertaken
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a common complication after elbow trauma and can cause severe upper limb disability. Although multiple prognostic factors have been reported to be associated with the development of post-traumatic HO, no model has yet been able to combine these predictors more succinctly to convey prognostic information and medical measures to patients. Therefore, this study aimed to identify prognostic factors leading to the formation of HO after surgery for elbow trauma, and to establish and validate a nomogram to predict the probability of HO formation in such particular injuries. This multicentre case-control study comprised 200 patients with post-traumatic elbow HO and 229 patients who had elbow trauma but without HO formation between July 2019 and December 2020. Features possibly associated with HO formation were obtained. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model was used to optimize feature selection. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to build the new nomogram: the Shanghai post-Traumatic Elbow Heterotopic Ossification Prediction model (STEHOP). STEHOP was validated by concordance index (C-index) and calibration plot. Internal validation was conducted using bootstrapping validation.Aims
Methods
A prospective randomised clinical trial was undertaken to compare biodegradable polyglycolic acid pins with standard Kirschner wires used to fix displaced elbow fractures in children. Twenty-four children were enrolled in the trial; 14 had fractures of the lateral condyle of the humerus, eight of the medial epicondyle and two had
The aim of this study was to investigate the outcome of periprosthetic fractures of the humerus and to assess the uniformity of the classifications used for these fractures (including those around elbow and/or shoulder arthroplasties) by performing a systematic review of the literature. A systematic search was conducted using the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Healthcare Databases Advance Search. For inclusion, studies had to report clinical outcomes following the management of periprosthetic fractures of the humerus. The protocol was registered on the PROSPERO database.Aims
Methods
The aim of this study was to assess whether it is possible to predict the mortality, and the extent and time of neurological recovery from the time of the onset of symptoms and MRI grade, in patients with the cerebral fat embolism syndrome (CFES). This has not previously been investigated. The study included 34 patients who were diagnosed with CFES following trauma between 2012 and 2018. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed and the severity graded by MRI. We investigated the rate of mortality, the time and extent of neurological recovery, the time between the injury and the onset of symptoms, the clinical severity of the condition, and the MRI grade. All patients were male with a mean age of 29.7 years (18 to 70). The mean follow-up was 4.15 years (2 to 8), with neurological recovery being assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the Mini-Mental State Examination.Aims
Methods
Despite recent advances in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, re-tear rates remain high. New methods to improve healing rates following rotator cuff repair must be sought. Our primary objective was to determine if adjunctive bone marrow stimulation with channelling five to seven days prior to arthroscopic cuff repair would lead to higher Western Ontario Rotator Cuff (WORC) scores at 24 months postoperatively compared with no channelling. A prospective, randomized controlled trial was conducted in patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Patients were randomized to receive either a percutaneous bone channelling of the rotator cuff footprint or a sham procedure under ultrasound guidance five to seven days prior to index surgery. Outcome measures included the WORC, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), and Constant scores, strength, ultrasound-determined healing rates, and adverse events.Aims
Methods
1. Pain in the elbow in javelin throwers is a common complaint. 2. The commonest type is caused by recurrent strain of the medial ligament. It develops in individuals who employ an incorrect throwing technique. The symptoms are cumulative, increasing with throwing and decreasing and resolving with rest. Treatment consists in improving the throwing technique. Local anaesthetic injected into the tender area produces complete but temporary relief. Hydrocortisone may produce partial or complete relief. 3. A second type of "javelin elbow" occurs in expert throwers and is the result of hyperextension of the elbow at the end of the throw, causing an injury to the tip of the olecranon. The symptoms are the result of a single throw or "mal-throw" and are completely disabling. They resolve with rest but tend to recur. If the tip of the
The primary aim of this study was to define the standard minimum
follow-up required to produce a reliable estimate of the rate of
re-operation after radial head arthroplasty (RHA). The secondary
objective was to define the leading reasons for re-operation. Four electronic databases, between January 2000 and March 2017
were searched. Articles reporting reasons for re-operation (Group
I) and results (Group II) after RHA were included. In Group I, a
meta-analysis was performed to obtain the standard minimum follow-up,
the mean time to re-operation and the reason for failure. In Group
II, the minimum follow-up for each study was compared with the standard
minimum follow-up.Aims
Materials and Methods
We aimed to identify the pattern of nerve injury associated with
paediatric supracondylar fractures of the humerus. Over a 17 year period, between 1996 and 2012, 166 children were
referred to our specialist peripheral nerve injury unit. From examination
of the medical records and radiographs were recorded the nature
of the fracture, associated vascular and neurological injury, treatment
provided and clinical course.Aims
Patients and Methods
We report our experience of performing an elbow
hemiarthroplasty in the treatment of comminuted distal humeral fractures
in the elderly patients. A cohort of 42 patients (three men and 39 women, mean age 72;
56 to 84) were reviewed at a mean of 34.3 months (24 to 61) after
surgery. Functional outcome was measured with the Mayo Elbow Performance
Score (MEPS) and range of movement. The disabilities of the arm,
shoulder and hand questionnaire (DASH) was used as a patient rated
evaluation. Complications and ulnar nerve function were recorded.
Plain radiographs were obtained to assess prosthetic loosening,
olecranon wear and heterotopic bone formation. The mean extension deficit was 23.5° (0° to 60°) and mean flexion
was 126.8° (90° to 145°) giving a mean arc of 105.5° (60° to 145°).
The mean MEPS was 90 (50 to 100) and a mean DASH score of 20 (0
to 63). Four patients had additional surgery for limited range of
movement and one for partial instability. One elbow was revised
due to loosening, two patients had sensory ulnar nerve symptoms,
and radiographic signs of mild olecranon wear was noted in five
patients. Elbow hemiarthroplasty for comminuted intra-articular distal
humeral fractures produces reliable medium-term results with functional
outcome and complication rates, comparable with open reduction and
internal fixation and total elbow arthroplasty. Cite this article:
Compression and absolute stability are important in the management of intra-articular fractures. We compared tension band wiring with plate fixation for the treatment of fractures of the olecranon by measuring compression within the fracture. Identical transverse fractures were created in models of the ulna. Tension band wires were applied to ten fractures and ten were fixed with Acumed plates. Compression was measured using a Tekscan force transducer within the fracture gap. Dynamic testing was carried out by reproducing cyclical contraction of the triceps of 20 N and of the brachialis of 10 N. Both methods were tested on each sample. Paired The mean compression for plating was 819 N ( During simulated movements, the mean compression was reduced in both groups, with tension band wiring at −14 N ( Pre-contoured plates provide significantly greater compression than tension bands in the treatment of transverse fractures of the olecranon, both over the whole fracture and specifically at the articular side of the fracture. In tension band wiring the overall compression was reduced and articular compression remained negligible during simulated contraction of the triceps, challenging the tension band principle.
A series of 103 acute fractures of the coronoid process of the ulna in 101 patients was reviewed to determine their frequency. The Regan-Morrey classification, treatment, associated injuries, course and outcomes were evaluated. Of the 103 fractures, 34 were type IA, 17 type IB, ten type IIA, 19 type IIB, ten type IIIA and 13 type IIIB. A total of 44 type-I fractures (86%) were treated conservatively, while 22 type-II (76%) and all type-III fractures were managed by operation. At follow-up at a mean of 3.4 years (1 to 8.9) the range of movement differed significantly between the types of fracture (p = 0.002). Patients with associated injuries had a lower Mayo elbow performance score (p = 0.03), less extension (p = 0.03), more pain (p = 0.007) and less pronosupination (p = 0.004), than those without associated injuries. The presence of a fracture of the radial head had the greatest effect on outcome. An improvement in outcome relative to that of a previous series was noted, perhaps because of more aggressive management and early mobilisation. While not providing complete information about the true details of a fracture and its nature, the Regan-Morrey classification is useful as a broad index of severity and prognosis.
We examined the effects of previous resection of the radial head and synovectomy on the outcome of subsequent total elbow arthroplasty in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Fifteen elbows with a history of resection and synovectomy were compared with a control group of patients who had elbow arthroplasty with an implant of the same design. The mean age in both groups was 63 years. In the study group, resection of the radial head and synovectomy had been undertaken at a mean of 8.9 years before arthroplasty. The mean radiological follow-up for the 13 available patients in the study group was 5.89 years (0.3 to 11.0) and in the control group was 6.6 years (2.2 to 12.6). There were no revisions in either group. The mean Mayo elbow performance score improved from 29 to 96 in the study group, with similar improvement in the control group (28 to 87). The study group had excellent results in 13 elbows and good results in two. The control group had excellent results in seven and good results in six. Our experience indicates that previous resection of the radial head and synovectomy are not associated with an increased rate of revision following subsequent arthroplasty of the elbow. However, there was a higher rate of complication in the study group compared with the control group.
