Background

Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) is the most frequently used implant in management of intertrochanteric femoral fractures. There is a known statistical relationship between a tip-apex distance (TAD) >25mm and higher rate of implant failure. Our aim was to analyse all DHS procedures performed in our trust from seventeen months and compare their TAD values to the acceptable standard of ≤25mm.

We investigated whether an alternative tension band wire technique will produce greater compression and less displacement at olecranon (elbow) fracture sites compared to a standard figure of eight tension band technique. Olecranon fractures are commonly treated with tension band wiring using stainless steel wire in a figure of eight configuration. However recently published studies have raised doubts over the validity of the tension band concept proving that the standard figure of eight configuration does not provide fracture compression when the elbow is flexed. We propose an alternative tension band technique where the figure of eight is applied in a modified configuration producing greater compression across the fracture.

An artificial elbow joint was simulated using artificial forearm (ulna) and arm (humerus) bones. The design simulated the action of the muscles around the elbow joint to produce flexion and extension. There were two arms to this investigation. (1) Standard tension band wire configuration with stainless steel. (2) Modified tension band wire configuration with stainless steel. The simulated elbow was put through a range of movement and sensors measured the compression at the articular and non-articluar surfaces of the fracture. Measurements were taken for compression with different weights applied to challenge both the techniques of tension band wiring.

Measurements from the non articular surface of the fracture demonstrated greater compression with alternative tension band technique. However it was not statistically significant (ANOVA). Compression at the articular surface of the fracture exhibited statistically significant (p<0.05) greater compression with the alternative technique. Neither technique produced greater compression during flexion of the simulated elbow.

The alternative tension band wiring technique proved superior in providing greater compression over the fracture site.

Most arthroscopies are conventionally done using a 30-degree scope (30DS), which gives good field of view. This is used both for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. For certain procedures 70-degree scopes (70DS) are used where visualisation with a conventional 30DS is insufficient and an increased field of view is required around corners. There have been studies done in past which have compared field of view of a 30DS and a 70DS. There has been no study so far that has compared blind spot created directly in front of a 30DS and 70DS. The aim of this study was to determine and compare blind spot created while doing arthroscopy using a 30DS and a 70DS.

A small box with a cannula at one end held firmly using plaster of Paris in horizontal position was made. This box was used to help hold 30DS and 70DS firmly in position while doing calculations. A scale was positioned on front of the scope to calculate the size of blind spot created at various distances. The 30DS and 70DS scopes were placed directly in contact with the scale at 0mm to start and markings on scale were used to calculate the diameter of blind spot created at various distances by moving the scopes at 5mm increment.

Our study shows that with a 30DS there is no blind spot in the front. With a 70DS there is a significant blind spot that increases in size linearly as the distance of scope increases from the object in vision. It goes up to 4.4cm in diameter when the 70DS is at a distance of 5cm. The 70DS however provides a very wide field of vision was compared to 30DS.

A 70DS provides a very large field of view and gives excellent visualization of structures around corners, but also has a significant blind spot directly in front of the scope tip which can be as large as 4.4cm at a distance of 5cm from the object in vision. Knowledge of this will help surgeons while using a 70DS and help avoid any missed pathology.

Current perception is that standard Cefuroxime only [C4] based prophylaxis regimen demonstrated higher association with C Difficile (C. Diff) diarrhoea. This has prompted change in antibiotics prophylaxis combination regimens like Flucloxacillin-Gentamycin (F-G], Teicoplanin- Gentamycin [T-G] and single dose Cefuroxime-Gentamycin [C-G]. The current study was done to investigate the association of C. Diff diarrhoea and surgical site infection (SSI) rate with Cefuroxime only regimen prophylaxis in fracture neck of femur surgery. A retrospective analysis for 2009–2012 was performed for 1502 neck of femur fracture patients undergoing surgery. The factors studied were ASA grade, SSI, C. Diff diarrhoea rates in patients with Cefuroxime (induction plus two doses) based prophylactic regimen. The data was obtained from coding department and further streamlined based on microbiology. 1242 patients were included in the study who received Cefuroxime only regimen. The Male : Female distribution was 353 : 889. The average ASA grade was 3. The analysis demonstrated that C. Diff diarrhoea rate in the study population was 1.29%. The SSI rate stood at 3.06% with superficial infection at 2.5 % and deep at 0.56 %. Our single centre based study demonstrated low C. Difficile related diarrhoea rates with Cefuroxime only regimen. The SSI rates were also low as compared to the current literature thus concluding that Cefuroxime only antibiotic regimen can safely be administered in neck of femur surgery.

TER is a viable surgical option in patients with advanced RA with painful stiff elbows. We retrospectively analysed 22 TER performed in 21 patients over a 12 year period by a single surgeon, with a mean follow up of 64 months (10–145). Disability of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) scores were performed pre-operatively and post-operatively in patients through postal questionnaires. The mean age was 59.1 years (32–78). There were 12 women and 9 men. The mean pre-operative DASH score was 72.3 (45.0–91.7) and post-operatively improved to 46.8 (21.7–94.2). Complications included infection, peri-operative fracture, peri-prosthetic fracture and aseptic loosening. There were 6 revisions performed, 2 for peri-prosthetic fracture, 2 for infection, 1 for intra-operative fracture and 1 for symptomatic aseptic loosening. Four patients had died due to unrelated causes. The 10 year survival rate with symptomatic aseptic loosening as the end point was 93% and revisions for all reasons was 69%. Follow up radiographs (in those without revision) were reviewed and 10 had satisfactory positioning of the prosthesis, 5 had loosening of the humeral or radial component and 1 had inadequate cement mantle but was clinically asymptomatic. TER is a rewarding procedure in with advanced RA. Our results are comparable to other published studies.

We retrospectively analysed a single surgeon series of 22 TER in 21 patients over a 12 year period. The mean age and follow up was 59.1 years and 64 months respectively. DASH scores assessed pre and post op confirmed a significant improvement. Complications included infection, intra-operative fracture, peri-prosthetic fracture and aseptic loosening. 6 revisions were performed for various reasons.4 patients had died due to unrelated causes. The 10 year survival rate with symptomatic aseptic loosening as the end point was 93%. 5 patients had radiological loosening but were clinically asymptomatic. TER is a rewarding procedure in with advanced RA.

We present our experience of using tension band plates to achieve guided growth in children for correction of calcaneus deformity of the ankle.

11 consecutive patients (13 ankles) fulfilled the inclusion criteria over a 4-year period. All underwent surgical treatment using a flexible two hole plate and screws on the posterior aspect of distal tibial physis. Measurements were done on preoperative, intraoperative screening and 1-year post operative plain AP and lateral ankle radiographs. The anterior distal tibia angle (ADTA), lateral distal tibial angle (LDTA) and screw divergence angle (angle subtended by lines passing through the long axis of the screws) were used to assess the deformity correction. A 2 tailed student t-test was carried out on the initial and 1-year post-op measurements to determine statistical significance with a p value <0.05 considered as significant

There were 10 residual clubfoot deformities, 2 post-traumatic deformities and 1 spinal tumor causing deformity. The average age of the patients was 10 years 5 months (range 4 to 13 years). There were 9 males and 2 females. The ADTA showed a statistically significant change with a p value of 0.0008 with a mean correction of 8.6 degrees (range of 2.3 to 15.6 degrees). The SDA demonstrated a mean correction of 15.4 degrees (range 0.3 to 41.8 degrees), p=0.002. The LDTA did not change significantly (p= 0.08), thus confirming no coincidental coronal plane deformity had occurred. 5 ankles required revision of fixation due to metalwork reaching its maximum limit of divergence at an average of 1 year. 2 ankles had screw pulled out due to osteolysis around the screw. There were no cases of infection.

We report satisfactory short-term results of correction of calcaneus deformity using a flexible tension band plate and screws system.

The issues surrounding raised levels of metal ions in the blood following large head metal-on-metal total hip replacement (THR), such as cobalt and chromium, have been well documented. Despite the national popularity of uncemented metal-on-polyethylene (MoP) THR using a large-diameter femoral head, few papers have reported the levels of metal ions in the blood following this combination. Following an isolated failure of a 44 mm Trident–Accolade uncemented THR associated with severe wear between the femoral head and the trunnion in the presence of markedly elevated levels of cobalt ions in the blood, we investigated the relationship between modular femoral head diameter and the levels of cobalt and chromium ions in the blood following this THR.

A total of 69 patients received an uncemented Trident–Accolade MoP THR in 2009. Of these, 43 patients (23 men and 20 women, mean age 67.0 years) were recruited and had levels of cobalt and chromium ions in the blood measured between May and June 2012. The patients were then divided into three groups according to the diameter of the femoral head used: 12 patients in the 28 mm group (controls), 18 patients in the 36 mm group and 13 patients in the 40 mm group. A total of four patients had identical bilateral prostheses in situ at phlebotomy: one each in the 28 mm and 36 mm groups and two in the 40 mm group.

There was a significant increase in the mean levels of cobalt ions in the blood in those with a 36 mm diameter femoral head compared with those with a 28 mm diameter head (p = 0.013). The levels of cobalt ions in the blood were raised in those with a 40 mm diameter head but there was no statistically significant difference between this group and the control group (p = 0.152). The levels of chromium ions in the blood were normal in all patients.

The clinical significance of this finding is unclear, but we have stopped using femoral heads with a diameter of ≤ 36 mm, and await further larger studies to clarify whether, for instance, this issue particularly affects this combination of components.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:43–7.

The Delta total shoulder replacement is a reversed, semi-constrained prosthesis and is recommended for the management of rotator cuff arthropathy and other difficult reconstructive shoulder problems. It was initially advised to use this prosthesis in patients older than 75. There were reports saying the complication rates of this prosthesis are high and patients' satisfaction and functional outcome is far from being satisfactory. In our study we wanted to evaluate results and complications of reverse shoulder arthroplasty in practice of single surgeon.

In our study we reviewed patients who had reverse shoulder arthroplasty performed between 2001 and 2009. We evaluated them clinically and radiologically. We measured functional outcome using Constant score, we used Oxford Shoulder score to measure patients' subjective outcome. We compared our results to pre-operative Oxford Shoulder score (unfortunately no pre-op constant score was done). X-rays were assessed by independent surgeon who was not involved in care of the patients.

Out of 36 reverse shoulder replacements performed by Mr. Sinha from 2001 to 2009 we managed to review in clinic 29 shoulders. 3 patients died from causes not related to surgery, 3 patients were too unwell to attend clinic, we lost 1 patient to follow up. Mean time from operation to follow up was 33 months (range 6 to 82 months). Average patients' age at time of surgery was 73,4 years (range: 44 to 90). Indications included rotator cuff arthropathy (86%), other indications were trauma (10%) and revision of failed hemiarthroplasty (4%). There were neither revisions nor infections in our group. There was 1 dislocation that occurred after operation, this was reduced under GA and never re-dislocated again. 12 patients (41%) were very pleased with result of surgery, 15 patients (52%) were satisfied and 2 patients said surgery did not meet their expectations. Mean Shoulder Oxford score improved from 20.8 (range 2 to 36) pre-operatively to 36.7 (range 20 to 48) during follow up. 3 patients had Oxford Shoulder score of 48 (maximum). Oxford shoulder score deteriorated in 2 cases (one in case when replacement was done to treat fracture). Post operative Constant score was 65.5. All patients but one declared overall improvement. 10 patients (34%) reported no pain at all. 5 patients who were 65 years old or younger at time of surgery did well and improved their shoulder function.

In our experience reverse geometry shoulder replacement is a very good solution for rotator cuff arthropathy. Results in proximal humeral fracture are worse, but the number of patients we had was small and our experience is limited. Mid term results are very satisfactory overall, even in younger and more demanding patients. The complications were rare and overall patients' satisfaction very high. We think more research needs to be done to asses long term results, especially in younger population.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in shoulder operations is rare although a few case reports exist. No definite guidelines exist and therefore it is difficult for the surgeon to decide on thromboprophylaxis.

We prospectively evaluated the incidence of DVT following arthroscopic shoulder sub acromial decompression in 72 patients after obtaining local ethics committee approval. Patients with previous history of DVT and those on anticoagulants were excluded from the study. Pre and post-operative Doppler scans on 4 limbs were performed by a single consultant radiologist at an average of 3 weeks. All operations were performed by a single surgeon under GA in beach chair position as a day case procedure on standard lines. Postoperatively the shoulder was immobilised in a sling for comfort and physiotherapy was supervised by a qualified therapist. No patient received any DVT prophylaxis.

The average age of 54.6 years, 47 were classified as ASA 1, 15 as ASA 2 and 10 ASA 3.58 patients had additional interscalene nerve blocks for pain relief. The average operating time was 43 mins. Additional procedures included excision of lateral clavicle in 32, glenoid labral and rotator cuff debridement in 12 and 14 patients. There were no DVTs on Doppler scans. Shoulder arthroscopic sub acromial decompression procedures do not carry a risk of DVT and routine thromboprohylaxis is not required even in higher anaesthetic risk patients.

Purpose

Handgrip dynamometry has previously been used to detect pre - operative malnutrition and predict the likelihood of post - operative complications. This study explored whether a relationship exists between pre-operative pinch and power grip strength and length of hospital stay in patients undergoing hip and knee arthroplasty. We investigated whether handgrip dynamometry could be used pre - operatively to identify patients at greater risk of longer inpatient stays.

We obtained approval from the local research and ethics committee and prospectively evaluated the incidence of Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in arthroscopic shoulder sub acromial decompression in 72 patients. All patients were assessed clinically for DVT risks as per the established guidelines. Patients with previous history of DVT, those on anticoagulants and those positive for DVT on pre op scans were excluded from the study. All patients had doppler scans on 4 limbs performed by a single consultant radiologist at an average of 4 weeks pre and post operative period. All operations were performed by a single surgeon under GA in beach chair position with routine precautions for DVT, as a day case procedure. Arthroscopy and additional procedures were performed on standard lines. Postoperatively the shoulder was immobilised in a sling for comfort and physiotherapy was supervised by a qualified therapist. Demographic data, co-morbidities, patient position, ASA risk, nerve blocks, surgery duration, medications, intra operative findings, were documented. No patient received any DVT prophylaxis. All patients were available for followup and clinical and doppler findings were documented at an average 4 week period. 3 patients had bilateral procedures. There were 38 female and 34 male patients with an average age of 54.6 years. 47 were classified as ASA1, 15 as ASA2 and 10 ASA 3. Common co morbidities included hypertension, diabetes, acid peptic disease in 34 patients. 37 patients had additional interscalene nerve blocks for pain relief. The average operating time was 52 mins. Additional procedures included excision of lateral clavicle in 32, glenoid labral and rotator cuff debridement in 12 and 14 patients. There were no DVT's on all doppler scans. Shoulder arthroscopic sub acromial decompression procedures do not carry a risk of DVT and routine thromboprohylaxis is not required even in higher anaesthetic risk patients.

Aims

Leg length inequality following total hip replacement remains common. In an effort to reduce this occurrence, surgeons undertake pre-operative templating and use various forms of intra-operative measurements, including computer navigation. This study aims to delineate which measurement technique is most appropriate for measuring leg length inequality from a pelvic radiograph.

Background

This clinical study was performed to establish the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism after shoulder surgery. The incidence of VTE complicating shoulder surgery is poorly described in literature.

Background

Plantar fasciitis is a frequently chronic and disabling cause of foot pain in adults. This prospective study aims to evaluate the analgesic effect of ultrasound guided dry needling in patients with chronic plantar fasciitis, refractory to conservative treatment.

This clinical study was performed to establish the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) after shoulder surgery. The incidence of venous thrombo-embolism complicating shoulder surgery is poorly described in literature. As VTE is a potentially fatal condition we wanted to make surgeons aware of the problem and to try to establish any risk factors contributing to it.

We reviewed retrospectively clinical records of all patients who had any procedure performed on their shoulder between 2001 and 2009 in our institution. In operating theatre coding database we identified 920 patients. Their records were assessed for any admissions due to proven DVT or PE; we looked for any radiological results suggestive of or confirming venous thromboembolism.

We identified 920 patients who had surgical procedure under GA on their shoulder. 126 patients had shoulder arthroplasty, other procedures commonly undertaken were: subacromial decompression, shoulder stabilization and shoulder manipulations. There was 1 fatal PE in this group – patient died within 48 hours following total shoulder replacement, post mortem revealed massive pulmonary embolism with no sing of neither upper nor lower limb DVT. There were 3 cases of symptomatic DVT confirmed by USS Doppler. No upper limb symptomatic DVT was identified. There were 7 patients who had negative tests for suspected thrombosis (2 negative tests for suspected PE, 5 negative tests for suspected DVT).

There is very limited evidence in literature on VTE following upper limb surgery. Recent studies suggest that DVT incidence following arthroplasty is as high as 13%, with further 3% incidence of PE. In our study we examined occurrence of symptomatic VTE only. According to our results the incidence of symptomatic DVT following shoulder surgery is about 0.35% and symptomatic PE about 0.1 %. We did not manage to show any risk factors associated strongly with post operative DVT in our group. The prevalence of asymptomatic VTE is probably much higher and further research needs to be undertaken in that area. On base of our experience we would not recommend routine anticoagulation as a DVT prophylactic after shoulder surgery unless there are additional risk factors.

We compared cancellation rates with two different systems for operating booking. During 9 months of ‘Full Booking’ we gave each patient in the Outpatient Clinic an operating date. After a transition period, we then tried ‘Partial Booking’ (putting each patient on the waiting list and only giving dates after a Consultant-delivered Pre-Assessment Clinic (PAC) review at least 6 weeks before their target operating date.)

This was one Consultant's firm, with Day Cases and urgent cases excluded, and a waiting time of nine months. Cancellations were defined as an operating date given that was not honoured. Cancellations due to bed crises were excluded.

During the Full Booking phase there was a cancellation rate of 55%, with 64 cancellations out of a potential 116 operating slots. Of these: 29% condition improved, 22% date inconvenient, 19% unwell, 5% gone elsewhere/Private, 9% were moved due to Consultant leave dates, 3% Did Not Attend, and 12.5% date brought forward to fill a cancellation slot.

During the Partial Booking phase, 23% of patients attending the PAC were removed from the waiting list without ever being given operating dates. (17 of 132 did not want the operation, 7 Did Not Attend, 6 were unfit). Of the 94 patients given dates, only 8 cancelled (8%). Four subsequently decided against surgery, and four had tests that suggested surgery would not be helpful.

The improved efficiency could be due to PAC changes: Consultant presence, having six weeks to act on test results, and dates being agreed only after ‘passing’ PAC. Partial Booking had other benefits, with fewer queries, better informed consent and the optimum time to plan teaching lists, order kit and improve patients' fitness. The Government is still committed to Full Booking. Our cancellation rate improved from 55% to 8% when changing from Full Booking to Partial Booking.

This study investigated the anatomical relationship between the clavicle and its adjacent vascular structures, in order to define safe zones, in terms of distance and direction, for drilling of the clavicle during osteosynthesis using a plate and screws following a fracture. We used reconstructed three-dimensional CT arteriograms of the head, neck and shoulder region. The results have enabled us to divide the clavicle into three zones based on the proximity and relationship of the vascular structures adjacent to it. The results show that at the medial end of the clavicle the subclavian vessels are situated behind it, with the vein intimately related to it. In some scans the vein was opposed to the posterior cortex of the clavicle. At the middle one-third of the clavicle the artery and vein are a mean of 17.02 mm (5.4 to 26.8) and 12.45 mm (5 to 26.1) from the clavicle, respectively, and at a mean angle of 50° (12 to 80) and 70° (38 to 100), respectively, to the horizontal. At the lateral end of the clavicle the artery and vein are at mean distances of 63.4 mm (46.8 to 96.5) and 75.67 mm (50 to 109), respectively.

An appreciation of the information gathered from this study will help minimise the risk of inadvertent iatrogenic vascular injury during plating of the clavicle.

Mortality after hip fractures in the elderly is one of the most important patient outcome measures. Sub-clinical thyroid dysfunction is common in the elderly population. This is a prospective study of 131 elderly patients with a mean (SD) age of 82.0 (8.9) years (range: 61–94) admitted consecutively to our trauma unit. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of sub-clinical thyroid dysfunction in an elderly cohort of patients with hip fracture and to determine if this affects the one year mortality.

There were three times more women (n=100) than men (n=31) in this cohort. All patients underwent surgical treatment for the hip fracture. The prevalence of sub-clinical hypothyroidism (TSH > 5.5 mU/L) was15% (n=20) and of sub-clinical hyperthyroidism (TSH < 0.35 mU/L) was 3% (n=4). Overall 18% (n=24) of patients had a subclinical thyroid dysfunction. The twelve month mortality was 27% (n=36).

Age, gender, heart rate at admission, pre-existing Coronary Heart Disease, ASA grade and presence of overt or subclinical thyroid dysfunction were analysed for association with twelve month mortality using a forward stepwise logistic regression analysis. Only ASA grade was found to significantly affect mortality at twelve months (c2 = 3.98, df = 1, p =.046). The presence of sub-clinical hypo or hyper – thyroidism was not associated with a higher mortality (p = 0.278).

We conclude that sub-clinical thyroid dysfunction does not affect the one year mortality in elderly patients treated surgically for hip fracture.

Background: Knee prosthesis design is being constantly altered in a bid to imitate kinematics of the normal knee. It is hoped that this will improve the wear characteristics and performance of the implant. The ‘Medial Pivot’ knee has a characteristic geometry and is expected to lower contact stresses on the tibial surface and ease rehabilitation while providing greater stability.

We conducted a study comparing the midterm outcome of the Medial Pivot knee (MP) to the Posterior Stabilised (PS) knee.

Materials and Methods: Over a 3 year period, 312 knee replacements were carried out of which 124 were MP and 188 were PS. 100 patients from each of the 2 groups were called for review. Demographic data, age at operation, time since surgery and ASA grading were noted. Postoperative knee function was assessed using the American Knee Society (AKS) and Oxford Knee (OK) scores and the scores were compared between the 2 groups. Individual functional parameters were also compared.

Results: 38 patients with 42 replaced knees in the MP group and 43 patients with 52 replaced knees in the PS group were reviewed. The 2 groups were comparable in terms of gender of patients and age at operation and were followed up to a mean 31 months. For the MP group the mean AKS knee assessment score was 77/100, AKS function score was 75/100 and OK Score was 23/60. For the PS group the corresponding values were 81/100, 77/100 and 22/60. The differences in scores between the groups were not statistically significant. Only active and passive knee extension was better following MP Arthroplasty than PS arthroplasty (p< 0.05). Although the mean flexion was better following the PS arthroplasty, this was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: Our study has shown that the midterm outcome for the Medial Pivot knee system did not show any distinct advantage over the Posterior Stabilised knee system in terms of knee pain & function.