This study assessed whether undergraduate performance improved following the introduction in 2006 of a musculoskeletal teaching programme lasting for seven weeks. Different methods were used to deliver knowledge and skills in trauma and orthopaedic surgery, rheumatology and allied specialties. The programme combined four main elements: traditional firm-based teaching, weekly plenary sessions, a task-based workbook and additional specialist clinics. The block of 139 students who attended in its first year were assessed using a multiple choice question examination just before their final examinations in 2008. They showed a 6% improvement in performance over a control group of 130 students assessed in 2005 before the programme had commenced. There was no difference in performance between the students assessed in 2005 and a second group of 46 students from 2008 who did not attend the new teaching programme. Performance was improved by providing more focused musculoskeletal training using available resources, as well as increasing the length of the programme.

Background: Many patients with hip fractures have multiple medical problems that require attention. Pre-operative specialist interventions can often cause unnecessary delay. The aims of this study were to quantify the proportion of hip fracture patients that have an echocardiogram, to find out who and why the investigation was requested and to quantify the delay and its consequences.

Methods: Retrospective review of all patients over a 9 month period that were admitted to hospital with a diagnosed hip fracture and had an echocardiogram as part of their pre-operative assessment.

Results: 31 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. 23 sets of notes were reviewed. The majority of echocardiograms 17/23 were requested by orthopaedic SHOs without anaesthetic request. The reason for requesting the echocardiogram was the finding of a murmur on clinical examination.

The average delay from admission to having an operation for patients who had an echocardiogram was 6.7 days (mode 5days). Mean delay to patients having the echocardiogram was 3.2 days (mode 2 days) and the delay to theatre after the echocardiogram was 3.5 days (mode 1 day). 15/23 patients had adverse effects. All but one patient had a routine uncomplicated anaesthetic. Conclusion: 6–7% of hip fractures have an echocardiogram. Junior members of the orthopaedic team request the majority of echocardiograms without anaesthetic input. Requesting an echocardiogram causes a delay from admission to theatre of approximately 1 week. Delay is associated with adverse effects, which may have fatal consequences for the patient.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) following lower limb arthroplasty and to assess whether this adversely affected satisfaction, relief from pain, or the level of mobility as perceived by patients. Six hundred and ten consecutive recipients of primary total hip replacement (THR) or total knee replacement (TKR) underwent routine post-operative venography. The functional outcome had already been assessed at one year by using the Regional Arthroplasty Database questionnaire, the results of which were correlated to venographic records.

The combined prevalence of DVT after THR and TKR in the patients, who did not receive chemical thromboprophylaxis, was 46.4%. Thrombus was identified in 57.6% of those with a TKR and in 33.5% of patients with a THR. Proximal thrombus was found in 11.0% of TKRs and in 14.8% of THRs. One year after surgery, patients who had a DVT established by venography did not report higher levels of immobility (p = 0.07), discomfort (p = 0.12) or dissatisfaction (p = 0.23) when compared to those with patent venous systems.

This suggests that the prevalence of DVT following TKR/THR without chemical thromboprophylaxis is high and these findings are consistent with the literature. However, patients did not perceive thrombosis to compromise their overall outcome. This challenges the belief that DVT is associated with morbidity and calls for further comprehensive research in this area. The low morbidity of the lower limb associated with DVT in these patients does not support the use of chemical thromboprophylaxis.

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and clinical outcome measurements in a series of 610 patients who did not receive routine chemical thromboprophylaxis for lower limb arthroplasty were studied. Patients who had undergone primary total hip or knee replacement under the care of two orthopaedic consultants were identified from the Trent Arthroplasty Database. Surgery was performed between 1992 and 1999 in one hospital only. Venography was undertaken on the seventh to tenth postoperative day. Patients with proximal thrombosis were anti-coagulated with warfarin as per protocol. Venogram reports were available for 81% of cases.

One year following surgery a standard postal questionnaire was sent to all patients. A response rate of 88% was achieved. Data was captured with respect to residual pain, ability to walk and the overall satisfaction with joint replacement.

DVT following total hip (THR) or knee replacement (TKR) in patients who did not receive routine chemical thromboprophylaxis was common (46. 4%) in line with other studies.

Knee surgery was associated with a high prevalence of thrombosis (57. 6%) compared to hip replacement although only one fifth of DVTs were found to extend into a proximal vein. Approximately half (44. 2%) of all THR associated thrombus was above knee DVT. Questionnaire responses evaluating clinical outcome and satisfaction were correlated to venographic results and analysed using an SPSS statistical package. Using Chi-squared analysis no statistically significant differences were found between deep venous thrombosis and patient-perceived pain (p=0. 12), mobility (p=0. 07) or overall satisfaction (p=0. 23). It is generally assumed that chemical thromboprophylaxis will diminish DVT related complications such as post-phlebitic limb syndrome. Despite a high prevalence of thrombosis in patients who did not receive pharmacological agents for prophylaxis, this study did not demonstrate an adverse outcome on pain, function or patient satisfaction. Morbidity as a result of DVT needs to be studied further before the role of chemical thromboprophylaxis can be determined.